Deck 11: Industry

Question 1

Figure 11.4.4, World Steel Production, 1980 and 2010
There are approximately fifty ________ in the United States.

A) final assembly plants for spacecraft
B) assembly plants for automobile parts
C) final assembly plants for vehicles
D) assembly plants for computer parts
E) Chinese-owned automobile companies

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following countries has the world's largest supply of low-cost labor and the world's largest market for many consumer products?

A) Thailand
B) Russia
C) China
D) India
E) United States

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 11.4.4, World Steel Production, 1980 and 2010
Looking at Figure 11.4.4, which of the following countries had the highest steel production in 2010?

A) Argentina
B) Russia
C) China
D) United States
E) Brazil

Answer 3

C

Question 4

This is Russia's second largest city, specializing in shipbuilding and other industries serving Russia's navy and ports in the Baltic Sea.

A) Moscow
B) St. Petersburg
C) Volgograd
D) Vladivostok
E) Kiev

Question 5

During the mid-nineteenth century, the U.S. steel industry concentrated around ________ in an area proximate to iron-ore and coal mines.

A) Chicago
B) Boston
C) Pittsburgh
D) Cleveland
E) Buffalo

Question 6

Which of the following regions in the United States is the country's second-largest furniture producer, and a major food-processing center?

A) The Los Angeles region
B) The Boston region
C) New York City
D) The Chicago region
E) The Miami region

Question 7

The shift of world manufacturing to new industrial regions can be seen most clearly in the manufacture of:

A) steel
B) prefab housing
C) beverages
D) canned foods
E) pharmaceuticals

Question 8

Which one of the following industries was not directly impacted by the onset of the Industrial Revolution?

A) coal
B) iron
C) transportation
D) textiles
E) tourism

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT generally true of an industrial location?

A) The farther something is transported, the higher the cost.
B) A manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to both buyers and sellers.
C) If inputs, such as raw materials for production (metal ores, coal, water, etc.), are more expensive to transport than products, the optimal location for a factory is near the source of inputs.
D) If the cost of transporting the product to customers exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then the optimal plant location is as close as possible to the customer.
E) If the cost of transporting the product to customers exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then the optimal plant location is as close as possible to the source of raw materials.

Question 10

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products is a:

A) bulk-gaining industry
B) bulk-reducing industry
C) perishable industry
D) situation-neutral industry
E) none of the above

Question 11

This region was Europe's fastest-growing manufacturing area during the late twentieth century.

A) Northeastern Spain, centered on Barcelona
B) Western Portugal, centered on Lisbon
C) South-Central Germany, around Munich
D) Southern United Kingdom, near the English Channel
E) Western Russia, centered on Moscow

Question 12

An airplane-parts manufacturer adjacent to airplane manufacturing companies is an example of which of the following?

A) Single-market manufacturer
B) Divided-labor industry
C) Benevolence-dependent industry
D) Consolidated manufacturing industry
E) Just-in-time manufacturing

Question 13

Which of the following regions in the United States is the country's largest center for clothing and textile production?

A) Southern California (the Los Angeles region)
B) New England (the Boston region)
C) Middle Atlantic (New York City and its near suburbs)
D) Western Great Lakes (the Chicago region)
E) Southern Florida (the Miami region)

Question 14

Figure 11.4.4, World Steel Production, 1980 and 2010
Which of the following is not a major global powerhouse in car assembly?

A) Italy
B) Germany
C) France
D) United States
E) Spain

Question 15

In the late nineteenth century, steel mills were built around all of the following except which one?

A) Detroit
B) Cleveland
C) Youngstown
D) Toledo
E) Atlanta

Question 16

The term cottage industry was used to refer to:

A) industries located exclusively in rural areas
B) industries that produced only cheeses and other foods
C) home-based manufacturing
D) village-based manufacturing
E) the collaboration between village and city manufacturing

Question 17

A beverage bottling plant would be an example of the which of the following?

A) bulk-gaining industry
B) bulk-reducing industry
C) perishable industry
D) situation-neutral industry
E) none of the above

Question 18

Most large U.S. steel mills built during the first half of the twentieth century were located in:

A) communities around the Chicago River
B) communities around the Mississippi River
C) communities near the East and West coasts
D) communities close to the ports of Louisiana
E) communities in and around Pittsburgh

Question 19

Which one of the following countries dominated world production of steel and textiles during the nineteenth century?

A) United Kingdom
B) Germany
C) France
D) United States
E) Russia

Question 20

Figure 11.4.4, World Steel Production, 1980 and 2010
Looking at Figure 11.4.4, which of the following countries had the highest steel production in 1980?

A) Argentina
B) Russia
C) China
D) United States
E) Brazil

Question 21

It is estimated that sixty percent of the world's final assembly plants are controlled by ________ carmakers.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 10
D) 15
E) 20

Question 22

Which of the following modes of transportation are usually attractive for very long distances because the cost per kilometer is very low?

A) airplanes
B) ships
C) motorcycles
D) trucks
E) bicycle messengers

Question 23

A typical so-called "________" requires a factory to maintain an "open shop" and prohibits a "closed shop."

A) right-to-work law
B) auto-industry law
C) generous-work industry
D) poor 'Southern-law' state
E) progressive law

Question 24

Which of the following is true of manufacturing jobs in the U.S.?

A) They have been shifting within the United States from the North and East to the South and West
B) They have been shifting within the United States from the South and West to the North and East
C) They have been shifting within the United States from the West and East to the South and North
D) They have been shifting within the United States from the East and West to the North
E) They have been shifting within the United States from the North and West to the East

Question 25

Carmakers' assembly plants account for around ________ percent of the value of the vehicles that bear their names, with ________ percent coming from outsourced, independent parts makers.

A) 10; 90
B) 20; 80
C) 30; 70
D) 50; 50
E) 60; 40

Question 26

Which of the following is true of plants that manufacture car parts in the United States?

A) They are all foreign owned
B) They are clustered around the Northeast, to be closer to their markets
C) They are clustered around major seaports, for easy shipment of their products overseas
D) They are clustered in the interior of the U.S. near their major customers, the final assembly plants
E) They are clustered around major metropolitan centers like Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles

Question 27

The Industrial Revolution was a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Question 28

Figure 11.7.2, Earned Annual Income (Males)
Looking at Figure 11.7.2, the average annual wage paid to male workers exceeds ________ in most developed countries, compared to less than ________ in most African countries.

A) $75,000; $10,000
B) $10,000; $5,000
C) $30,000; $5,000
D) $5,000; $2,000
E) $5,000; $550

Question 29

The financial analysis firm Goldman-Sachs believe that the following countries are expected to dominate global manufacturing during the twenty-first century.

A) India and Bangladesh
B) Mexico, Argentina and China
C) China, Thailand, Vietnam and Mexico
D) Brazil, Russia, India, and China
E) Russia, Spain, Vietnam and Mexico

Question 30

A ________ is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible.

A) break-of-bulk point
B) switch point
C) natural relay point
D) transport management point
E) central place logistical point

Question 31

In a so-called ________ a union and a company may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.

A) "open shop"
B) "closed shop"
C) labor-controlled management factory
D) "typical-A" Canadian factory
E) "semi-autonomous glutton" factory

Question 32

The world's three major ________ house 80 percent of the world's final assembly plants, including 40 percent in East Asia, 25 percent in Europe, and 15 percent in North America.

A) industrial regions
B) river valleys
C) manufacturing cities
D) cultural regions
E) industrialized countries

Question 33

Which of the following modes of transportation are usually reserved for speedy delivery of small-bulk, high-value packages?

A) airplanes
B) ships
C) trains
D) trucks
E) barge

Question 34

Figure 11.7.2, Earned Annual Income (Males)
Looking at Figure 11.7.2, in which of the following countries did male workers earn the least amount of money annually?

A) South Africa
B) India
C) Mexico
D) Australia
E) Brazil

Question 35

Which of the following countries is not one of the top global producers of cotton yarn?

A) China
B) India
C) Pakistan
D) Mexico
E) Argentina

Question 36

A ________ is one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses.

A) labor-friendly workplace
B) labor-intensive industry
C) profit-sharing industry
D) working-class industry
E) well-run industry

Question 37

Figure 11.7.2, Earned Annual Income (Males)
Textiles are assembled into four main types of products. Which of the following is not one of the four major uses?

A) garments
B) home products
C) carpets
D) industrial uses
E) construction materials

Question 38

Which of the following modes of transportation are most often used for short-distance delivery because they can be loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply?

A) airplanes
B) cargo ships
C) freight trains
D) trucks
E) speedboats

Question 39

Figure 11.7.2, Earned Annual Income (Males)
Which of the following is a prominent example of an industry that generally requires less-skilled, low-cost workers?

A) textiles
B) steel
C) auto
D) education
E) publishing

Question 40

The share of U.S. sales accounted for by the Detroit 3 has declined from ________ percent in 1995 to ________ percent in 2010.

A) 95; 85
B) 100; 50
C) 75; 45
D) 70; 10
E) 30; 25

Question 41

Canada's most important industrial region is northeastern Ontario.

Question 42

In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, multistory factories were constructed in the countryside because of the availability of cheap land.

Question 43

Just-in-time delivery means that producers have less inventory to cushion against disruptions in the arrival of needed parts.

Question 44

A labor-intensive industry is one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a very small percentage of expenses.

Question 45

If products are more expensive to transport than inputs, the optimal location for a factory is near the source of inputs.

Question 46

Airplanes are normally the most expensive mode of transport, so they are usually reserved for transporting expensive heavy equipment over long distances to make it cost effective.

Question 47

If a company has a product that is made at only one plant, and the critical location factor is minimizing the cost of distribution throughout North America, then the optimal factory location is on either the West or East coast rather than the U.S. interior.

Question 48

Containerization has facilitated transfer of packages between modes at break-of-bulk points because they may be packed onto a rail car, transferred quickly to a container ship to cross the ocean, and unloaded onto trucks or rail cars at the other end.

Question 49

Generally, the farther something is transported, the lower is the cost per kilometer (or mile).

Question 50

Half of the vehicles sold in North America are assembled in North America, and most of the remainder are assembled in China and Japan.

Question 51

Industry arrived a bit later in North America than in the United Kingdom, but it grew much faster in the nineteenth century.

Question 52

Trucks are most often used for short-distance delivery because they can be loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply.

Question 53

The distribution of steelmaking in the United States demonstrates that when the source of inputs or the relative importance of inputs changes, the optimal location for the industry remains the same.

Question 54

Carmakers' assembly plants account for only around 30 percent of the value of the vehicles that bear their names.

Question 55

Regardless of transportation mode, cost remains the same regardless of how many times inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another.

Question 56

For a bulk-gaining operation, such as a final vehicle assembly plant, the critical location factor is minimizing transportation to the market.

Question 57

Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors are known as the Detroit 3 because their headquarters, research facilities, and all their assembly plants are clustered in the Detroit area.

Question 58

Within auto alley, U.S.-owned carmakers and suppliers have clustered in Michigan and nearby northern states, whereas foreign-owned carmakers and parts suppliers have clustered in the central and southern portions of auto alley.

Question 59

China's steel industry has grown in spite of a lack of access to the primary inputs of iron ore and coal.

Question 60

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products is a bulk-gaining industry.

Question 61

What are some of the factors that would influence a firm to locate close to its market?

Question 62

How have site factors influenced the location of U.S. steel mills?

Question 63

In the U.S., between 1950 and 2009, the North and East lost 6 million manufacturing jobs and the South and West gained 2 million.

Question 64

What are site factors and why are they important?

Question 65

Where in the United States are car assembly plants and parts makers distributed, and why?

Question 66

What is just-in-time delivery? And what are some of the advantages and disadvantages?

Question 67

Globally, China and India alone account for nearly 90 percent of the world's woven cotton fabric production.

Question 68

List the different modes of transporting goods in the United States and their comparative advantages.

Question 69

What are some of the industries that were transformed by the Industrial Revolution?

Question 70

Banks in Silicon Valley have long been hesitant to provide money for new software and communications firms, even though lenders elsewhere have been very willing to do so.

Question 71

In the making of yarn, historically, natural fibers were the sole source, but today synthetics account for three-fourths of world thread production.

Question 72

The North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which became effective in 1994, eliminated most barriers to moving goods between Mexico and the United States.

Question 73

What is a break-of-bulk point?

Question 74

The textile and apparel industry accounts for about 6 percent of the dollar value of world manufacturing.

Question 75

Russia and Brazil, currently classified by the United Nations as having relatively high levels of development, are especially rich in inputs critical for industry.

Question 76

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) of the UN, about 150 million people are employed in manufacturing around the world.

Question 77

How has the production of cars changed in the last 50 years?

Question 78

By enacting so-called "right-to-work" laws, southern states made it easier for factory workers to form unions and bargain with employers from a position of strength.

Question 79

What are some of the interregional shifts in manufacturing in the United States?

Question 80

What factors would influence a firm to locate closer to its inputs rather than closer to its market?