Deck 17: Extrafamilial Influences

Question 1

Imagine that you are conducting a cross-cultural research study to investigate the effect of the introduction of television to a community in Brazil.You are sure you will replicate the results obtained from Canadian children in your Brazilian subjects.If you are correct,what will you find?

A) Global intelligence scores will decline.
B) Involvement in community activities will increase.
C) Verbal fluency skills will be enhanced.
D) The perception of social stereotypes for gender-specific behaviours will decline.

Answer 1

Global intelligence scores will decline.

Question 2

What does research evidence suggest about gender differences in children's television viewing?

A) Girls watch more television than do boys.
B) There are no consistent sex differences in the amount of television that children watch.
C) Boys watch less television than do girls, but are affected more by what they view.
D) Boys watch more television than do girls.
)

Answer 2

Boys watch more television than do girls.
)

Question 3

Maddie is drawn to violent television programs and horror movies.Despite reassurance by her parents,she has become afraid of other people and is convinced that she may come to harm.Based on this description,how would a developmentalist account for Maddie's fear?

A) She has experienced desensitization.
B) She had experienced indoctrination.
C) She holds a socially ambiguous stereotype.
D) She holds a mean-world belief.

Answer 3

She holds a mean-world belief.

Question 4

Which of the following best characterizes the changes in the amount of television that a typical Canadian child watches as he or she matures?

A) It peaks during the preschool years, and then slowly declines after age 5.
B) It peaks at about age 8, and then rapidly declines.
C) It increases until about age 12, and then declines during adolescence.
D) It increases steadily until the early adult years.

Question 5

Suppose that you conduct a research study in which you show children of various ages an hour-long television show about a crime.The show features a female character who is initially very helpful and friendly toward the police.Later,it becomes evident that her behaviour was deceitful because she had committed the crime.Some of your subjects recognize that her intent was to deceive and some do not.Based on current research evidence,how old are the children who recognized her deceptive intent?

A) 5 or 6 years
B) 7 or 8 years
C) 10 or 11 years
D) 15 or 16 years

Question 6

There is ample research evidence for a strong positive correlation between the amount of televised violence that is viewed and overt aggressive behaviour in children.Based on these findings,which of the following is the most accurate conclusion?

A) Viewing televised violence causes children to behave more aggressively.
B) The amount of televised violence predicts the likelihood of aggressive behaviour.
C) Viewing televised violence has no further effect on those children who are inherently aggressive.
D) Regardless of the content, children who behave aggressively watch more television than do nonaggressive children.

Question 7

Jim and Sam are brothers and they constantly fight over the remote for the TV.Jim prefers crime dramas and Sam prefers situation comedies.As the boys walk to school one day,they witness one of their classmates being attacked by an older child.According to research on desensitization effects,how will Jim react to this situation?

A) He will attack the older child and ask Sam to help him.
B) He will not react at all, but Sam may intervene.
C) He will be quicker to seek help for the victim than Sam.
D) He will react with panic and fear that the attacker will turn on both him and Sam.

Question 8

What effect does heavy exposure to television commercials have on children?

A) It has no apparent positive or negative impact on children or families; children pay little attention to advertisements.
B) It contributes to conflicted family interactions.
C) It fosters more positive family and peer interactions by providing shared content to discuss.
D) It leads to skepticism regarding the safety and value of advertised products.

Question 9

Which statement best defines the children who are categorised as television "literate"?

A) They are less likely to watch noneducational television programs.
B) They are able to interpret the form of television messages.
C) They watch less television than other children.
D) They do not enjoy the programs that they see on television.

Question 10

What effect do positive portrayals of ethnic minorities in cartoons and educational programs as Sesame Street appear to have on child viewers?

A) They increase the likelihood of child viewers having ethnically diverse friends, but the impact on racial and ethnic stereotypes is negligible.
B) They reduce racial and ethnic stereotypes, but decrease the likelihood of child viewers having ethnically diverse friends.
C) They increase both racial and ethnic stereotypes, and decrease the likelihood of child viewers having ethnically diverse friends.
D) They reduce child viewers's racial and ethnic stereotypes, and increase their likelihood of having ethnically diverse friends.

Question 11

Based on the research evidence regarding prosocial behaviours,what would you predict about the success of televised pronutritional messages that encourage children to choose healthy snacks?

A) Young children will not understand the message so the messages will not affect their snack choices.
B) The messages would be understood by adolescents but would have no effect on their snack choices.
C) The messages would induce young children to make nutritional snack choices only if an adult reinforced the televised messages.
D) The messages would be highly effective in promoting nutritional snack choices at all ages.

Question 12

Which of the following best characterizes the term television literacy?

A) constructing a storyline from the activities of characters
B) ignoring commercial messages when viewing a program
C) reading along with the TV program
D) reading and interpreting TV listings

Question 13

What has been found to be the impact of television on children's lives?

A) negative in almost all measures of development
B) positive in the areas of family relations and academic achievement
C) less uniformly negative than many critics have claimed
D) positive on almost all measures of development

Question 14

Samantha is telling you about a television show that she saw.She is able to describe most of the things that the characters did,but she is not really sure why the characters acted the way they did.Samantha's reporting of the television show is similar to the type of description you would expect from a child of what age?

A) 6 years
B) 8 years
C) 10 years
D) 14 years

Question 15

At which of the following ages would children be interested in a scrambled sequence of story events,because they are not yet capable of understanding a causal chain?

A) 7 years
B) 9 years
C) 11 years
D) 13 years

Question 16

Thomas and colleagues measured children's physiological responses to televised violence.They then measured the likelihood of the child seeking help when he or she heard a loud crash.Which statement best describes their findings regarding the impact of watching televised violence?

A) Physiological arousal and speed of response to seek help were decreased.
B) Physiological arousal and speed of response to seek help were increased.
C) Physiological arousal did not change, but speed of response to seek help increased.
D) Physiological arousal increased, but the child made no effort to seek help.

Question 17

Marcia wants to do something concrete to help reduce the harmful effects of TV violence on her children,but she does not want to ban all of their favourite shows.Because she is an authoritarian parent,she simply tells her children to turn off the TV whenever she catches one of them watching a program with violent content,and she refuses to listen to why they are interested in the program.Is Marcia's strategy likely to be effective?

A) No, she should encouraging watching nonviolent shows that provide prosocial models of behaviour.
B) No, she should also watch the violent shows with her children and help them critique the shows; commenting on the consequences of violent acts, antisocial motives, etc.
C) Yes, because she is reinforcing the message that the aggression in the shows they like is bad.
D) Yes, because her strict rules usually work best for negative events such as televised violence.

Question 18

When Wilson first saw a violent movie,he was scared and disgusted.But now that he has seen several such movies,he is barely affected by them.In fact,he often laughs with his friends when a character is killed.According to most developmentalists,why has Wilson's attitude changed?

A) He developed a mean-world belief.
B) He experienced violence indoctrination.
C) He was desensitized to violence.
D) He developed a violent social stereotype.

Question 19

What effect do positive portrayals of ethnic minorities in cartoons and educational programs as Sesame Street appear to have on child viewers?

A) They increase the likelihood of child viewers having ethnically diverse friends, but the impact on racial and ethnic stereotypes is negligible.
B) They reduce racial and ethnic stereotypes, but decrease the likelihood of child viewers having ethnically diverse friends.
C) They increase both racial and ethnic stereotypes, and decrease the likelihood of child viewers having ethnically diverse friends.
D) They reduce child viewers's racial and ethnic stereotypes, and increase their likelihood of having ethnically diverse friends.

Question 20

Which of the following is the most accurate generalization about the extent to which television is part of an average Canadian child's life?

A) The time spent in school far outranks the amount of time children watch television.
B) Although television is a part of most children's lives, most average only 30-60 minutes of viewing each day.
C) Next to sleeping, television viewing is the most prevalent activity in the average child's life.
D) During the peak viewing years, children average six hours of television viewing daily.

Question 21

According to Rutter and other researchers,which factor has been found to be highly predictive of "effective" schools?

A) higher levels of monetary support
B) a clear focus on academic goals
C) the introduction of ability tracking
D) the use of an "open" classroom design

Question 22

According to current research evidence,what is the impact of educational programs on promoting prosocial behaviours?

A) They have little impact, either in the short or long term.
B) They have minor impact in the short term, and then only when an adult is present during viewing.
C) They have a marked positive impact in both the short term and long term.
D) They have a positive impact in the long term, but only when an adult encourages the child to use the information.

Question 23

What has research evidence indicated are the effects of computer-assisted instruction,learning to program,and other uses of computers?

A) They have produced few identifiable benefits, although no negatives have been found either.
B) They have produced benefits intellectually and academically, but peer relations suffer because of the isolation that occurs with use.
C) They have increased learner enjoyment but no intellectual or academic benefits have been reported.
D) They have produced positive outcomes motivationally, intellectually, academically, and socially.

Question 24

Which of the following did Rutter and others find to be most characteristic of ineffective schools?

A) Academic emphasis is strong.
B) Discipline is strict and typically administered by the principal.
C) Administrators provide strong leadership that encourages teamwork among teachers.
D) Teachers assign regular homework and provide feedback.

Question 25

For whom does repetitive-drill computer-assisted instruction lead to the best educational outcomes?

A) high achievers at the upper grades
B) low achievers at the early grades
C) low achievers at the upper grades
D) high achievers at the early grades

Question 26

Douglas Clements trained children to use the computer language known as Logo.Which statement best describes the performance of the children who received the training in comparison those who did not?

A) They performed better on tests of concrete-operational ability and on tests of creativity, but not on general achievement tests.
B) They performed better on general achievement tests and tests of creativity, but not on tests of concrete-operational ability.
C) They performed better on tests of concrete-operational ability, but not on tests of general achievement and creativity.
D) They performed better on tests of creativity, but not on tests of general achievement and concrete-operational ability.

Question 27

According to recent research,which statement best summarizes the conclusions regarding the overall effect on developing children of introducing computers into the classroom?

A) Computer-assisted learning fosters creativity and the development of metacognitive skills.
B) Heavy computer usage promotes isolation and disrupts peer relations, regardless of where it takes place.
C) Children who are initially fascinated with the use of computers for academic subjects quickly become bored without the social atmosphere of the typical classroom.
D) Children who use computers for learning most frequently are also more likely to have social adjustment problems.

Question 28

According to research literature,which characteristic is most predictive of effective schooling?

A) prompt enforcement of rules by the classroom teacher
B) comprehensive use of ability tracking
C) a high level of financial support for the school
D) small class size

Question 29

Which of the following best summarizes the findings of Clements' research regarding the behavioural outcome when children are taught to program computers?

A) It promotes social skills and perspective-taking.
B) It promotes metacognitive knowledge and understanding.
C) It builds self-esteem, but decreases peer-related social skills.
D) It builds self-esteem, but has little impact on cognitive development.

Question 30

One possible yardstick for measuring the role of schools in children's development is to ask if schooling promotes cognitive development.Does the research evidence support this relationship?

A) Schooling is associated with increased factual knowledge, but does not promote growth in thinking skills or metacognitive knowledge.
B) Schooling promotes both factual knowledge and growth in thinking skills and metacognitive knowledge.
C) Schooling promotes cognitive growth, but tends to diminish children's social and interpersonal skills.
D) Schooling has negligible effects on cognitive growth but increases a child's interpersonal skills.

Question 31

In comparison to the data regarding the influence of televised violence,what conclusions can be drawn from the preliminary evidence regarding the impact of violent content in video games?

A) These games have very little impact, because they are interactive, rather than passive.
B) These games have a negligible impact, because children understand that the games do not represent real-life situations.
C) These games cultivate aggressive habits in much the same way as televised violence does.
D) These games are less harmful, because children are more likely to identify with the hero or heroine, rather than with the aggressor.

Question 32

When children become interested in computers or video games,time is taken mostly from which other activity?

A) leisure activities, such as TV viewing
B) completing homework
C) personal hygiene such as bathing
D) social activities with peers

Question 33

In comparison to children who rarely view Sesame Street,what characterizes children who are heavy viewers of this program?

A) They show insecure attachments.
B) They are bored by other television shows.
C) They show meaningful cognitive gains.
D) They are often rated as gifted by their teachers.

Question 34

Some fear computer use will turn children into passive,social recluses.According to recent research findings,how valid is this fear?

A) This has indeed happened, and peer interactions decrease dramatically when computers are introduced.
B) Computer use has little impact on social interaction.
C) Computer use has been associated with increased peer interaction and an increase, rather than a decrease, in cooperation.
D) Computer use tends to create a subgroup of computer "nerds" who are rejected by their peers.

Question 35

Justin comes from a low-SES family.Both of his parents dropped out of high school and neither can read well.From the time he was less than a year old,his father made an effort to find educational programming on television and watched with him whenever he could.Based on what you have learned,what effect will this have on Justin's behaviour?

A) He will probably show significant cognitive benefits.
B) He will become bored by the shows before he is old enough to gain any benefits.
C) He will show little cognitive gains, given his overall family circumstances.
D) He will have difficulty in sustaining focused attention when he finally enters school.

Question 36

Based on the research of Zigler and others,what if any benefits does attending a preschool have for a child?

A) intellectual benefits for economically disadvantaged children and social benefits for most children
B) intellectual and social benefits for most children, regardless of socioeconomic status
C) intellectual but no social benefits for most children, regardless of socioeconomic status
D) social benefits for economically disadvantaged children and intellectual benefits for most children

Question 37

Parents often consider school reputation when deciding about where to buy or rent a home.Does research evidence support this as a valid reason for making this decision?

A) Yes, schools located in good neighbourhoods are usually more effective.
B) Yes, the scholastic atmosphere of some schools promotes high achievement and positive attitudes.
C) No, it is the IQ and attitudes of the children and their parents that make the difference in levels of scholastic achievement, not the school.
D) No, although individual teachers can make a difference, it is a myth that some schools are more effective than others.

Question 38

Imagine that you interview a group of parents and ask them to list their top five serious concerns regarding heavy use of "video gaming" by children.If their responses are consistent with the information presented in the text,what will the majority of the respondents list as their most serious concern?

A) Gaming encourages an unhealthy lifestyle because it takes time away from physical activities.
B) Gaming exposes children to violent or pornographic content, and perpetuates social stereotypes.
C) Gaming dramatically reduces the time a child interacts with family members.
D) Gaming interferes with a child's scholastic achievement because it takes time away from homework.

Question 39

What has recent research on the impact of Sesame Street on intellectual and academic measures shown about regular viewing of the program?

A) It has benefited only already advantaged children.
B) It has benefited only moderately disadvantaged children.
C) It has widened the intellectual and academic gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children.
D) It has narrowed the intellectual and academic gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children.

Question 40

Angela wants her twins to be well prepared when they enter Grade 1,but she has heard conflicting evidence about the impact of educational television programs on children's cognitive development.Because you are taking a course in developmental psychology,she asks for your advice.Based on the evidence from the research studies reviewed in the text,what is the best information you could provide regarding the long-term effects on children who watch these types of programs?

A) They are more likely to develop problems with executive functions and will have trouble paying attention to classroom lessons.
B) They typically score lower on cognitive tests than peers who watch little or no TV.
C) They tend to be better prepared for learning when they begin formal schooling.
D) They show definite cognitive gains, but are more likely to show deficits in their socialization skills.

Question 41

Which of the following is an educational strategy that fosters greater acceptance of children with special needs by their school mates?

A) cooperative learning teams that encourage students to assist each other
B) competitive classroom settings that challenge all students and reward individual accomplishments
C) open classroom designs
D) separate classrooms

Question 42

According to Eccles and colleagues,what factor increases the likelihood that a young adolescent's transition from elementary school to middle school will be difficult?

A) The school emphasizes intergroup competition.
B) Sibling rivalries at home are intense.
C) Teachers consistently apply authoritarian discipline.
D) The student's needs poorly match the school environment.

Question 43

According to Stevenson,how do American and Asian students compare with respect to the time they spend "on task" in classroom activities?

A) 95 percent for American students and 80 percent for Asian students
B) 95 percent Asian students and 80 percent for American students
C) 80-85 percent for both groups of students
D) 60-65 percent for both groups of students

Question 44

According to the findings from cross-cultural research studies,what factor best accounts for differences in academic achievement?

A) age of entry to formal schooling
B) amount of time spent completing homework
C) parental expectations and involvement
D) instructional style and parental expectations and involvement

Question 45

Imagine that are you are asked to give advice to parents of low-SES children to increase their children's scholastic success.What does the available research evidence suggest that you should encourage them to do to meet this goal?

A) become involved in school activities
B) reward their child for good grades
C) provide plenty of help with homework
D) allow their child to take full responsibility for his or her own learning

Question 46

Suppose that a teacher tells you that "When I am teaching a lesson,some students learn through independent discovery projects,some students learn via anecdotal stories,and some students learn through collaborative group projects." Which educational principle is emphasized by this approach?

A) representational insight
B) aptitude-treatment interaction
C) Vygotskian scaffolding
D) heteronomous morality

Question 47

What did Stevenson's cross-cultural comparisons of parental involvement in the educational process find that Asian parents tend to hold?

A) lower achievement expectations for their children, and they are more likely to be satisfied with their children's academic performance
B) lower achievement expectations for their children, but they are less likely to be satisfied with their children's academic performance
C) higher achievement expectations for their children, and they are less likely to be satisfied with their children's academic performance
D) higher achievement expectations for their children, but they are more likely to be satisfied with their children's academic performance

Question 48

What did reviews of research on effective schools lead Rutter and others to conclude?

A) Effective schools are highly eclectic and there were no consistent patterns regarding teaching or administration with the exception of the enforcement of strict discipline.
B) Effective schools have an academic emphasis, good classroom management of time and atmosphere, firm discipline, and teachers who work as a team.
C) Effective classrooms exist and are dependent on the skills of the individual teacher, but no entire schools have been identified as more effective than others.
D) Effective schools are better funded, have small classes, use open classroom structure, and track students according to ability.

Question 49

According to the 1997 Council of Ministers of Education report,approximately what percentage of 16-year-old Canadian students were considered to be proficient at solving math problems?

A) 14 percent
B) 24 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 50

According to research evidence,what characteristic of the school would most likely lead to poor outcomes for inclusive mainstreaming of children with special needs?

A) ability tracking
B) aptitude-treatment interaction
C) minimized class sizes
D) informal curriculum

Question 51

Based upon his cross-cultural studies,what did Stevenson suggest as the most likely cause of the achievement gap between Asian and American students?

A) Asian parents and teachers are more likely to cooperate in achieving educational objectives.
B) Asian students are intellectually gifted in comparison to American students.
C) Asian schools have adopted an open classroom structure.
D) Asian governments devote much more money to education than does that of the United States.

Question 52

When the skills of special-needs students in cooperative learning classrooms are compared with those of special-needs students in traditional inclusive classrooms,what have researchers found about students in cooperative learning classrooms?

A) They do not show any academic advantage, but do show higher levels of self-esteem.
B) They have higher vocabulary and reading skills, but show lower levels of self-esteem.
C) They do not show any academic advantage, and show lower levels of self-esteem.
D) They have higher vocabulary and reading skills, and show higher levels of self-esteem.

Question 53

According to research evidence,what is most effective in promoting academic achievement among underachieving minority students?

A) Directly teach children and parents the importance of learning about the language and culture of the majority.
B) Routinely pass underachieving children during the elementary years so that they will not get discouraged and drop out of school.
C) Place underachieving children in the lower-ability track so that they will be challenged at their level and not be frustrated.
D) Encourage parents to become active participants in their child's academic and other school-related activities.

Question 54

Kurt is a student who comes from a middle-class background and he has typically done well in school up to this point.According to Good and Brophy,what type of teacher would be most likely to produce continued scholastic success for Kurt?

A) one who moves at a quick pace and insists on high standards of performance
B) one who is somewhat aloof and distant from his or her students
C) one who moves at a slow pace, and who rewards effort over achievement
D) one who is warm, encouraging, and not demanding

Question 55

Grace is 7 years old and Ellen is 4 years old,but the two girls often play together.When the two girls are together,Grace is happy to play games that Ellen enjoys even though she doesn't usually play them with her school friends.According to developmentalists,would Grace and Ellen be considered peers?

A) yes, because they are operating as social equals
B) yes, because they are the same sex
C) no, because there is a three-year difference in their ages
D) no, because they are not playing in a group

Question 56

As children move from elementary to junior high school,what happens to academic performance and motivation?

A) Declines are inevitable.
B) Declines are more typical for boys than for girls.
C) Declines depend more on the "fit" between the students' needs and the school program than on the actual move to junior high school.
D) Declines are more typical for middle-class students than for students from working-class backgrounds.

Question 57

Which of the following best summarizes the findings of Stevenson's research comparing children's academic achievement in the United States,Japan,Taiwan,and China?

A) Children from the United States outperformed children in all other countries studied.
B) Few differences in achievement were noted between any of the countries studied.
C) Children from the United States performed worse than did children in the other countries on math, but performed better at all other subjects than did children in the other countries.
D) Children from the United States showed poorer academic performance in many subject areas, and were particularly poor at math.

Question 58

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings on the effects of inclusion of children with special needs?

A) Inclusion often results in declines in self-esteem due to social rejection.
B) Inclusion typically results in improved academic performance and self-esteem.
C) Inclusion has no particular advantage or disadvantage regardless of whether the children have physical or mental disabilities.
D) Inclusion often results in increases in self-esteem because the children are socially accepted by peers.

Question 59

Which of the following could be a slogan of the "aptitude-treatment interaction" educational principle?

A) "Tailor the teaching to match the student."
B) "One size fits all."
C) "The nail that sticks up will get hammered down."
D) "To live well, you must live unseen."

Question 60

Tobias comes from an economically disadvantaged background and he has typically performed poorly in school.His parents are sensitive to his needs and wonder if a change in teaching style would be beneficial.According to Good and Brophy,what type of teacher should they look for to increase Tobias's success?

A) one who encourages competition between students
B) one who provides opportunities for the students to do independent work
C) one who is very demanding
D) one who is warm and encouraging

Question 61

At approximately what month of age do children begin to offer toys and communicate verbally with their age-mates in a play situation?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18

Question 62

Darlene and Kayla often assume complementary roles,such as chaser and chasee in a game of tag.If they only recently started to play together in this way,approximately what age are the girls?

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months

Question 63

The gender segregation of children's play groups becomes more pronounced as the children grow older.What characterizes the types of groups that boys and girls form?

A) Boys tend to form packs, whereas girls tend to form pairs.
B) Boys tend to form pairs, whereas girls tend to form packs.
C) Both boys and girls tend to form packs or teams.
D) Both boys and girls tend to form pairs with one best friend.

Question 64

Which of the following best captures the view of most developmentalists regarding peer contacts?

A) They play no special role in children's development.
B) They are a source of pressure that can interfere with cognitive development.
C) They are stressful because of unfavourable social and skill-level comparisons.
D) They are important because they are more equal status than adult-child contacts.

Question 65

Beginning with the simplest form,which of the following gives the correct developmental sequence of play complexity during the preschool period?

A) parallel play/associative play/cooperative play
B) associative play/parallel play/cooperative play
C) cooperative play/associative play/parallel play
D) associative play/cooperative play/parallel play

Question 66

Nine-month-old Jenni and 10-month-old Elise have been placed on the floor next to each other.Each has been given the classic stacking rings toy to play with.At this age,which form of play are they most likely to engage in?

A) cooperative
B) parallel
C) complementary
D) simple pretend

Question 67

Tamera and Eugene are both 6 years old and they live next door to each other.When the two children play,Tamera is very directive,and she always insists on doing things her way.According to developmentalists,would Tamera and Eugene be considered peers?

A) no, because they are not the same sex
B) no, because they don't appear to be operating as social equals
C) yes, because they are the same age
D) yes, because they live in the same neighbourhood

Question 68

According to Howes and Matheson,what form of play are children engaging in when they display action-based role reversals in social games?

A) cooperative social pretend
B) complex social pretend
C) complementary and reciprocal
D) simple pretend

Question 69

At about what age do playmates start describing their ongoing play activities to each other,saying things like "Oops,I drop it" and "Me,too"?

A) 10 to 12 months
B) 15 to 18 months
C) 20 to 24 months
D) 30 to 36 months

Question 70

Dakota,Blake,and Anisa are engaged in a role-playing game based on their favourite TV show.As they play,the majority of their time is spent discussing who will be which character,and which episode will be re-enacted.Based on this description,how would you categorize their play behaviour?

A) as cooperative social pretend
B) as simple pretend
C) as complex social pretend
D) as complementary and reciprocal

Question 71

Jonathan is watching a group of children who are playing with Lego blocks,and occasionally he makes comments such as "Want some more blocks?" On the other hand,he does not sit down and play with the Lego himself.Which form of play does Jonathan's behaviour exemplify?

A) associative
B) cooperative
C) nonsocial
D) parallel

Question 72

According to Parten,when children play side by side and do not try to influence the behaviour of each other,which form of play are they engaging in?

A) simple pretend
B) parallel
C) associative
D) onlooker

Question 73

According to current research,what is the key characteristic of the children who form a peer group?

A) They do not differ in age by more than 12 months.
B) They have the same socioeconomic and cultural background.
C) They are the same sex.
D) They have equal status within the group.

Question 74

Meagan,Blaire,and Taylor are engaged in a role-playing game based on their favourite series of books.As they play,the majority of their time is spent discussing who will be which character,and which part of the story they will re-enact.If this development in their play is recent,how old are the girls likely to be?

A) 3 to 4 years
B) 5 to 6 years
C) 7 to 8 years
D) 10 to 12 years

Question 75

According to Parten,when children share toys and swap materials,but do not cooperate to achieve shared goals,which form of play are they engaging in?

A) associative
B) simple pretend
C) parallel
D) onlooker

Question 76

According to most developmentalists,what is the effect of interactions between children of different ages?

A) It is detrimental because of the asymmetry of status, particularly for the younger child.
B) It is stressful for most children and therefore avoided.
C) It increases prosocial and leadership skills in older children, and helps younger ones to learn when to seek assistance.
D) It adds little because the experiences are redundant with sibling interactions.

Question 77

At approximately what month of age do children begin to display coordinated interactions with their age-mates and to imitate each others' actions and expressions in a play situation?

A) 6
B) 12
C) 18
D) 24

Question 78

In comparison to Parten,what did Howes and Matheson focus on in their classification of play?

A) social complexity rather than cognitive complexity.
B) complex social behaviours rather than simple social behaviours
C) cognitive complexity rather than social complexity
D) play that was not classified as pretend or fantasy play

Question 79

According to Howes and Matheson,what form of play are children engaging in when they act out complementary roles,but without planning the meaning of these roles?

A) cooperative social pretend
B) complex social pretend
C) simple pretend
D) complementary and reciprocal

Question 80

Suppose that you observe two children playing side by side.They are interested in one another's activities and continuously influence each other's behaviours.According to Parten,what form of play are they engaging in?

A) simple pretend
B) parallel
C) cooperative
D) onlooker