Deck 16: The Family

Question 1

What does the term parental acceptance describe?

A) the level of restriction that a parent directs toward a child
B) the total amount of time the parent spends interacting with the child
C) the amount of affection that a parent displays toward a child
D) the fit between the parent's and the child's temperament

Answer 1

the amount of affection that a parent displays toward a child

Question 2

Which of the following best summarizes the recent Canadian statistics regarding childbearing among married couples?

A) They have children immediately once they are married, but have fewer children.
B) They postpone childbearing but then have multiple children, closely spaced together in age.
C) They postpone childbearing and opt for a small number of children.
D) They have children immediately once they are married, and have multiple children, closely spaced in age.

Answer 2

They postpone childbearing and opt for a small number of children.

Question 3

What is the term for the process by which children acquire the beliefs,values,and behaviours that are condoned within their society?

A) social actualization
B) social intensification
C) social identification
D) socialization

Answer 3

socialization

Question 4

What is the term for a family system in which a group of blood relatives from more than one nuclear family live together in the same household?

A) a traditional nuclear family
B) a nontraditional dynamic family
C) a blended family
D) an extended family

Question 5

Which statement best characterizes the divorce rate following the 1986 amendment to the Canadian Divorce Act?

A) a significant decrease in the divorce rate, followed by a slow rise at present
B) an increase by nearly a factor of 7 over the past 50 years
C) a steady, slow decrease over the past 50 years
D) a sudden one-year increase in the divorce rate, followed by a substantial decline

Question 6

Which of the following theorists' research is most compatible with the family system approach?

A) Piaget
B) Freud
C) Vygotsky
D) Bronfenbrenner

Question 7

The principle that families are embedded within larger cultural contexts supports which theorist's perspective?

A) Piaget
B) Skinner
C) Freud
D) Bronfenbrenner

Question 8

Marlene and Quentin are married to each other.They live in a home with their two children,Stephanie and Ronald.This family structure exemplifies which type of family?

A) extended
B) nuclear
C) subsystematic
D) blended

Question 9

According to Belsky,what is the most important aspect of parenting in infancy?

A) control and sensitivity
B) responsiveness and control
C) demandingness and control
D) warmth and sensitivity

Question 10

How has the average age of first marriage in Canada changed over the last 100 years?

A) It has steadily increased.
B) It has recently risen, after initially decreasing.
C) It has steadily decreased.
D) It has recently decreased, after initially rising.

Question 11

Which statement best describes the trend for the percentage of Canadian single-parent families that are headed by the father?

A) It has remained constant over the past 20 years at 38 percent.
B) It has increased between 1994 and 2004 by 38 percent.
C) It has decreased over the past 15 years by 16 percent.
D) It has increased by as much as 55 percent.

Question 12

How is an extended family unit defined?

A) Some of the individuals are blood relatives, and some individuals are step-relatives.
B) The individuals are a mother, a father, and at least two dependent children.
C) The individuals are blood relatives from more than one nuclear family who live together in the same household.
D) Some of the individuals are unrelated through family, but live together in the same household.

Question 13

Which of the following best captures the definition of a traditional nuclear family?

A) The family consists of a married mother and father and at least one child.
B) The family consists of a group of blood relatives who live together in the same household.
C) The family consists of a married couple but only one child.
D) The family consists of a group of people who are unrelated and who live together in the same household.

Question 14

Why has the percentage of Canadian fathers heading single-parent families risen?

A) decreased stereotyping of mothers as the best parent
B) amendments to the laws governing male parental rights
C) consistent, mandated programs provide direct teaching of empathetic responses in fathers
D) a decrease in divorce rates

Question 15

In which of the following cultures is sharing child care duties among members of an extended family most common?

A) individualistic
B) collectivist
C) Western modern
D) permissive

Question 16

Which description best characterizes the systems approach to understanding family relationships?

A) Only direct parent-child relationships within the family are important.
B) Every person and relationship within the family affects every other person and relationship within the system.
C) Sibling relationships within the family affect children's relationships outside the family system.
D) Parent-child relationships within the family affect children's relationships outside the family system.

Question 17

In comparing families today with those of 50 years ago,which of the following statements is the most accurate?

A) Adults are having more children due to increased resources.
B) Adults are marrying at earlier and earlier ages.
C) Fewer married adults live in poverty.
D) More adults are deciding not to marry at all.

Question 18

What percentage of Canadian families are headed by a single parent?

A) 20 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 19

Rachelle lived with her mother and her father in their own house until her father was killed in a car accident.Now Rachelle lives with her mother,her maternal grandparents,and one of her uncles.In this example,how did Rachelle's family system change?

A) from a traditional nuclear family to an extended family
B) from a blended family to a single-parent family
C) from a traditional nuclear family to a blended family
D) from an extended family to a single-parent family

Question 20

According to Erikson,what two aspects of parenting are important throughout childhood and adolescence?

A) acceptance and responsiveness
B) responsiveness and control
C) demandingness and control
D) warmth and acceptance

Question 21

Joanne and Dawn are consistent,controlling,but flexible toward the needs of their child.Which parenting style does their behaviour exemplify?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) uninvolved

Question 22

What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are authoritarian?

A) Parents are responsive and children are free to express themselves.
B) Parents are reserved and aloof and children are ignored.
C) Parents are responsive and given considerable freedom within firm boundaries.
D) Parents are reserved and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.

Question 23

Bernard is a 16-year-old who wants to go on a three-day trip with his friends to see a music concert.Some of his friends are female,and so they plan on renting two adjacent hotel rooms.He tells his parents about this trip,and asks if he can go.Which response would be typical of Bernard's authoritarian parents?

A) "Absolutely not. Case closed."
B) "Do whatever you want. It's your life. "
C) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details. We can probably work something out."
D) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 24

Baumrind's research with nursery school children and their parents indicated that cheerful,self-reliant children are most likely to have what type of parents?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the authoritative pattern of parenting?

A) It is warm and children are free to express themselves as they see fit.
B) It is fair but reserved and children know the rules and the consequences for breaking the rules.
C) It is reserved and aloof and few demands are placed on the children.
D) It is warm and children are allowed considerable freedom within firmly established guidelines.

Question 26

According to Baumrind's research,which of the following characterizes the behaviour of children of authoritarian parents?

A) They are moody and unfriendly.
B) They are impulsive and aggressive.
C) They are cheerful and self-reliant.
D) They are moody, but self-reliant.

Question 27

Lisa's parents are typically away at night,leaving her and her three younger siblings alone at home.Her parents justify their actions by saying that they save money on babysitters.Based on Lisa's parents' behaviour,how would you classify their parental style?

A) as authoritarian
B) as permissive
C) as uninvolved
D) as authoritative

Question 28

What aspect of a child's development is influenced by parental warmth?

A) attributes in several areas of development
B) sense of security
C) general obedience and level of aggression
D) self-esteem

Question 29

Elizabeth is a 16-year-old who wants to go on a camping trip for the upcoming weekend with a group of her friends,some of whom are male.She tells her parents about this idea on Monday night.Which type of response would be typical of Elizabeth's authoritative parents?

A) "Absolutely not. Case closed."
B) "Do whatever you want. It's your life. We won't be home either."
C) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea."
D) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 30

Jordan's parents allow him considerable freedom and give him the autonomy to make decisions about his own activities.Which parenting style does Jordan's parents behaviour exemplify?

A) demanding
B) unresponsive
C) responsive
D) undemanding

Question 31

Baumrind's research with nursery school children and their parents indicated that impulsive,aggressive children are most likely to have what type of parents?

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 32

What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are authoritative?

A) Parents are responsive and children are free to express themselves.
B) Parents are reserved and aloof, and children are ignored.
C) Parents are responsive and children are given considerable freedom within firm boundaries.
D) Parents are reserved and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.

Question 33

Stella is a 14-year-old who wants to go to her first boy-girl evening party.The party will be at her best friend Jennifer's house but without chaperones.Stella tells her parents about the party and asks if she can go.Which type of response would be typical of Stella's permissive parents?

A) "Absolutely not. Case closed."
B) "Do whatever you want. It's your life. We don't care where you go."
C) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details. We can probably work something out."
D) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 34

Which of the following best characterizes the behaviours of children who experience a permissive style of parenting?

A) They are bossy, impulsive, aggressive, and low in achievement.
B) They are self-reliant, socially responsible, bossy, and achievement oriented.
C) They are unfriendly, moody, easily annoyed, and selfish.
D) They are aggressive, hostile, selfish, and rebellious.

Question 35

Jeff is a 17-year-old who has been asked to join a weekend camping trip with a group of his friends.Both boys and girls will be going,and alcohol is likely to be available during the trip.Jeff tells his parents about the trip on Monday night and asks if he can go.Which type of response would be typical of Jeff's uninvolved parents?

A) "Absolutely not. Case closed."
B) "Do whatever you want. It's your life."
C) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details. We can probably work something out."
D) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 36

What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are permissive?

A) Parents are responsive and children are free to express themselves.
B) Parents are reserved and aloof and children are ignored.
C) Parents are responsive and given considerable freedom within firm boundaries.
D) Parents are reserved and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.

Question 37

A father shouts at his child: "As long as you live under my roof,you will do what I tell you to do." Which parenting style does the father's behaviour exemplify?

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 38

Which parental style of discipline would be most likely to incorporate Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) uninvolved
D) permissive

Question 39

Mario is a 16-year-old who has been asked to join a student group that will be travelling to Thailand to assist with relief efforts for families that were left homeless after a recent tsunami.Mario tells his parents about the trip,provides brochures and information sheets,and asks if he can go.Which type of response would be typical of Mario's authoritarian parents?

A) "Absolutely not. Case closed."
B) "Do whatever you want. It's your life."
C) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea for you right now, but maybe we can work something out."
D) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 40

Zachary always wants to play his way,or not at all,and he often breaks in on other groups of children as they are playing.He is known for fighting with other children if they won't play "his way." Based on Baumrind's research,what would be your prediction for the style of parenting that Zachary's parents exhibit?

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) uninvolved

Question 41

Which of the following characterizes the research findings regarding the effect of socioeconomic status on child-rearing practices?

A) There are no consistent differences in parenting style that are dependent on social class.
B) Upper- and middle-class parents place more stress on respect for authority, and staying out of trouble.
C) Upper- and middle-class parents tend to be more authoritative and place more stress on independence and ambition.
D) Economically disadvantaged and working-class parents tend to be more permissive and stress the importance of independence and ambition.

Question 42

Which pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the highest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 43

Belinda believes that parents have the major influence on children's development and so she imposes her will on both her son and daughter.This type of belief is consistent with which model of family interaction?

A) parent-effects model
B) child-effects model
C) transactional-effects model
D) family-effects model

Question 44

Research findings support the conclusion that mothers who have less education are more likely to exhibit what type of disciplinary style?

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) self-discipline
D) coercive

Question 45

Several different Canadian research studies have produced support for the notion that the effectiveness of parenting styles is dependent on the culture in which the child is being raised.For example,the focus of Chinese parents on the inhibition of behaviour in children is associated with which parenting style?

A) punishment oriented
B) democratic oriented
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 46

Which statement most accurately reflects the research findings concerning the disciplinary style of a parent with low socioeconomic status?

A) "We aren't in the mood to put up with whining, disobedient kids."
B) "The kids deserve to have an equal voice with parents."
C) "We do everything possible to help our kids succeed."
D) "We should have never had kids in the first place."

Question 47

Compared to high-SES parents,low-SES parents are more likely to have which type of parenting style?

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) neglecting
D) authoritative

Question 48

According to the child-effects model,which behavioural influences are most important to a child's developmental trajectory?

A) that of the children in response to societal norms
B) that of parents toward the children
C) that of the children toward their parents
D) that of the parents in response to societal norms

Question 49

Research findings support the conclusion that urban,African American mothers are more likely to exhibit what type of disciplinary style?

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) firm with rationales
D) coercive

Question 50

According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies,distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Asian and North American parents.Which statement best characterizes the behaviour of parents of Asian descent,regardless of where they were raised?

A) They are authoritative.
B) They use coercive forms of discipline.
C) They are authoritarian.
D) They stress interdependence and competitiveness.

Question 51

According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues,what behavioural outcome is associated with the use of psychological control for discipline?

A) affiliation with positive peer role models
B) anxiety and depression
C) increased academic success
D) high self-esteem

Question 52

Many developmentalists have contributed to our understanding of the interaction between children and their parents in determining behavioural outcomes.Overall,what is regarded as the most important contributor to this interaction?

A) parental warmth and acceptance
B) guidance or discipline by the parents
C) both warmth and discipline are important, although the two factors are independent
D) parental warmth is important only when the parents have a strict disciplinary style

Question 53

Which of the following best summarizes the response of parents to conflicts with their children during the adolescent years?

A) They become more demanding and restrictive, adopting an authoritarian parenting style
B) They view the conflicts through a social-conventional lens.
C) They become less demanding and responsive, adopting an uninvolved style of parenting.
D) They view the conflicts in terms of personal rights.

Question 54

Why might adolescent employment be beneficial?

A) It is associated with a sense of self-efficacy and economic autonomy.
B) It is associated with an increase in social and moral reasoning skills.
C) It is associated with lower rates of drug and alcohol use.
D) It is associated with higher self-esteem, and lower levels of anxiety and depression.

Question 55

According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues,what behavioural outcome is associated with behavioural control for discipline?

A) anxiety and depression
B) antisocial tendencies in adolescence
C) animosity toward others
D) low self-esteem

Question 56

Which pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the lowest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 57

What is one of the drawbacks associated with adolescent employment?

A) a loss of self-efficacy and economic autonomy
B) a steady decline in social and moral reasoning skills
C) more frequent involvement in the use of alcohol and other drugs
D) a significant decrease in academic achievement

Question 58

According to recent research findings,what characterizes the behaviour of parents whose adolescent children are labelled as well adjusted?

A) They gradually loosen control and monitor the adolescent's activities.
B) They remain warm and supportive but are increasingly lax in the enforcement of rules.
C) They continue using their tried-and-true parenting style and do not change in how they interact with their child.
D) They gradually tighten control during early adolescence and then give up control toward the end of the adolescence.

Question 59

According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies,distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese and North American parents.Which statement best characterizes the behaviour of Chinese parents?

A) They insist that their children display strong respect for others, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals.
B) They utilize a permissive parenting style that allows children a great deal of freedom.
C) They show a nonresponsive and undemanding parenting style.
D) They encourage their children to develop a strong sense of independence and a high level of competitiveness.

Question 60

Consider this exchange between a parent and his or her adolescent child: "Where are you going?" "Out." "What are you going to do?" "Nothing." What is the teenager's evasiveness an expression of?

A) his or her drive toward moral consistency
B) his or her quest for heteronomous morality
C) his or her quest for autonomy
D) his or her drive toward identification

Question 61

Ariel has a homework problem that she is unable to work through on her own.If she asks someone to help her work through the problem,who will she learn the most from?

A) an older peer, rather than an older sibling
B) an older peer if he or she is close in age.
C) her parents, rather than older peers or siblings
D) an older sibling, rather than an older peer

Question 62

Which statement best summarizes the conclusions of research regarding conflict in sibling relationships?

A) It is quite rare in sibling interactions.
B) It occurs at a high frequency in the majority of interactions between siblings.
C) Although it is a normal part of sibling relationships, positive interactions tend to be more frequent.
D) It occurs only when parents show favouritism toward one of the children.

Question 63

Which conclusion regarding the presence of siblings for a child is supported by the data collected from a variety of research programs support?

A) It is necessary for optimal social and cognitive development.
B) It prevents children from becoming selfish and egocentric.
C) It threatens a child's sense of emotional security and instrumental competence.
D) It has some advantages but is not necessary for successful development.

Question 64

Beatrice is an only child and Shelby has both a sister and a brother.Otherwise,both Shelby and Beatrice have similar home environments and family structure.Based on this description,which statement is the most accurate prediction of Beatrice's behavioural characteristics?

A) She will have higher self-esteem, but poorer peer relationships.
B) She will be more obedient and slightly more intellectually competent.
C) She will be more disruptive and more selfish.
D) She will have lower achievement motivation, but better peer relationships.

Question 65

From observational research,it is clear that the number of altercations between very young siblings can be very high.Many of these contentious interactions continue during the preschool and the grade-school years.What happens to the behaviour of siblings in these cases?

A) Older siblings tend to become more compliant, whereas younger siblings tend to become more dominant and aggressive.
B) Both the older and the younger siblings tend to become more dominant and less compliant.
C) Older brothers tend to become more dominant and aggressive, whereas older sisters tend to become more compliant.
D) Older siblings tend to become more dominant and aggressive, whereas younger siblings tend to become more compliant.

Question 66

In comparison to children with siblings,what behavioural outcomes characterize only children?

A) They tend to be more obedient and intellectually competent.
B) They tend to have difficulties establishing peer relationships.
C) They tend to be less intellectually competent.
D) They tend to be less securely attached to their parents.

Question 67

Relationships between siblings are more likely to show high levels of conflict when parents consistently pay more attention to one sibling.Who have researchers found are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment?

A) Younger siblings are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that the older sibling is favoured.
B) Girls are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that a brother is being favoured.
C) Boys are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that a sister is being favoured.
D) Older siblings are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that the younger sibling is favoured.

Question 68

Stewart investigated the nature of attachment relationships between siblings using a procedure similar to Ainsworth's strange situation task.Which of the following conclusions did his research evidence support?

A) Evidence of an avoidant attachment was found only in siblings who have rarely shown sibling rivalry.
B) The majority of the infants reacted to their older sibling in ways that indicated an insecure attachment.
C) The majority of the infants reacted to their older sibling in ways that indicated a secure attachment.
D) Older children with avoidant attachments to the parents were most likely to pay attention to the distress of their infant sibling.

Question 69

When siblings play together,the older child typically dominates the younger.What outcome does this asymmetrical relationship have on the teacher-learner relationship in sibling interactions?

A) some positive outcomes to both because the older child gains from playing teacher and the younger child gains from being a learner
B) some positive outcomes to the older child who gains from playing teacher, but none for the younger
C) primarily negative outcomes for the older child, but some gains for the younger child as learner
D) primarily negative outcomes for the younger child as learner, because older children typically use bullying tactics

Question 70

Gordon and Phillip are biological brothers who were born three years apart and were raised in a traditional family environment.Throughout their lives together,they have fought over many different issues.Now that both are adolescents,their parents are worried about whether their sibling rivalry will escalate.Based on current research,what should their parents expect will happen in the relationship between their sons?

A) It will be filled with rising intense rivalry and become a source of major family stress and conflict.
B) It will become more egalitarian, and competition or rivalry will most likely decline.
C) It will continue in much the same way; the nature of sibling relationships does not change after the elementary-school years.
D) It will decrease tension in the family as they will likely begin to ignore or isolate themselves from each other.

Question 71

What parental characteristic is positively correlated with the degree of sibling rivalry?

A) socioeconomic status
B) levels of educational achievement
C) level of marital conflict
D) efforts to monitor children's activities

Question 72

Under what circumstances do adopted children show the most positive outcomes?

A) when they are adopted into transracial homes
B) when they are in a long-term stable adoption
C) when they are raised in working-class homes
D) when they are adopted into an extended family home

Question 73

After a new baby arrives,mothers often devote less attention to their older children.How does this change in attention affect the older sibling?

A) He or she becomes more disruptive, but the strength of the attachment relationship is not affected.
B) He or she becomes more disruptive, and the strength of the attachment relationships is affected.
C) He or she forms a stronger, more secure attachment to the father.
D) He or she becomes moody and withdrawn.

Question 74

Studies of adopted children have shown that adoptees often display higher rates of learning difficulties and emotional problems when compared to their peers who are raised by their biological parents.According to the textbook,what is one reason for this?

A) Adoptive parents tend to be older and are less likely to be responsive to the needs of the adopted child.
B) Most adoptive parents fail to develop strong emotional ties to their adopted children.
C) Adoptive parents have smaller families and are more likely to be demanding and controlling in their parenting style.
D) Adopted children are more likely to have special needs or other pre-existing conditions.

Question 75

Why might children who are raised by their biological parents have better developmental outcomes than children who are adopted into a family?

A) The rearing environment that the adoptive parents provide is not compatible with the child's predispositions.
B) The majority of adoptive parents fail to develop strong emotional ties to their adopted children.
C) Adoptive parents tend to be older and are less likely to be responsive to the needs of the child.
D) Adoptive parents have smaller families and are more likely to be demanding and controlling in their parenting style.

Question 76

Charlotte's parents have just introduced her to her newborn brother.Although Charlotte is curious and interested in having a brother,she becomes difficult and disruptive over the next four weeks.Based on this description of Charlotte,how old is she likely to be?

A) less than 2 years of age
B) between 2 and 4 years of age
C) 10 to 13 years of age
D) 14 to 16 years of age

Question 77

According to the research of Hildy Ross,the quickest and least negative resolutions between siblings in a play situation reflect what characteristics?

A) pre-existing positive sibling relationships
B) parental style
C) low-conflict situations
D) high-conflict situations

Question 78

Which statement best characterizes only children?

A) They are overindulged and selfish.
B) They are less intellectually competent, on average.
C) They are friendly, well behaved, and popular with their peers.
D) They are high in achievement motivation, but low in self-esteem.

Question 79

According to Dunn's research,which mothers are most successful at promoting positive behaviours that their older children direct toward their younger sibling?

A) mothers who give the older child extra, focused attention and are sympathetic to the older child's brooding or negative responses
B) mothers who begin to reduce attention to the older child before the birth of a sibling to desensitize them to the coming events
C) mothers who give the older child quality time and actively discourage negative responses toward the infant
D) mothers who explain to the older child that negativity will not be tolerated and actively punish any negative responses

Question 80

Gary's parents have just introduced him to his newborn sister.Although Gary is curious and interested in having a brother,he becomes difficult and disruptive over the next four weeks.Based on current research,what accounts for Gary's response?

A) He has not yet developed a categorical self.
B) He has an insecure attachment to both parents.
C) He has a very strong, secure attachment to both parents.
D) He has not yet developed a concept of gender identity.