Deck 3: Hereditary Influences on Development

Question 1

When does cellular mitosis end?

A) at conception
B) at birth
C) at adolescence
D) at death

Answer 1

at death

Question 2

Irving and Sarah were told by their fertility doctor that Irving's sperm contains 23 chromosomes.What does this indicate regarding Irving's ability to father children?

A) Irving is infertile.
B) If Sarah successfully conceives a child with Irving, the child will have a chromosomal abnormality.
C) Irving is a typical male.
D) If Sarah successfully conceives a child with Irving, the child will have a metabolic disorder.

Answer 2

Irving is a typical male.

Question 3

What occurs in the zygote as it moves through the fallopian tube toward the uterus?

A) It begins to reproduce itself through the process of meiosis.
B) It undergoes little change until after implantation in the uterus.
C) It begins to reproduce itself through the process of mitosis.
D) It undergoes rapid differentiation so that its form is recognisably human.

Answer 3

It begins to reproduce itself through the process of mitosis.

Question 4

Which individuals are genetically identical?

A) monozygotic twins
B) dizygotic siblings
C) fraternal siblings
D) fraternal twins

Question 5

What is mitosis?

A) the process of cell division that produces the gametes
B) the process of cell division that occurs when portions of the chromosome pair are exchanged before the final cell division occurs
C) the process of cell division that occurs in females
D) the process of cell division that produces normative growth and development

Question 6

What do the sperm and the ovum each contribute at conception?

A) 23 pairs of chromosomes
B) 2 chromosomes, one X and one Y
C) 23 single chromosomes
D) 2 chromosomes (X or Y) and 45 genes

Question 7

What is the result of the "crossing-over" phenomenon during meiosis?

A) It increases the probability that two siblings will be genetically identical.
B) It can either increase or decrease the probability that two siblings will be identical, depending on hormone levels at the time of conception.
C) It makes it impossible for two siblings to be genetically identical.
D) It decreases the probability that two siblings will be genetically identical.

Question 8

Which ability of the zygote is accounted for by the ability of DNA to replicate itself?

A) accepting genetic material from the male
B) developing into a complex organism
C) preventing multiple fertilizations
D) undergoing the crossing-over process at conception

Question 9

What is meiosis?

A) the process of cell division that occurs when portions of the chromosome pair are exchanged before the final cell division occurs
B) the process of cell division that produces the gametes
C) the process of cell division that occurs in males
D) the process of cell division that produces normative growth and development

Question 10

Genetic uniqueness is ensured by the Mendelian principle of independent assortment and by another process that occurs during meiosis.What is that process?

A) crossing-over
B) gene transformation
C) polygenic inheritance
D) gene splicing

Question 11

What is the term for the particular combination of genes that each person inherits?

A) autosome
B) genetic imprint
C) phenotype
D) genotype

Question 12

Which process results in monozygotic twins?

A) meiosis
B) a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes
C) two ova released at the same time, each fertilized by a different sperm
D) mitosis

Question 13

What is the term for the underlying basis for a person's phenotype?

A) phenoallele
B) genotype
C) the autosomal trend
D) phenozygote

Question 14

Which cells in the body contain fewer than 46 chromosomes?

A) heart cells
B) brain cells
C) sperm and ova
D) lung cells

Question 15

With the exception of the gametes,how many genes and chromosomes does each cell in the body contain?

A) 46 genes and thousands of chromosomes
B) thousands of genes and 46 chromosomes
C) 46 genes and 46 chromosomes
D) thousands of genes and thousands of chromosomes

Question 16

Rachel has exceptional vision.What is her vision an example of with respect to genotype and phenotype?

A) how her phenotype is expressed as a genotype
B) how her genotype is expressed as a phenotype
C) how her phenotype is expressed as an allele
D) how her genotype is expressed as an allele

Question 17

What percentage of genetic material does the zygote receive from the father and mother?

A) 80 percent from the father and 20 percent from the mother
B) 50 percent from the father and 50 percent from the mother
C) 30 percent from the father and 70 percent from the mother
D) 10 percent from the father and 90 percent from the mother

Question 18

Genetic uniqueness is ensured by a process during meiosis called crossing-over and by which other Mendelian principle?

A) polygenic inheritance
B) gene transformation
C) independent assortment
D) codominance

Question 19

Johnny has blue eyes.What is his eye colour an example of with respect to genotype and phenotype?

A) how his genotype is expressed as a phenotype
B) how his phenotype is expressed as a genotype
C) how his phenotype is expressed as an allele
D) how his genotype is expressed as an allele

Question 20

What is the term for the way in which a person's genotype is expressed in observable characteristics?

A) genotype
B) phenoallele
C) the autosomal trend
D) phenotype

Question 21

What determines the sex of an embryo?

A) the genetic contribution from the father
B) the genetic contribution from the mother
C) the genetic contribution from the parent who contributes the dominant gene on chromosome 23
D) the genetic contribution from the parent who contributes the recessive gene on chromosome 23

Question 22

Which process results in dizygotic twins?

A) meiosis
B) a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes
C) two ova released at the same time, each fertilized by a different sperm
D) crossing-over

Question 23

Paul and Mina both have brown eyes,even though both have mothers with blue eyes.Based on Mendel's research,what percentage of their potential offspring will have brown eyes?

A) 0 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 24

Tim and Jim are twins.They look alike,except that Tim has blue eyes and Jim has brown eyes.On the basis of this information,what can you conclude about Tim and Jim?

A) They must be monozygotic twins.
B) They could be either monozygotic or dizygotic twins.
C) They must be dizygotic twins.
D) They have the same genotype but are displaying different phenotypes.

Question 25

Quillian has straight hair,which is a recessive trait.What can you conclude regarding Quillian's genotype?

A) She is heterozygous.
B) She could be either heterozygous or homozygous.
C) She is homozygous.
D) She is polygenic.

Question 26

Rhonda and Brandon both have blue eyes.Based on Mendel's research,what percentage of their potential offspring will have brown eyes?

A) 0 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 27

Scott,who has fathered four sons,marries Leslie,who is the mother of six daughters.If Leslie conceives a child with Scott what is the probability that the child will be a girl?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 28

What is an allele?

A) The place on the chromosome where a specific gene is located.
B) The place on the chromosome where the two chromatids are joined.
C) The specific sequence of DNA that makes up a chromosome.
D) The specific sequence of DNA that makes up a gene.

Question 29

Harlan,who has fathered seven daughters,marries Cheyenne,who is the mother of four sons.If Cheyenne conceives a child with Harlan what is the probability that the child will be a boy?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 30

Eduardo has curly hair,which is a dominant trait.What can you conclude regarding Eduardo's genotype?

A) He is heterozygous.
B) He is homozygous.
C) He could be polygenic.
D) He could be either heterozygous or homozygous.

Question 31

Max and his wife have five daughters.Max was complaining to his friends that he thinks his wife must be too feminine and that is why they have not had a boy.Why is Max's reasoning flawed?

A) The sex of the child is determined by his wife, but not because she is too feminine.
B) The sex of the child is determined by Max.
C) Both parents contribute to the determination of the child's sex.
D) The sex of the child is the result of codominance and it is the stronger of the two parents who determines the sex of the child.

Question 32

For which discovery was Mendel responsible?

A) the sequence of genes on the chromosomes
B) mitosis and meiosis
C) fragile-X syndrome
D) genetic dominance

Question 33

If two homozygous parents have normal vision,what allele for vision will their gametes carry?

A) All will carry the allele for normal vision.
B) One quarter will carry the allele for normal vision.
C) Half will carry the allele for normal vision and half will carry the allele for nearsightedness.
D) Three quarters will carry the allele for normal vision.

Question 34

Nathan and Ethan are monozygotic twins.However,people seldom get the two brothers mixed up because Ethan is five centimetres shorter than Nathan.What does the difference in height imply about the two brothers?

A) The two brothers have different phenotypes because Nathan is heterozygous for the "tallness" trait and Ethan is homozygous for the "tallness" trait.
B) Because the brothers display different phenotypes, they must have different alleles for height.
C) Although both brothers share the same underlying genotype, the environment has produced a difference in gene expression
D) The two brothers have different phenotypes because Ethan is heterozygous for the "tallness" trait and Nathan is homozygous for the "tallness" trait.

Question 35

Assume that having long arms is a recessive genetic trait controlled by a single pair of genes.If a child has long arms,but both the child's biological parents have short arms,what are the parents' genotypes for this trait?

A) The father is heterozygous and the mother is homozygous.
B) Both parents are heterozygous.
C) The mother is heterozygous and the father is homozygous.
D) Both parents are homozygous.

Question 36

For many centuries women were blamed if they failed to produce male offspring.Why was this unfair?

A) Neither the father's nor the mother's contribution is the determining factor for the sex of the offspring.
B) It is the father's contribution that determines the sex of the offspring.
C) Both the father's and the mother's contributions vary and randomly combine to determine the sex.
D) The phenomenon known as codominance applies to the determination of sex of the offspring.

Question 37

Which of the following options describes a person who carries one dominant and one recessive gene for a particular trait?

A) heterozygous
B) homozygous
C) codominant
D) corecessive

Question 38

In order to determine whether a human zygote will develop into a typical male,what must the 23rd pair of chromosomes consist of?

A) YY
B) XX
C) XY
D) YO

Question 39

Bill and Jill are twins.Even though Bill is a boy and Jill is a girl,they look alike.On the basis of this information,what can you conclude about Bill and Jill?

A) They must be monozygotic twins.
B) They could be either monozygotic or dizygotic twins.
C) They must be dizygotic twins.
D) They have the same genotype but are displaying different phenotypes.

Question 40

What is the term for a person who carries two dominant or two recessive genes for a particular trait?

A) heterozygous
B) homozygous
C) codominant
D) corecessive

Question 41

Nerissa has a sex chromosome abnormality.She is short and has difficulty with tasks that require spatial reasoning.Based on this description,which syndrome does Nerissa have?

A) Poly-X
B) Turner's
C) fragile-X
D) Klinefelter's

Question 42

What are polygenic traits determined by?

A) dominant genes
B) the combined influence of a number of genes
C) a genetic mutation
D) the combined influence of a recessive and a dominant gene

Question 43

Suppose that a trait results from a recessive gene on the X chromosome.Which of the following best describes how this trait will be expressed?

A) only in males, but may be carried by females
B) more often in females, but also in males who are homozygous
C) more often in males, but also in females who are homozygous
D) only in females, but will be carried in males

Question 44

Matt is colour blind,yet both of his parents and his sibling have normal colour vision.One of Matt's grandparents is also colour blind.Which of Matt's grandparents is most likely to be colour blind?

A) his maternal grandfather
B) his maternal grandmother
C) his paternal grandfather
D) his paternal grandmother

Question 45

Disorders such as hemophilia,some forms of night blindness,and two types of muscular dystrophy occur at different rates in males and females.Which statement best characterizes the pattern of these disorders in the two sexes?

A) They are more likely to be displayed by males than by females.
B) They are more likely to be displayed by females than by males.
C) They are equally likely to be displayed in males and females because the mother is the carrier.
D) They are equally likely to be displayed in males and females because the father is the carrier.

Question 46

Calvin's father has red-green colour blindness,but his mother does not carry the allele for this trait.What can you predict about the colour vision of Calvin and his three sisters?

A) Calvin is colour blind and all his sisters have normal colour vision.
B) Calvin has normal colour vision and all of his sisters are colour blind.
C) Calvin and his sisters are all colour blind.
D) Calvin and his sisters all have normal colour vision.

Question 47

Many genetic disorders can be traced to recessive genes.What results from a single dominant gene?

A) Huntington's disease
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) PKU syndrome
D) Turner's syndrome

Question 48

Children of mixed-race parents often have skin that is lighter than that of one parent but darker than that of the other parent.What genetic factor accounts for this outcome?

A) recessive traits
B) genetic mutations and crossing-over
C) codominance of traits
D) transmission of sex-linked characteristics

Question 49

Which mode of transmission occurs when a trait is controlled by a recessive gene on the X chromosome?

A) The trait will be more commonly expressed in females than in males.
B) The trait will be more commonly expressed in males than in females.
C) The trait can be expressed only in females.
D) The trait can be expressed only in males.

Question 50

Annelle has a sex chromosome abnormality.Her appearance is typical for a woman and although her IQ is in the low normal range she seems to have difficulty on tasks that require verbal reasoning.Based on this description,which syndrome does Annelle have?

A) Turner's
B) fragile-X
C) Klinefelter's
D) Poly-X

Question 51

Are most chromosomal abnormalities lethal or nonlethal?

A) They are lethal and result in spontaneous abortion.
B) They are nonlethal and result in Down syndrome.
C) They are nonlethal and result in fragile-X syndrome.
D) They are lethal and result in eventual death during adolescence.

Question 52

Raj is colour blind,yet every one of his four children has normal colour vision.Which of Raj's grandchildren are most likely to be colour blind?

A) his son's sons
B) his daughter's sons
C) his son's daughters
D) his daughter's daughters

Question 53

Which trait illustrates the principle of codominance?

A) AB blood type
B) Down syndrome
C) colour blindness
D) phenylketonuria

Question 54

Genetically linked disorders that are severely handicapping or lethal are typically,but not always,transmitted by which gene pattern?

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) codominant
D) polygenic

Question 55

Sickle-cell anemia is a characteristic involving incomplete dominance.Suppose that a person is heterozygous for this characteristic.What will be the state of his or her red blood cells?

A) They will consist of a mixture of some normal round cells and some abnormal sickle-shaped cells.
B) They will consist of normal round cells in childhood, but mutate into sickle-shaped cells by adulthood.
C) They will consist of only sickle-shaped blood cells.
D) They will consist of no sickle-shaped blood cells.

Question 56

Which statement is the most accurate description of how phenotypes arise based on underlying genotype?

A) When a trait is influenced by multiple genes, extreme phenotypes will appear more frequently than average phenotypes.
B) Most complex phenotypes arise from a simple dominant-recessive pattern.
C) When a trait is influenced by a single gene pair, a large number of phenotypes will be evident in the population.
D) Most complex phenotypes arise from polygenic patterns rather than a single dominant gene.

Question 57

What is the cause of chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter's or Turner's syndrome?

A) exposure to environmental hazards at conception
B) uneven segregation of the chromosomes during meiosis
C) the combined age of the ova and the sperm at conception
D) monogenic inheritance that follows a dominant pattern

Question 58

Marion's mother has red-green colour blindness,but her father does not.What can we predict about the colour vision of Marion and her brothers?

A) Marion is colour blind, but her brothers' colour vision is normal.
B) All the children in this family are colour blind.
C) All of Marion's brothers are colour blind, but Marion's colour vision is normal.
D) None of the children in this family are colour blind.

Question 59

Which of the following is common to these four chromosomal abnormalities: Turner's syndrome,Poly-X syndrome,Klinefelter's syndrome,and Supermale syndrome?

A) brittle chromosomes that have broken apart
B) an abnormal number of sex chromosomes
C) an extra 22nd chromosome
D) an extra 21st chromosome

Question 60

Most common human characteristics are determined by which gene pattern?

A) a single dominant gene
B) a pair of recessive genes
C) a single recessive gene
D) many genes working together

Question 61

Blair has an autosomal abnormality.Her IQ is low and she has a number of distinctive physical features,including a protruding tongue and almond-shaped eyes.Based on this information,what syndrome does Blair have?

A) Turner's
B) Down
C) fragile-X
D) Klinefelter's

Question 62

Suppose that you and your partner are both carriers for a genetic defect that causes a fatal metabolic disorder.Which prenatal testing procedure would give the earliest and most informative results regarding the health of your unborn child?

A) chorionic villus sampling
B) amniocentesis
C) ultrasound
D) germline gene analysis

Question 63

Does a man with Supermale syndrome inherit it from his mother or father?

A) his father
B) either his father or his mother depending on their age
C) either his father or his mother, depending on his maternal and paternal grandfathers' genotypes
D) his mother

Question 64

Christos has a sex chromosome abnormality.He is taller than most of his friends,but otherwise his appearance is typical for a male.Although he and his wife tried unsuccessfully for several years to conceive a child,his wife is now pregnant.Based on this description,which syndrome does Christos have?

A) Supermale
B) Turner's
C) fragile-X
D) Klinefelter's

Question 65

Marjory is 45 years old and Jason is 51 years old.Marjory has just become pregnant and both are worried about having a child at their ages.Which prenatal screening procedure would their doctor most likely advise to rule out chromosomal abnormalities?

A) an ultrasound
B) amniocentesis
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) maternal blood analysis

Question 66

According to the text,what is the cause of Down syndrome?

A) the action of a dominant gene contributed by the mother
B) the presence of extra sex chromosomes
C) the presence of an extra 21st chromosome
D) the action of a dominant gene contributed by the father

Question 67

What procedure might a pregnant woman consider having performed to test for possible chromosomal or genetic defects in the fetus?

A) amniocentesis
B) ultrasound
C) germline gene analysis
D) selective embryonic analysis

Question 68

Which characteristic differentiates a man with Supermale syndrome from typical males?

A) He is taller.
B) He is more intelligent.
C) He is more aggressive.
D) He is shorter.

Question 69

Which disorder is attributable to a chromosomal abnormality?

A) muscular dystrophy
B) diabetes
C) cystic fibrosis
D) Down syndrome

Question 70

Which of the following is ultrasound NOT used for?

A) detecting multiple pregnancies
B) detecting gross physical abnormalities
C) determining the age of the fetus
D) determining the presence of hereditary disorders

Question 71

Of the following methods for prenatal detection of genetic disorders,which one cannot be completed until early in the second trimester and can take an additional two weeks for test results?

A) amniocentesis
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) ultrasound
D) genetic imprinting

Question 72

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that illustrates how the expression of an individual's genetic code can be influenced by environmental conditions.What have researchers found regarding the treatment of Down syndrome?

A) Early mortality from Down syndrome can be reduced if children with the disorder are placed on a special diet right from birth.
B) The physical characteristics typically associated with the disorder can be reduced through early intervention.
C) The disorder can be successfully treated during the prenatal period with genetic engineering technology.
D) The cognitive impairment typically associated with the disorder can be reduced through early intervention.

Question 73

Which of the following causes hereditary defects such as cystic fibrosis,phenylketonuria,and Tay-Sachs disease?

A) recessive genes
B) aging ova
C) mutations
D) an extra chromosome

Question 74

Some genetic disorders,such as Tay-Sachs disease,are always fatal,and yet these diseases occur in the offspring of two normal parents.How is this possible?

A) They are due to chromosomal abnormalities that occur as a result of aging of the ova or from exposure to environmental hazards.
B) They are spontaneous mutations that occur in response to stressors in the environment.
C) They are recessive disorders that occur when both parents are heterozygous carriers of the recessive gene.
D) They are the result of damage to the fetus during pregnancy and not inherited directly from the parents.

Question 75

Antonio has a sex chromosome abnormality.He is taller than most of his friends and his body proportions are slightly feminized.He scored within the normal range on a recent intelligence test,although his score for the verbal scale was lower than average.Based on this description,which syndrome does Antonio have?

A) Turner's
B) fragile-X
C) Klinefelter's
D) Supermale

Question 76

In comparing amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS),which is the most accurate statement?

A) Amniocentesis provides earlier results but poses more of a risk to the fetus.
B) Amniocentesis provides earlier results and poses less of a risk to the fetus.
C) CVS provides earlier results but poses more of a risk to the fetus.
D) CVS provides earlier results and poses less of a risk to the fetus.

Question 77

Which of the following is caused by the uneven segregation of chromosomes?

A) Down syndrome
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) fragile-X syndrome
D) Huntington's disease

Question 78

Axel has a sex chromosome abnormality.He has severe mental retardation and shows some evidence of repetitive self-stimulatory behaviour.Based on this description,what disorder does Axel have?

A) Supermale
B) fragile-X
C) Turner's
D) Klinefelter's

Question 79

Francine and her husband Jack are carriers of a genetic defect that results in a fatal metabolic disorder.Francine has just been told that she is pregnant.Which prenatal testing procedure would give Francine and Jack the earliest and most informative results regarding the health of their fetus?

A) ultrasound
B) amniocentesis
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) genetic imprinting

Question 80

Which abnormality of the sex chromosomes is the major cause of mental retardation and is linked to infantile autism?

A) Turner's syndrome
B) Klinefelter's syndrome
C) fragile-X syndrome
D) Down syndrome