Deck 15: Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression

Question 1

According to Piaget,at what stage do children judge wrongdoing by considering whether the action was "just an accident" versus "done on purpose"?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) oedipal morality
D) negative morality

Answer 1

autonomous morality

Question 2

According to Piaget,what stage of moral development is characterized by a child who says that the "wrongness" of an act depends on the individual's intentions?

A) premoral
B) heteronomous
C) autonomous
D) transitive

Answer 2

autonomous

Question 3

According to Piaget,the transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality depends on what developmental process?

A) cognitive maturation
B) social experience and social interactions
C) both cognitive maturation and social interaction
D) maturation of the central nervous system

Answer 3

both cognitive maturation and social interaction

Question 4

What is the term for a parent-child relationship characterized by shared positive affect?

A) mutually prosocial
B) mutual relational
C) mutually responsive
D) shared relational

Question 5

What is the term for compliance based on the child's eagerness to reciprocate cooperation with a responsive parent?

A) committed
B) situational
C) relational
D) conflicted

Question 6

What is the term for a parent-child relationship characterized by concern for each other's needs?

A) mutually responsive
B) prosocial responsive
C) mutually prosocial
D) mutual relational

Question 7

Which of the following characterizes the play behaviour of children in Piaget's premoral stage?

A) They are systematic in their games.
B) They focus on winning.
C) They think the point of games is to take turns.
D) They are concerned about the rules of the game.

Question 8

According to Freud,which factor plays the most critical role in the development of moral standards?

A) the mother's relationship to the child
B) the child's successful resolution of the Oedipus complex
C) the child's religious education
D) the satisfaction of the oral needs in infancy

Question 9

William is a 22 year old college student and he believes that "rules are rules," pure and simple.Furthermore,he is sure that if he breaks a rule,he will eventually be punished for it in some way.Into which of Piaget's stages of moral development does William's reasoning fit?

A) autonomous
B) conventional
C) heteronomous
D) premoral

Question 10

Joshua is a 17-year-old high school student and he believes that rules are fluid,and though mutually agreed upon,they can be changed if needed.Indeed he is known for being forgiving of his friends' occasional transgressions.Into which of Piaget's stages of moral development does Joshua's reasoning fit?

A) autonomous
B) conventional
C) heteronomous
D) premoral

Question 11

Michelle breaks her brother's cell phone when she accidentally knocks it down the stairs.When Simon finds out,he immediately runs to their mother and declares that Michelle should be punished.How would Piaget classify Simon's moral reasoning?

A) as heteronomous
B) as autonomous
C) as reciprocal
D) as premoral

Question 12

What underlying component is common to both Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development?

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) behavioural
D) sociocultural

Question 13

Which component of morality was the focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) behavioural
D) biological

Question 14

Which of the following lists the correct developmental sequence of Piaget's stages of moral development,from earliest to last?

A) premoral/heteronomous/autonomous
B) heteronomous/premoral/autonomous
C) premoral/autonomous/heteronomous
D) autonomous/premoral/heteronomous

Question 15

According to Piaget,what characterizes the moral reasoning of 10- to 12-year-olds?

A) their belief that accidents such as falling down or losing something are punishments for misdeeds
B) their focus on the magnitude of the misdeed rather than the harmdoer's intentions
C) their belief that rules are absolutes in games and in life
D) their focus on the harmdoer's intentions rather than the magnitude of the misdeed

Question 16

Marina reads a story about a father who steals some groceries so that he can feed his hungry children.She is asked what the police should do when they catch the man.Marina says they should allow him to do some work to pay for the groceries,but he shouldn't be punished given the circumstances.Based on this information,how would Piaget categorize Marina's moral reasoning?

A) as heteronomous
B) as autonomous
C) as expiatory
D) as immanent justice

Question 17

Piaget's theory of moral development stresses that moral development occurs in which stages?

A) two variable
B) three invariant
C) three variable
D) six invariant

Question 18

In what way were the theories of moral development proposed by Freud and Piaget similar?

A) Both suggested children under the age of 5 would show little concern or awareness of moral issues.
B) Both believed that moral affect is an important aspect of moral development.
C) Both saw moral development as occurring in an invariant sequence of four stages.
D) Both suggested nurturing relationships with parents foster the development of stronger moral values in children.

Question 19

A goal of successful development that is expressed in every culture is that children should acquire the moral rules of that society.In meeting this goal,which of the following is viewed as essential for mature morality?

A) being obedient for tangible rewards
B) fear of punishment for wrongdoing
C) internalization of moral principles
D) being obedient to please elders

Question 20

In which of Piaget's stages of moral development are children either unaware of rules or make up rules informally while they play?

A) conceptual
B) heteronomous
C) autonomous
D) premoral

Question 21

Thomas finds a wallet full of cash on the counter of the men's restroom.He immediately turns it in to campus security.If Thomas generally reasons at Kohlberg's Stage 2,how would he most likely justify his actions?

A) He would be punished for keeping the wallet.
B) His act helped to maintain social order.
C) He is a good person and good people perform acts of kindness.
D) His action is likely to be rewarded.

Question 22

Based on cross-cultural research,a strong positive correlation between age and level of moral maturity has been reported in various settings.Does this finding support or disconfirm Kohlberg's theory?

A) disconfirm
B) partially support and partially disconfirm
C) theoretically neutral with respect to Kohlberg
D) support

Question 23

Even though all her friends have tried marijuana,Anita refuses to experiment because she is afraid she will get caught and end up in jail.Anita's rationale reflects which type of moral reasoning?

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) autonomous

Question 24

If an individual at the conventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved one die,what would that person do?

A) refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing
B) steal because people might get mad if the loved one dies
C) refuse to steal because it was against the law
D) steal because human life is more important than societal law

Question 25

Alex has just punched Justin.Their friend Emily tells Alex that his behaviour was wrong.If Alex is reasoning at the conventional level,which of the following rationales should Emily use to convince Alex not to repeat his behaviour?

A) "It's against the rules."
B) "He'll hit you back."
C) "You'll have to stay after school."
D) "Justin is my friend."

Question 26

According to Piaget,why might equal-status contact with peers lead to autonomous morality?

A) It increases the child's respect for authority.
B) It undermines the child's self-respect and self-confidence.
C) It provides additional models for moral behaviour.
D) It illustrates that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed.

Question 27

How might a person at Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development justify returning a wallet full of money?

A) Such acts are usually rewarded.
B) Such acts help to maintain social order.
C) Good people perform kind acts.
D) Keeping the wallet would result in punishment.

Question 28

According to the results of Colby and colleagues' 20-year longitudinal study of Kohlberg's original research participants,which level of moral reasoning characterized most of the participants in adulthood?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional, Stage 5
D) postconventional, Stage 6

Question 29

In conversations with his friends,Brian often says,"Theft is wrong because it is against one of the Ten Commandments.My parents and my religion have taught me that theft is wrong-always wrong." Based on this scenario,Brian's attitude toward stealing represents which level of moral reasoning?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preautonomous

Question 30

What aspect of Kohlberg's theory provided the core extension of Piaget's view of moral reasoning?

A) It develops earlier.
B) It develops in variable stages.
C) It is more closely tied to stages of cognitive development.
D) It extends far beyond early adolescence.

Question 31

Suppose that you overhear someone discussing a recent situation that required her to make a moral judgement.When she states her reasons for her decision,you immediately classify her as reasoning at the preconventional level.What did she base her decision on that allowed you make this classification?

A) external consequences
B) internalized rules
C) abstract principles
D) morality of the law and social rules

Question 32

Kohlberg's three levels of moral development are based on the developmental sequence of what behaviour?

A) decisions about moral dilemmas
B) reasoning about moral dilemmas
C) knowledge of the moral rules of the culture
D) overt behaviours when faced with moral dilemmas

Question 33

If an individual at the preconventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved one die,what would that person do?

A) refuse to steal because it was against the law
B) steal because there is a social obligation to protect people we love
C) refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing
D) steal because human life is more important than societal law

Question 34

At what age do children show evidence of treating moral rules as more serious than social-conventional rules?

A) 1 1/2 to 2 years
B) 2 1/2 to 3 years
C) 6 years
D) 11 years

Question 35

Which of the following conclusions regarding the stage sequences of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been supported by the findings of longitudinal studies?

A) It varies with religious affiliation.
B) It is highly inconsistent across cultures.
C) It is invariant and consistent.
D) It is invariant, but the criteria for each stage are inaccurate.

Question 36

Suppose that you use a radar detector in your car to avoid getting caught for speeding.According to Kohlberg,which stage of moral reasoning does your driving behaviour represent?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 5
D) Stage 6

Question 37

John has just hit his classmate Mark.A friend tells John that he should not hit Mark.If John is reasoning at a preconventional level,which of the following rationales should the friend use to convince John not to repeat his behaviour?

A) "You should never hurt anyone."
B) "It's against the rules."
C) "The teacher will punish you if you do."
D) "Mark is my friend."

Question 38

Which level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development corresponds to the heteronomous stage proposed by Piaget?

A) preconventional
B) premoral
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 39

If an individual at the postconventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved starve,what might that person do?

A) refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing
B) steal because a human's suffering is more important than societal law
C) refuse to steal because it was against the role of being a trusted citizen
D) steal because there is a social obligation to protect our loved ones

Question 40

When an individual focuses on social norms in making a moral decision,at what level of moral reasoning is he or she said to be operating?

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) heteronomous

Question 41

What form of moral reasoning do people from collectivistic cultures show when they are evaluated with Kohlberg's dilemmas of moral reasoning?

A) They are judged as reasoning at the conventional level.
B) They are judged as reasoning at the preconventional level.
C) They rarely rise about the conventional level.
D) They are rated as postconventional reasoners, regardless of the naïveté of their cognitions.

Question 42

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the effectiveness of using nonpunitive methods to promote behavioural self-control?

A) Nonpunitive methods are highly effective.
B) In order to be effective, mild punitive measures must accompany other strategies.
C) Nonpunitive methods are ineffective and sometimes produce the opposite behaviour.
D) The effectiveness of nonpunitive methods is age-dependent.

Question 43

Which of the following best summarizes the results of Shweder and colleagues' cross-cultural research comparing age-related changes in moral development of children living in India and in the United States?

A) American children increasingly viewed issues as matters of universal moral principles, whereas Indian children did not.
B) Both groups of children increasingly viewed issues as involving universal moral principles.
C) Indian children increasingly viewed issues as matters of universal moral principles, whereas American children did not.
D) Both groups of children decreasingly viewed issues as involving universal moral principles.

Question 44

According to Gilligan's research,the definition of morality should be broadened to include which of the following concerns?

A) rights and intentions
B) intentions and justice
C) emotional responses
D) caring and interpersonal relationships

Question 45

Why has Hoffman's conclusion that rationale-based induction is the most effective disciplinary technique been criticized?

A) He tested as few as four children in some treatment conditions.
B) He did not compare male and female children.
C) He applied physical discipline to children in some research groups.
D) He was unable to establish a causal link between induction and morality.

Question 46

Salvadore grew up in a small rural village in Bolivia and Marty grew up in Vancouver,British Columbia.What would you to expect of these two individuals' moral behaviour as adults,based on the cross-cultural research of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Marty will be less likely to display postconventional moral reasoning because of his geographic location.
B) Salvadore will be less likely to display postconventional moral reasoning because of his nonindustrialized society.
C) Because both individuals are males, they will both achieve high levels of postconventional moral reasoning.
D) Because culture has little influence on the stages that Kohlberg defined, both individuals have an equal likelihood of showing postconventional moral reasoning.

Question 47

Suppose that you ask a 7-year-old what form of discipline he thinks would have little impact on his future behaviour.According to Siegal and Cowen's research,what will he say?

A) physical punishment
B) withdrawal of affection
C) inductive reasoning
D) permissive nonintervention

Question 48

According to Hoffman,which disciplinary strategy is most effective in promoting moral maturity?

A) love-withdrawal
B) direct punishment
C) rationales
D) permissiveness

Question 49

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the consistency of an individual's moral conduct across situations?

A) There is little consistency across situations for all individuals.
B) It is reasonably consistent across similar contexts for most persons.
C) It is completely consistent across both similar and dissimilar contexts for most persons.
D) It is highly inconsistent between situations for the same individual.

Question 50

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the relationship between formal-operational reasoning and morality?

A) It is necessary for postconventional moral reasoning.
B) It assures that an individual will progress to the highest postconventional stage of moral reasoning.
C) It is necessary only for conventional moral reasoning.
D) It is necessary only for preconventional moral reasoning.

Question 51

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the developmental time course of sympathy and prosocial concern?

A) They are present from birth.
B) They emerge early and are quite common by the end of the sensorimotor period.
C) They first appear during the preoperational period.
D) They emerge alongside the development of concrete role-taking skills.

Question 52

Suppose that you are babysitting your friend's child Dionne.Dionne has snuck out of bed and is now watching late-night cartoons,which your friend has said he is not allowed to watch.Based on your knowledge of current research findings,what should you incorporate into your response in order to foster Dionne's ability to resist temptation in the future?

A) Emphasize being caught and punished for the act.
B) Explain why the act is wrong.
C) Read a story where the main character is punished for similar transgressions.
D) Punish him immediately.

Question 53

Which of the following examples best illustrates the meaning of the term altruism?

A) visiting the elderly to earn a scouting merit badge
B) donating blood during a community blood drive
C) a veterinarian giving medical treatments to her own family pets
D) a firefighter rescuing survivors from a factory that experiences an explosion

Question 54

According to Kohlberg,what form of moral reasoning predominates during adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A) naive hedonism
B) morality of contract
C) moral relativism
D) good boy/good girl morality

Question 55

According to research evidence,which of the following techniques is most likely to foster resistance to temptation in the absence of external surveillance?

A) punitive measures that arouse anxiety about committing the forbidden act
B) rationales that spell out the negative consequences for committing the forbidden act
C) rationales that spell out why committing the forbidden act is wrong
D) nonpunitive measures that arouse fear of detection and punishment

Question 56

Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions drawn from recent research regarding sex differences in altruism?

A) The direction of the sex difference in helping behaviour depends on the specific context.
B) Females of all ages show more helping behaviour than males.
C) Males and females of all ages are more likely to help others of their own sex.
D) Males and females of all ages are more likely to help others of the opposite sex.

Question 57

Zahn-Waxler and associates found that mothers of compassionate toddlers were more likely to respond to their child's aggressive acts with which type of statements?

A) "I said, 'Stop that.'"
B) "You made Doug cry; your biting hurt him."
C) "Go to your room, immediately!"
D) "Don't do that; you are very naughty to bite."

Question 58

A father speaks closely to his son in a restaurant,"Dennis,I'm going to tell you all the reasons it is wrong to throw food in a place like this." What type of moral explanation is the father using?

A) cognitive rationale
B) relational offspring aggression
C) time-out tongue-wagging
D) mutually responsive orientation

Question 59

Whereas some prosocial responses can be observed in children as young as 2 to 3 years of age,others are seldom observed until the elementary-school years.What two responses are characteristic of this latter stage of development?

A) sympathy and helping
B) compassion and sharing
C) sharing and helping
D) sympathy and compassion

Question 60

Under which of the following circumstances would a person be less likely to attain Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning?

A) He or she lives within a rural community in an underdeveloped country.
B) He or she lives within an industrialized society.
C) He or she successfully engages in advanced education.
D) He or she regularly engages in intense, transactive peer discussions.

Question 61

What is the defining characteristic of aggression?

A) The aggressor intends to injure another living being.
B) The aggressor causes physical or psychological harm.
C) The aggressor is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act.
D) The aggressor derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.

Question 62

According to the research of Marlene Caplan and her associates,aggressive resolutions to disputes in 1-year-olds are most likely to occur under what circumstances?

A) The play groups are dominated by girls.
B) There is no adult supervision of the children.
C) They are required to share toys with older children.
D) The play groups are dominated by boys.

Question 63

According to research evidence,why is empathy a poor predictor of altruistic behaviour in younger children?

A) They are less able to experience vicarious emotions.
B) They often fail to understand why they feel emotionally aroused.
C) They have not yet developed the capacity to experience empathy.
D) They are less likely to experience personal distress when they are emotionally aroused.

Question 64

A girl imagines that an unknown boy shown on TV will feel lonely and sorry because he just lost both parents during a natural disaster.What is the girl experiencing?

A) passive victimization
B) sympathetic empathic arousal
C) self-oriented distress
D) inhibitory control

Question 65

When a person observes a model engage in an altruistic behaviour such as donating to a charity,what effect does it have have on the observer's future behaviour?

A) little effect on willingness to donate, regardless of setting
B) immediate effects on willingness to donate, if assessed in the same setting
C) immediate and long-term increases in willingness to donate, if assessed in the same setting
D) immediate and long-term increases in willingness to donate, even when assessed in a different setting

Question 66

Shaelynn lived in Toronto during the collapse of the World Trade Center towers in New York City.Shaelynn was saddened by the TV images of desperate people passing out photo handbills of their missing relatives,friends,and employees.Given this scenario,which factor is most likely to contribute to Shaelynn's feelings for the survivors?

A) effective role taking
B) self-oriented distress
C) passive victimization
D) hedonistic dysphoria

Question 67

Joshua and Marvin are two 8-year-olds who are playing hockey for the Hometown Hornets.As Marvin skates down the ice past Joshua,he accidentally hits him in the face with the end of his stick.Joshua's cheek is cut quite badly and he needs to have stitches to close the wound.What form of aggression is exemplified by Marvin's behaviour?

A) hostile
B) passive
C) proactive
D) unintentional

Question 68

According to the norm of responsibility,why does altruism increase with age?

A) Improved role-taking skills help the child infer the other person's feelings.
B) Improved understanding of empathic arousal produces self-reflection.
C) The child is less likely to experience empathic distress.
D) Children are more likely to make external attributions for the distress experienced by another person.

Question 69

Which of the following strategies is employed by parents whose children show low levels of altruistic behaviour?

A) They praise the child for acts of kindness.
B) They provide tangible rewards for sharing or helping.
C) They model altruism in their own lives.
D) They give affective explanations when the child causes harm to others.

Question 70

Which of the following best characterizes the parental behaviours of activists who were only "partially committed" to a cause?

A) They did not have a warm or affectionate relationship with their children.
B) They seldom advocated the importance of altruism.
C) They did not practise altruism themselves.
D) They did not use rationales when disciplining their children.

Question 71

Which of the following best describes Lee's research findings regarding the responses of Canadian and Chinese children when they have committed an act of altruism?

A) Both groups of children take credit for the act.
B) Canadian children take credit for the act, and Chinese children deny responsibility.
C) Canadian children deny responsibility, and Chinese children take credit for the act.
D) Both groups of children deny responsibility for the act.

Question 72

According to the findings of Whitings's cross-cultural research,what societal characteristics tend to produce children with higher levels of altruistic behaviour?

A) The country is industrialized.
B) Resources are plentiful, and cost of living is low.
C) The society stresses the norm of individualized, nuclear families.
D) The society stresses the norm of communal, family living.

Question 73

In which country are standards of personal modesty and self-effacement so strong that children who do good deeds are expected to deny them?

A) China
B) Afghanistan
C) Zambia
D) Canada

Question 74

What is the critical characteristic of a person who commits an act of hostile aggression?

A) He or she is frustrated by someone or something.
B) He or she acts impulsively rather than with thought or deliberation.
C) He or she experiences anger or some other strong emotion.
D) He or she inflicts harm for its own sake rather than as a means to an end.

Question 75

What form of aggression is intended to injure another person in order to obtain a means to an end?

A) vicarious
B) proactive
C) relational
D) hostile

Question 76

According to the textbook,what is one Western cultural value that may be in conflict with the development of altruism?

A) the pursuit of money and material possessions
B) an emphasis on the need for schooling and higher education
C) competition and individual goals
D) the norm of social responsibility

Question 77

Suppose you see a child hit another child to take away a ball.What form of aggression have you observed?

A) proactive
B) relational
C) hostile
D) prosocial

Question 78

Why is giving rationales along with affective feedback believed to be effective in promoting altruism?

A) It encourages role taking and develops empathy.
B) It requires that the child directs his or her attention to the situation.
C) It makes the child feel ashamed of his or her behaviour.
D) It reinforces desired behaviours.

Question 79

According to Hoffman,what do individuals experience when they are most likely to behave altruistically?

A) self-oriented distress
B) sympathetic-empathic arousal
C) prosocial guilt
D) hedonistic prosociality

Question 80

Parker is playing on the swings at the playground when Charlotte suddenly pushes him off so she can swing on it.Parker gets up and punches Charlotte.What type of aggression does Parker's behaviour exemplify?

A) proactive
B) vicarious
C) hostile
D) relational