Deck 4: Prenatal Development

Question 1

What parts of the body does the endoderm give rise to?

A) the bones, the muscles, and the circulatory system
B) the nervous system, the skin, and hair
C) the lungs and the digestive system
D) the nervous system, the lungs, and hair

Answer 1

the lungs and the digestive system

Question 2

Which period comprises the first two weeks of a pregnancy,from conception to implantation?

A) embryonic
B) germinal
C) fetal
D) critical

Answer 2

germinal

Question 3

How do the trimesters of a pregnancy relate to the stages of the development of the new child?

A) They are equivalent and refer to stages of skeletal growth.
B) They are unrelated.
C) They do not include one of the stages.
D) They include one extra stage.

Answer 3

They are unrelated.

Question 4

What is the embryonic period in a pregnancy?

A) the first 24 hours
B) the first two weeks
C) the third through the eighth week
D) the ninth week through to birth

Question 5

What is the order of the three major phases of prenatal development?

A) germinal, fetal, embryonic
B) fetal, germinal, embryonic
C) embryonic, fetal, germinal
D) germinal, embryonic, fetal

Question 6

What is the approximate survival rate of zygotes?

A) 90 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 7

Beth has just had an ultrasound and is devastated to learn that although the placental membranes have grown,the embryonic disk has not.Given what you know about the survival rate of zygotes,should Beth be surprised?

A) yes, because the survival rate is about 80 percent
B) yes, because the survival rate is about 50 percent
C) no, because the survival rate is about 25 percent
D) no, because the survival rate is about 10 percent

Question 8

What parts of the body does the ectoderm give rise to?

A) the bones, the muscles, and the skin
B) the nervous system, the skin, and hair
C) the lungs, the circulatory system, and the digestive system
D) the nervous system, the lungs, and hair

Question 9

What does the third through the eighth weeks of a pregnancy mark?

A) the germinal period
B) the fetal period
C) the critical period
D) the embryonic period

Question 10

What is the period of the zygote in a pregnancy?

A) the first 24 hours
B) the first two weeks
C) the third through the eighth week
D) the ninth week through to birth

Question 11

What does the developing embryo depend on for its metabolic functions?

A) the amnion
B) the mesoderm
C) the ectoderm
D) the placenta

Question 12

When does the period of the zygote take place during prenatal development?

A) after implantation when the zygote first begins to differentiate
B) between conception of the new zygote and implantation in the uterus
C) after conception takes place and the zygote undergoes meiosis
D) after conception takes place and the zygote undergoes mitosis

Question 13

Which substance typically does not pass through the placenta to the developing embryo?

A) oxygen
B) maternal blood cells
C) sugars, proteins, and fats
D) viruses

Question 14

The placenta is fed by blood vessels from the mother and the embryo/fetus.How are the two blood supplies related?

A) The two blood systems are interconnected so that the mother's blood flows directly into the placental villi.
B) The vessel walls serve as semipermeable membranes, but the two bloodstreams do not mix.
C) The placenta carries embryo/fetal waste products out but allows nothing to enter from the mother's bloodstream.
D) The placenta acts as a semipermeable barrier that allows only oxygen and nutrients to pass to the embryo/fetus.

Question 15

Whose genotype is most closely linked to placental development?

A) the mother's
B) the new child's
C) the father's
D) the maternal grandmother's

Question 16

What is the fetal period in a pregnancy?

A) the first 24 hours
B) the first two weeks
C) the third through the eighth week of the pregnancy
D) the ninth week through to birth

Question 17

What event marks the end of the period of the zygote?

A) The embryonic disk first appears.
B) The zygote divides for the first time.
C) The blastocyst is completely implanted in the uterine wall.
D) The sperm cell penetrates the ovum and the zona pellucida begins to thicken.

Question 18

What parts of the body does the mesoderm give rise to?

A) the bones, the muscles, and the skin
B) the nervous system, the skin, and hair
C) the lungs and the digestive system
D) the bones, the muscles, and the circulatory system

Question 19

By four days after conception,approximately how many cells does the zygote contain?

A) 16
B) 60 to 80
C) 200 to 500
D) more than 1000

Question 20

Which statement best describes the fertilized ovum at the time of implantation?

A) It has already undergone several mitotic divisions.
B) It has already undergone several meiotic divisions.
C) It has begun to undergo apoptosis.
D) It has begun to undergo meiosis.

Question 21

At what point during pregnancy is the age of viability reached?

A) the germinal period
B) the first trimester
C) the beginning of the second trimester
D) the third trimester

Question 22

Harriet has been pregnant for about two months.If Harriet wanted to know what her baby looked like,which of the following would be an accurate description?

A) a tiny human but with a very small head
B) a small fish with a large head
C) a tiny human
D) a small human but with elongated legs and arms

Question 23

Approximately how many centimetres in length is the fetus by the seventh month post-conception?

A) 25
B) 30
C) 42
D) 56

Question 24

Jennifer is pregnant and tells her husband that she has felt the baby kick for the first time.Based on this information,which trimester of pregnancy is Jennifer in?

A) the first trimester
B) the second trimester
C) the third trimester
D) the first trimester of childbirth

Question 25

When do the most dramatic changes in organ systems and body structures take place during pregnancy?

A) the first trimester
B) the second trimester
C) the third trimester
D) the first and last trimesters

Question 26

Suppose that Baby Q received both an X and a Y chromosome at conception,but no testosterone is released during the third month of the pregnancy.Based on this information,what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby Q's reproductive system?

A) Baby Q will develop a female reproductive system.
B) Baby Q will develop a male reproductive system.
C) Baby Q will develop aspects of both male and female reproductive systems.
D) Baby Q will not develop reproductive organs.

Question 27

During the second month of prenatal development,what does the embryo begin to look like?

A) more like a human, and the sex of the embryo is clearly identifiable externally
B) like a small ball, but the sex of the embryo is not yet identifiable externally
C) less like a ball, and the sex of the embryo is clearly identifiable externally
D) more like a human, but the sex of the embryo is not yet clearly identifiable externally

Question 28

If a baby were born at 20 weeks,what would be the prognosis for survival?

A) The baby would not survive.
B) The baby would certainly survive and flourish with moderate medical care.
C) The baby would most likely survive, but would need significant medical interventions.
D) The baby would have a 50:50 chance of surviving because he or she has just reached the age of viability.

Question 29

Which of the following best characterizes a baby born at 28 weeks post-conception?

A) He or she would not be able to sense light or sound, but these would develop rapidly in the neonatal period.
B) He or she would not have nails, eyebrows, or scalp hair.
C) He or she would have reached the age of viability, but lung function would likely be compromised.
D) He or she would have poor circulation and heart function.

Question 30

What is the term for the fine body hair that appears during the fetal period?

A) vernix
B) lanugo
C) lanix
D) vernigo

Question 31

When does the fetus achieve the minimal age of viability?

A) between weeks 8 and 12 of the pregnancy
B) between weeks 12 and 16 of the pregnancy
C) between weeks 18 and 20 of the pregnancy
D) between weeks 22 and 28 of the pregnancy

Question 32

What is the primary change that occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy?

A) the addition of organ systems
B) the primary differentiation of the sense organs
C) the size of the hands and feet
D) the fetus's weight and height

Question 33

During the embryonic period the genital ridge begins to differentiate into the male testes or the female ovaries.What does this differentiation require?

A) testosterone for males and estrogen for females
B) testosterone for males and nothing for females
C) nothing for males and estrogen for females
D) presence or absence of a Y chromosome

Question 34

Suppose that Baby T received two X chromosomes at the time of conception and,high levels of testosterone are released during the third month of the pregnancy.Based on this information,what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby T's reproductive system?

A) Baby T will develop a female reproductive system.
B) Baby T will develop aspects of both male and female reproductive systems.
C) Baby T will not develop reproductive organs.
D) Baby T will develop a male reproductive system.

Question 35

Janice had an ultrasound done about 60 days after she conceived her baby.What information about her baby could Janice learn from the ultrasound at this point in pregnancy?

A) the sex of the baby
B) that it is a baby and not just a small tumour
C) very little, because the embryo is so small
D) whether or not the baby carries a recessive genetic disorder

Question 36

What is the term for the white,cheesy substance that appears during the fetal period?

A) vernix
B) lanugo
C) lanix
D) vernigo

Question 37

Suppose that Baby J received both an X and a Y chromosome at the time of conception.Based on this information,what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby J's reproductive system during the third month of the pregnancy?

A) No hormones will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system.
B) Testosterone will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system.
C) Estrogen will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system.
D) No hormones will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system.

Question 38

Suppose that Baby P received two X chromosomes at the time of conception.Based on this information,what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby P's reproductive system during the third month of the pregnancy?

A) Testosterone will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system.
B) No hormones will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system.
C) Estrogen will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system.
D) No hormones will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system.

Question 39

Which milestone is reached by the developing fetus between 22 and 28 weeks post-conception?

A) The heart and circulatory system begin functioning.
B) Spontaneous movement is apparent for the first time.
C) Sex differentiation and sex organ development is now completed.
D) The minimal age of viability has been reached.

Question 40

Apgar and Beck stated: "All of the structures which will be present when the baby is born ...have already been formed ...not an it,but a he or she; not an indistinct cluster of cells,but an increasingly recognizable,unique human being in the making." When is the earliest point in the pregnancy that such a description would be accurate?

A) 4 weeks
B) 8 weeks
C) 6 months
D) 8 months

Question 41

What are severe retinal deterioration and other central nervous system damage most likely to be caused by?

A) rubella
B) toxoplasmosis
C) HIV/AIDS
D) syphilis

Question 42

According to the authors of the textbook,what was one of the lessons of the thalidomide tragedy?

A) Drugs cause more serious defects the later in pregnancy they are taken.
B) Each drug has a single defect associated with it.
C) A drug that appears harmless in animal testing may be harmful to humans.
D) Only prescription drugs are safe during pregnancy.

Question 43

Catherine and Henry grow most of their own vegetables without the use of pesticides,and they raise and butcher their own free-range,organic meat and poultry.Catherine has just become pregnant.Henry is concerned because in their community family pets are allowed to roam freely.Based on current research,is Henry's concern warranted?

A) no, organic produce and meat is the best available diet for a pregnant woman
B) yes, because Catherine will be gardening and harvesting vegetables
C) no, because Catherine has asked him to take over the gardening, and she will take over the task of packaging the raw meat.
D) yes, because his home-grown vegetables may have more folic acid than is safe for a developing baby

Question 44

Cynthia,who has active genital herpes,delivered her baby by cesarean section.Why was this form of delivery used?

A) because genital herpes causes the birth canal to deteriorate
B) to ensure faster treatment for the infected infant
C) to prevent transmission of the disease to the infant
D) because genital herpes causes nerve damage that interferes with uterine contractions

Question 45

During which period of prenatal development is the unborn child most vulnerable to the effects of various teratogens?

A) embryonic
B) germinal
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 46

During which time period following conception are teratogens most likely to produce major structural abnormalities?

A) the first two weeks
B) the 2nd to the 8th week
C) the 12th to the 20th week
D) the 25th to the 36th week

Question 47

Which of the following outcomes is a consequence of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis,genital herpes,and AIDS?

A) stillbirth
B) infection during the birth process but no serious deformities
C) deformities and brain damage
D) no serious effects on fetal development or the newborn

Question 48

Justin is a chef and applying professional standards for handling food products in a safe and sanitary way is second nature to him.Recently,his pregnant wife has taken over their meal preparations.Given the pregnancy,what foods would Justin be concerned about his wife preparing?

A) unprocessed grains
B) unwashed leafy greens
C) raw meat and poultry
D) dried and ground hot peppers

Question 49

What are the typical characteristics of babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) malformed arms and legs, heart defects, and hyperactivity
B) blindness, deafness, and malformed hands
C) a small head, unusual facial features, mental retardation, and hyperactivity
D) heart defects, mental retardation, and blindness

Question 50

Maria and Sue are best friends,and so when Maria contracts rubella,Sue catches it from her.At the time they are sick with the disease Maria is 6 weeks pregnant and Sue is 7 months pregnant.What is the most likely outcome in this situation?

A) Sue's baby will be more likely than Maria's baby to have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella.
B) Maria's baby will be more likely than Sue's baby to have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella.
C) Both babies will have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella.
D) Neither baby will have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella.

Question 51

Of the following,which part of the body is vulnerable to teratogens only during early pregnancy?

A) the arms
B) the central nervous system
C) the eyes
D) the genitals

Question 52

Which of the following is more dangerous to the developing child during the fetal period or at birth,rather than during the embryonic period?

A) rubella
B) thalidomide
C) syphilis
D) toxoplasmosis

Question 53

Of the following,which part of the body is susceptible to teratogenic effects throughout all three trimesters of pregnancy?

A) the lower extremities
B) the central nervous system
C) the heart and the circulatory system
D) the genitals

Question 54

Which disease can be contracted from cat feces?

A) rubella
B) toxoplasmosis
C) herpes
D) toxic plasmosis

Question 55

What is a teratogen?

A) a fertilized ovum that undergoes more rapid cell division than is typical for a zygote
B) any physical defect in an unborn child
C) any environmental agent that can do damage to the developing baby
D) a genetic syndrome that occurs when two recessive genes are paired at conception

Question 56

What does evidence on the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy strongly suggest?

A) Although alcohol can be harmful to the developing fetus, moderate drinking may help the mother lower her blood pressure during the pregnancy.
B) Only the children of chronic alcoholics will suffer long-term effects.
C) The effects of alcohol are clearly dose related, but there is no known safe level of consumption.
D) Social drinking poses no threat to the developing fetus and mothers should just relax and enjoy as necessary.

Question 57

Because diethylstilbestrol mimics many of the effects of endogenous gonadal hormones,exposure to this drug would be predicted to have the largest effect on the sexual development of which of the following?

A) males
B) females
C) both sexes equally, as long as the infant is born full-term
D) both sexes equally, but only if the baby is premature

Question 58

What congenital abnormalities are associated with prenatal exposure to rubella?

A) heart defects, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation
B) only deafness
C) deformed arms and legs
D) only blindness

Question 59

What congenital abnormalities are associated with prenatal exposure to toxoplasmosis?

A) heart defects
B) deafness
C) deformed arms and legs
D) blindness and central nervous system damage

Question 60

What is the primary reason that teratogenic agents cause serious malformations of organs and systems during the first trimester of pregnancy?

A) the size of the zygote and/or embryo
B) the rapid differentiation of organs and systems taking place during that time
C) teratogenic agents can pass through the placenta only during that period
D) the immune system and liver are not yet functioning

Question 61

When Florence was pregnant,her doctor advised her that moderate drinking was okay but to avoid heavy drinking or bingeing.According to current research is her doctor's advice valid?

A) no, because social drinking can have teratogenic effects
B) yes, because only heavy or binge drinking will have teratogenic effects.
C) yes, because only women who also smoke during their pregnancies show teratogenic effects.
D) no, because a conclusive link between drinking and birth defects exists

Question 62

What outcome is associated with consumption of fish contaminated with PCBs during pregnancy?

A) decreased newborn weight and responsiveness
B) cleft palate and heart defects
C) still birth
D) late-onset epilepsy

Question 63

Natalie drank heavily during the first eight weeks of her pregnancy,but since then she has abstained from alcohol.What is the most likely outcome for Natalie's baby?

A) He or she will be unaffected by Natalie's drinking because it occurred so early in the pregnancy.
B) He or she will have noticeable physical deformities, but no risk of mental retardation.
C) He or she will have noticeable physical deformities and an increased risk of mental retardation.
D) He or she will have no physical deformities, but will have an increased risk of mental retardation.

Question 64

What is the best advice for pregnant woman regarding the use of vitamin supplements?

A) Avoid excessive doses of vitamins.
B) Ensure that vitamin intake is adequate; it is better to take too many vitamins than to take too few.
C) Consider eliminating vitamin supplements entirely, in order to avoid the potential for teratogenic effects.
D) Eliminate vitamin supplements for the first eight weeks of the pregnancy, but take extra supplemental vitamins during the second and third trimesters.

Question 65

During her early pregnancy,Sarina was exposed to a very small "dose" of radiation during a dental procedure.How will this exposure affect her developing fetus?

A) The effects will be minimized by the size of the dose and the length of the exposure.
B) The effects will be variable, depending on her genetic makeup.
C) The effects will be variable, depending on the timing of the exposure.
D) The effects will be serious, because any radiation causes birth defects.

Question 66

Regular use of marijuana during pregnancy been found to result in which effect on the developing child?

A) physical malformations, particularly of the face and neck
B) newborns who are addicted and who will experience withdrawal symptoms after birth
C) an increased risk for problems with language-related behaviours
D) an increased life-time risk for cancer

Question 67

When Morgan discovered that she was pregnant,she tried hard to take special care of herself to ensure that she and her new baby would be healthy.She started taking megadoses of vitamin supplements to ensure that both she and the baby had ideal nutrition.Is Morgan doing the right thing?

A) no, because she will probably have a spontaneous abortion
B) no, because is exposing her baby to potentially harmful teratogens
C) yes, but she should also increase her mineral supplements
D) yes, she is doing the best thing to ensure a healthy pregnancy and a healthy infant

Question 68

Research suggests that infants of mothers who were anxious and distressed during pregnancy are more likely to be difficult to care for.What is the suspected cause of this outcome?

A) the infant's genetically based difficult temperament
B) the high level of stress-related hormones present during the pregnancy
C) the approach to child rearing an anxious, distressed mother takes
D) the lack of support the child and the mother receive from other family members

Question 69

Cocaine use during pregnancy has been associated with which outcome(s)for the developing child?

A) sluggish, irritable, and inattentive infant behaviour
B) an increased risk for drug abuse and addiction once the child reaches adolescence
C) physical malformations, particularly of the face and limbs
D) accelerated fetal growth, and oversized newborns who are at an increased risk for anoxia during birth

Question 70

How do pregnancies in older mothers compare to those in younger mothers?

A) Older first-time mothers are less likely than women in their 20s to experience difficulties with their pregnancies.
B) The majority of older women have normal pregnancies and healthy babies.
C) Compared to younger women, older women are less likely to received adequate prenatal care early in their pregnancies.
D) Delaying childbearing until after age 35 decreases a woman's risk of spontaneous abortion or miscarriage.

Question 71

Amanda was in a car accident.She is experiencing extreme pain in her pelvis and lower back and she cannot walk.The emergency room physician suspects that she has fractured her pelvis and recommends further tests,including taking X-rays of her lower abdomen,chest,and upper thighs.If Amanda is 10 weeks pregnant,should she be concerned about having the X-rays?

A) no, because the low doses used in most diagnostic X-rays will not harm a developing fetus
B) yes, because even a single low-dose exposure is likely to cause serious mutations or miscarriage
C) yes, because the exact level of radiation that is safe is unknown
D) no, because radiation has not been found to be associated with birth defects until the third trimester of pregnancy

Question 72

A number of studies have investigated the link between a mother's emotional state during her pregnancy and the risk to her developing baby.In general,what seems to be the consensus regarding this link?

A) Isolated stressful episodes are the most frequent cause of complications.
B) Prolonged, severe stress increases the risk of complications.
C) There is no influence because there are no direct connection between the mother's nervous system and that of her fetus.
D) Any stress can cause severe complications in the fragile fetus, especially during the last trimester of the pregnancy.

Question 73

Skye abstained from alcohol early in her pregnancy,but for the last six weeks of the pregnancy she became depressed and began to drink heavily.What is the most likely outcome for Skye's baby?

A) He or she will be unaffected, because Skye's drinking occurred late in the pregnancy.
B) He or she will have few physical deformities but will have an increased risk of mental retardation.
C) He or she will have noticeable physical deformities and an increased risk of mental retardation.
D) He or she will have noticeable physical deformities but no risk of mental retardation.

Question 74

Heavy cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been linked to which congenital abnormality?

A) heart defects
B) cleft lip and/or palate
C) mental retardation
D) kidney malfunction

Question 75

What effect does prenatal malnutrition have on the developing child?

A) only short-term, immediate effects on birth weight
B) no short-term effects, but long-term effects on growth and intelligence
C) short-term effects and long-term effects, the extent depending on adequacy of diet after birth
D) no short-term or long-term effects; infants are protected because they can extract all of the nutrients they need from the mother

Question 76

Grace is a heavy drinker who has just discovered that she is pregnant.What is good advice for Grace regarding her drinking and the health of her unborn child?

A) quit drinking completely
B) cut back on her drinking, but there is no need to quit altogether
C) continue drinking as much as she likes, but take megadoses of vitamin C and protein supplements
D) abort the fetus, because it will most likely have already been severely damaged by her drinking

Question 77

Use of opioid drugs such as codeine and heroin during pregnancy has been shown to have which effect on the developing child?

A) producing moderate structural abnormalities to the child's heart and circulatory system
B) increasing the risk of complications after birth because of withdrawal symptoms and low-birth weight
C) causing genetic damage that will be passed on to their offspring
D) having no identifiable teratogenic effects, despite the media focus on women who habitually use these drugs

Question 78

Cigarette smoking by pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of which congenital abnormalities?

A) facial abnormalities and neonatal death
B) increased life-time risk for cancer
C) fetal growth retardation and neonatal death
D) phocomelia and neonatal death

Question 79

Which outcome is associated with increased maternal levels of cortisol during pregnancy?

A) decreased emotionality in the newborn
B) increased emotionality in the newborn
C) organic failure to thrive
D) obesity by age 2

Question 80

Anne,a moderate smoker and moderate drinker,has just discovered that she is pregnant.What does most research suggest that Anne should do in order to make sure that her baby develops as healthily as possible?

A) quit both smoking and drinking immediately
B) quit smoking, but there is no need for her to stop drinking socially
C) quit drinking, and take megadoses of vitamins C and E to counteract the effects of the cigarettes
D) quit drinking, but there is no need for her to quit smoking