Deck 12: Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary emotion that develops gradually during the first postnatal year?

A) anger
B) embarrassment
C) disgust
D) pride

Answer 1

anger

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the use of social referencing by a young child?

A) The child shows an understanding that emotional expression is not condoned by adults in most situations.
B) The child uses the emotional reactions of others as a source of information to guide his or her reactions.
C) The child uses the parent or other caretaker as an attachment object.
D) The child shows a growing ability to communicate using emotional expression.

Answer 2

The child uses the emotional reactions of others as a source of information to guide his or her reactions.

Question 3

According to the textbook,when does the full range of emotions emerge?

A) at birth
B) during the first postnatal year
C) during the first and second postnatal years
D) during the third postnatal year

Answer 3

during the first and second postnatal years

Question 4

Based on recent research,which of the following describes the ability of 7- to 10-month-old infants to discriminate and interpret emotions?

A) They are just beginning to discriminate emotions in others.
B) They are clearly able to discriminate various emotions, but not yet able to interpret the emotions of others.
C) They are clearly able to discriminate various emotions, to interpret the emotions of others, and show social referencing.
D) They are not yet able to discriminate various emotions, to interpret the emotions of others, or to engage in social referencing.

Question 5

Can adults accurately interpret emotions displayed by infants?

A) no, for all emotions
B) yes, for all emotions
C) yes, if they are judging negative emotions
D) yes, if they are judging positive emotions

Question 6

Of the following,which group of emotions is the earliest to appear?

A) embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
B) anger, surprise, fear, and sadness
C) interest, distress, disgust, and contentment
D) anger, contentment, guilt, and fear

Question 7

What does the adaptive regulation of emotions involve?

A) maintaining or suppressing negative emotions
B) suppressing some forms of emotional arousal while maintaining or intensifying others
C) maintaining or intensifying positive emotions
D) suppressing all negative emotions

Question 8

Daphne is 11 months old and her brother Nillson is 2 years old.On a recent visit their aunt brought her new puppy with her,and watched both children's reactions when she first set the puppy on the floor.Given your knowledge of social referencing,how did Daphne and Nillson respond?

A) Nillson looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Daphne looked at her after approaching the puppy.
B) Both children looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy.
C) Both children approached the puppy before looking at their aunt.
D) Daphne looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Nillson looked at their aunt after approaching the puppy.

Question 9

Suppose that the mother of a 4-week-old infant claims that her infant displays interest,happiness,and fear.Based on current research evidence,is this mother's claim valid?

A) yes, because infants first begin to display distinct emotions at about 4 weeks
B) yes, because even newborns display these particular emotions
C) no, because even trained observers cannot reliably identify distinct emotions in infants that young
D) no, because fear and interest are not evident in infants that young

Question 10

In which of the following societies is conforming to socially approved emotional display rules especially strong?

A) individualistic
B) rural
C) collectivistic
D) urban

Question 11

When does a child begin to display complex emotions?

A) at 4 weeks of age
B) during the first year of life
C) during the second year of life
D) during the third year of life

Question 12

Of the following,which set of emotions is most closely tied to a child's understanding of socially acceptable behaviour?

A) interest, distress, disgust, and contentment
B) anger, surprise, fear, and sadness
C) embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
D) joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom

Question 13

At what age does social referencing first become evident?

A) 2 months
B) 7 months
C) 15 months
D) 3 years

Question 14

Andrew was expecting his grandmother to give him a game that he had been asking for.He was disappointed when he opened his grandmother's present and found she had given him socks and underwear instead.Based on the research into the acquisition of emotional display rules,what emotions might you expect Andrew to exhibit?

A) As long as Andrew is at least 4, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmother's gift.
B) If Andrew is over the age of 6, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmother's gift.
C) Even if Andrew is 8 years old, he may not be able to successfully mask his disappointment.
D) Andrew will openly express resentment when he sees the gift, regardless of his age.

Question 15

When do self-evaluative emotions begin to be displayed in the absence of an external observer?

A) between the ages of 2 1/2 months to 7 months
B) at about 1 year of age
C) at middle childhood
D) at adolescence

Question 16

Alissa is 3 months old and Raquel is 6 months old.Both infants are prevented from exerting control over some event they have been able to control in the past.How will the two infants react to this situation?

A) Alissa will respond with frustration, whereas Raquel will show signs of surprise.
B) Alissa will respond with anger, whereas Raquel will show signs of sadness.
C) Alissa will respond with sadness, whereas Raquel will show signs of anger.
D) Alissa will respond with surprise, whereas Raquel will show signs of frustration.

Question 17

A mother claims that her 8-month-old daughter sometimes hangs her head in shame and seems embarrassed when disciplined.According to recent research findings,is the mother's claim valid?

A) yes, because these emotional displays are evident within the first year
B) yes, because by that age children have acquired for self-evaluation
C) no, because distinct emotions do not emerge until after the first year
D) no, because infants that age do not have the cognitive maturity and self-recognition that lie behind those emotions

Question 18

Children learn to control their emotions and display them according to societal rules.What have researchers found about when this behaviour develops?

A) evidence for this behaviour as early as 1 year of age
B) evidence for this behaviour as early as 3 years of age
C) little evidence for this behaviour until 7 to 8 years of age
D) little evidence for this behaviour until about 11 years of age

Question 19

Magdalene is reading a story with her father.At one point in the story the main character encounters a strange dog at the playground.Magdalene's father asks her how she thinks the character will react to the dog.Magdalene responds "It would depend,he might be excited or he might be frightened." Based on this description what is the minimum age that Magdalene is likely to be?

A) 2 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 8 years old
D) 12 years old

Question 20

Under what circumstances are toddlers and preschoolers most likely to exhibit self-evaluative emotions?

A) when a peer is present
B) when they are alone
C) when a sibling is present
D) when an adult is present

Question 21

Which of the following best characterizes children with difficult temperaments?

A) They are inactive, yet are open to new experiences.
B) They often react vigorously to changes in their routines.
C) They are quite inactive and somewhat moody.
D) They show high levels of behavioural inhibition.

Question 22

June started elementary school last year.She never seemed to want to play any of the new games that her classmates invented at recess,and now her classmates don't include her when they plan games or activities.Based on the research by Thomas and Chess,what type of temperament is June most likely to have?

A) difficult
B) easy
C) disengaged
D) slow to warm up

Question 23

Teenagers who participate in life-risking sports (e.g.,bungee jumping)would be low in which trait?

A) emotional self-regulation
B) primary self-regulation
C) secondary reinforcement
D) behavioural inhibition

Question 24

Which of the following abilities best describes competent emotional expressivity?

A) recognizing other people's feelings
B) recognizing one's own feelings
C) suppressing negative emotions in favour of positive emotions
D) adjusting the intensity of one's emotional responses

Question 25

Marcel is an even-tempered baby who always seems to be smiling and gurgling,and his parents can count on him to be sleepy when it is nap time.Based on this description how would you categorize Marcel's temperament?

A) as slow to warm up
B) as difficult
C) as disengaged
D) as easy

Question 26

Based on current research evidence,which of the following best describes the contribution of shared and nonshared environmental influences on temperament?

A) Shared environmental influences are the strongest environmental contributors to an individual's temperament.
B) Nonshared environmental influences and shared environmental influences contribute equally to an individual's temperament.
C) Shared environmental influences have little, if any, impact on an individual's temperament.
D) Nonshared environmental influences are the strongest environmental contributors to an individual's temperament.

Question 27

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the stability of behavioural inhibition?

A) Only the most highly inhibited and the most highly uninhibited children showed long-term stability.
B) Most children showed considerable fluctuation in their levels of behavioural inhibition over time.
C) Highly inhibited children tended to become less inhibited over time.
D) Early measures of behavioural inhibition are highly stable regardless of whether children are rated as high or low on this attribute.

Question 28

Which attributes of temperament are most strongly affected by shared environmental influences?

A) neutral
B) pleasant
C) internal
D) unpleasant

Question 29

Which of the following best characterizes children with slow-to-warm-up temperaments?

A) They have a positive mood, and are enthusiastic about new experiences.
B) They often react vigorously to changes in their routines.
C) They are quite inactive and somewhat moody.
D) They show low levels of behavioural inhibition.

Question 30

Which of the following attributes are considered to be important components of temperament?

A) activity level, fearfulness, and sociability
B) activity level, conscientiousness, and irritability
C) fearfulness, openness, and conscientiousness
D) sociability, irritability, and empathy

Question 31

What is the correct developmental sequence for emotional understanding,from earliest to latest?

A) empathetic responding/social referencing/discriminate facial expressions
B) empathetic responding/discriminate facial expressions/social referencing
C) discriminate facial expressions/social referencing/empathetic responding
D) social referencing/empathic responding/discriminate facial expressions

Question 32

Is shyness a social disadvantage for children?

A) It depends-outcomes vary with personality types.
B) It depends-outcomes vary across cultures.
C) It depends-shyness is a social disadvantage only for children in Asian cultures.
D) It depends-shyness is a social disadvantage only for children with difficult temperaments.

Question 33

At what stage of cognitive development do children first begin to understand that a person can experience two or more emotions at the same time?

A) early preoperational
B) late preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 34

Alison is an active infant who seems to be constantly moving.Alison is also high strung,and she protests loudly every time her parents try to change her usual routine.How would Thomas and Chess categorize Alison's temperament?

A) slow to warm up
B) difficult
C) easy
D) disengaged

Question 35

During her pregnancy Melinda spent much time day-dreaming about her new baby.She always envisioned a happy smiling infant and the joy that she would have feeding and dressing and playing with her child.Unfortunately,Melinda's infant expressed a very difficult temperament after birth and Melinda now finds herself disappointed.She finds her infant's behaviours aversive and reacts harshly to what she perceives are unreasonable demands.How would you characterize Melinda's reaction to her child?

A) She lacks emotional regulation.
B) She lacks competent emotional intelligence.
C) She and her infant lack goodness-of-fit.
D) She and her infant lack fulfillment of emotional expectancies.

Question 36

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the stability of temperament?

A) It fluctuates considerably during the early childhood years.
B) It is moderately stable as children mature.
C) It increases as children mature.
D) It decreases once children enter elementary school.

Question 37

According to Schmidt and colleagues,hypersensitivity of which brain region is associated with shyness and anxiety?

A) the amygdala
B) the brainstem
C) the left frontal lobe
D) the left temporal lobe

Question 38

Which of the following best describes the strength of the heritability coefficient for most temperamental attributes?

A) It is weak.
B) It is modest.
C) It is strong.
D) It is nonexistent.

Question 39

Which of the following best characterizes children with easy temperaments?

A) They are typically in a positive mood and are open to new experiences.
B) They often react vigorously to changes in their routines.
C) They are quite inactive, yet are open to new experiences.
D) They show high levels of behavioural inhibition.

Question 40

Dexter is an inactive infant who often appears to be somewhat moody.Sometimes,he will look away from his parents if they try to cuddle him.Generally he protests to changes in his routine,but he does participate in new situations if he is allowed to engage with others on his own time.Based on this description,how would you categorize Dexter's temperament?

A) as slow to warm up
B) as difficult
C) as easy
D) as disengaged

Question 41

Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence for the phases of primary attachments,from earliest to latest?

A) multiple attachments/asocial/specific attachments
B) asocial/multiple attachments/specific attachments
C) multiple attachments/specific attachments/asocial
D) asocial/specific attachments/multiple attachments

Question 42

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to endorse the viewpoint that an infant has an innate biological predisposition to form an attachment?

A) ethological
B) psychoanalytic
C) cognitive-developmental
D) empirical

Question 43

What does learning theory suggest that the development of attachment depends on?

A) oral activities such as sucking and eating
B) the mother becoming a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes
C) maturity of "object" permanence concept
D) preprogrammed responses that serve to initiate or maintain contact

Question 44

Which of the following descriptions best characterizes the role of synchronous exchanges in the development of attachment?

A) They promote reciprocal attachment only if the infant has an easy temperament.
B) They promote the formation of an infant's attachment to the caregiver, but have little impact on the caregiver's attachment to the infant.
C) They promote reciprocal attachment between caregivers and infants.
D) They promote the formation of a caregiver's attachment to the infant, but have little impact on the infant's attachment to the caregiver.

Question 45

According to cognitive-developmental theory,what milestone must be achieved before an infant can form an attachment to his or her primary caregiver?

A) He or she can repeat actions that bring pleasure.
B) He or she acquires object permanence.
C) He or she demonstrates a capacity for symbolic reasoning.
D) He or she acquires the language skills to express his or her needs.

Question 46

Wanda has begun to crawl after her mother,wherever her mother goes.She has also started to cry when her mother puts her to bed at night and leaves the room,although she doesn't cry when her father or a babysitter puts her to bed.Based on this information,how would you categorize Wanda's phase of attachment formation?

A) specific
B) asocial
C) indiscriminate
D) multiple

Question 47

According to Freud,what is the basis for the development of attachment?

A) pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking and feeding
B) the mother acting as a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes
C) the maturing of the infant's concept of "object" permanence
D) preprogrammed responses (such as smiling, crawling, and vocalizing) that help to initiate or maintain contact

Question 48

Which of the following slogans best characterizes Freud's explanation of attachment?

A) "I love whoever feeds me."
B) "I've got a need to be hugged."
C) "Give me reinforcement for my love."
D) "We were born to be close."

Question 49

According to cognitive-developmental theorists,why do infants between 7 and 9 months of age begin to show evidence of attachment to a primary caregiver?

A) They have learned to associate the caregiver with nourishment.
B) The caregiver is meeting the infants' need for the pleasure associated with oral activities.
C) They have imprinted on the caregiver.
D) Their scheme for object permanence has developed.

Question 50

Bowlby and Lorenz both claimed that infants are born with physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours that elicit positive,affectionate responses from adults.Have their claims been supported by modern research?

A) yes for physical characteristics, but no for reflexive behaviours
B) no for physical characteristics, but yes for reflexive behaviours
C) yes for both physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours
D) no for both physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours

Question 51

Kaylene smiles when she sees her mobile turning above her crib,when her brother picks her up,and when the dog brushes against her.Based on this information,Kaylene is in which of the following phases of attachment?

A) asocial
B) indiscriminate
C) specific
D) multiple

Question 52

How do newborn infants under the age of 6 weeks typically respond to social stimuli?

A) They smile more at people they know than at strangers.
B) They protest loudly when strangers approach.
C) They smile more at puppets than at other lifelike stimuli.
D) They show favourable reactions to many kinds of social and nonsocial stimuli.

Question 53

Jared's mother has noticed that Jared has begun smiling more at people he sees regularly than at people he is less familiar with.However,Jared loves to be held,and at a family gathering this past weekend he became fussy and protested whenever one of his aunts or uncles went to put him down.Based on this information,which phase of attachment formation characterizes Jared's behaviour?

A) asocial
B) indiscriminate
C) specific
D) multiple

Question 54

Which of the following best characterizes the change in infants' social responses at about 7 to 9 months of age?

A) They begin to show distinct preferences for social over nonsocial stimuli.
B) They begin to show differential responses to individuals and a clear preference for one particular companion.
C) They change from multiple attachments to one or two specific attachments.
D) They start to become less anxious around strangers.

Question 55

Which one of the following researchers would be most likely to suggest that infants play an active role in the attachment process?

A) Harry Harlow
B) Sigmund Freud
C) John Bowlby
D) Erik Erikson

Question 56

Which of the following best describes how the results of Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys relates to Freud's view of how attachment develops?

A) They contradict it.
B) They are irrelevant to it.
C) They offer modest support for it.
D) They confirm it.

Question 57

In Harlow's studies,baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial,surrogate "mothers." How did the infants monkeys react to their surrogate mothers when they were startled or frightened?

A) They preferred the wire surrogate that provided food.
B) They avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner.
C) They preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food.
D) They showed no clear preference, and ran to whichever surrogate was closer.

Question 58

Which of the following best describes an infant who has developed an attachment for a specific adult?

A) He or she cries more in the presence of that specific adult.
B) He or she smiles more at strangers.
C) He or she maintains proximity with that specific adult.
D) He or she becomes apathetic when not in the proximity of that specific adult.

Question 59

Which of the following best exemplifies the cognitive-developmental explanation for development of attachment?

A) oral activities such as sucking and eating
B) the mother serves as a conditioned stimulus
C) object permanence is acquired
D) innate responses mature

Question 60

According to the ethological perspective,what is the basis for the development of attachment?

A) pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking and feeding
B) the mother acting as a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes
C) the maturation of the infant's concept of "object" permanence
D) preprogrammed responses that help to initiate or maintain contact between the infant and mother

Question 61

Suppose that an infant encounters a friendly person who is a stranger to him or her.Which of the following persons would be most likely to evoke a fear reaction in a 6- to 12-month-old infant?

A) an adult who offers a toy
B) a preschool child who offers a toy
C) an adult who picks up the infant to play or talk
D) another infant who is crying

Question 62

According to the ethological viewpoint,why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year?

A) Children increase their use of the attachment figure as a secure base to explore novel things and people.
B) Children have had many opportunities by then to adapt to being separated.
C) Children have gained the cognitive maturity by then to recognize that the parent will return.
D) Children have developed more stable schemes for the faces of strangers and familiar companions.

Question 63

Under which of the following circumstances are infants and toddlers most likely to protest when separated from their primary caregiver?

A) The child cannot account for the caregiver's whereabouts.
B) The separation is initiated by the child.
C) The separation occurs in the home environment.
D) The caregiver has been an overly intrusive companion for the infant.

Question 64

According to ethological theory,what produces attachment-related fears?

A) lack of responsiveness from the infant's caregiver
B) the infant's general apprehension when the context is unfamiliar
C) lack of consistency from the infant's caregiver
D) the infant's inability to understand the absence of his or her caregiver

Question 65

Lyssa is 10 months old when her mother takes her on long car trip to visit her grandmother for the first time.As soon as they arrive,Lyssa's grandmother rushes toward her,picks her up,and starts talking to her in a loud voice.Lyssa starts to cry and struggles to be put down.Is Lyssa's reaction to her grandmother typical?

A) no, because at 10 months of age most babies love to be picked up by adults and have adults talk to them
B) yes, if Lyssa has never been on a long car ride before
C) yes, because Lyssa's grandmother is someone she has never met
D) no, because most infants have strong bonds with their biological relatives

Question 66

Which of the following best characterizes the developmental time course of separation anxiety?

A) It emerges at about 2 months of age, but disappears by the age of 12 months.
B) It appears at 6 to 8 months of age, peaks at 14 to 18 months of age, and then declines.
C) It peaks at 8 to 10 months of age, and then gradually declines in intensity.
D) It emerges at about 9 months and gradually increases in intensity until it reaches a peak at 24 months.

Question 67

According to current research findings,how does the context of the situation influence the expression of stranger anxiety?

A) It is intensified if a stranger first approaches the caregiver rather than the child.
B) It is reduced if a stranger first approaches the child and uses motherese to engage his or her attention.
C) It is reduced if a stranger interacts with the caregiver and then allows the child to participate in the interaction.
D) It is intensified when caregivers greet the stranger in a friendly way.

Question 68

Which of the following characterizes the developmental time course of wary reactions to strangers?

A) They emerge at about 2 months but disappear by the age of 12 months.
B) They emerge at about 9 months and gradually increase in intensity through to 24 months.
C) They peak at 8 to 10 months and then gradually decline in intensity.
D) They peak at about 24 months and then rapidly decline in intensity.

Question 69

Based upon Ainsworth's original research,which of the following is the correct ranking of attachment styles from most common to least common?

A) avoidant/secure/resistant
B) secure/avoidant/resistant
C) resistant/avoidant/secure
D) avoidant/resistant/secure

Question 70

Five-month-old Trevor and 12-month-old Sondra are left in the care of a babysitter for an evening.According to the research on separation anxiety,how is each child likely to behave?

A) Trevor will show more distress than Sondra when he realizes that his mother has left.
B) Sondra will show more distress than Trevor when she realizes that her mother has left.
C) All other things being equal, both Trevor and Sondra will show about the same degree of distress after their mother leaves.
D) As long as the babysitter is warm and responsive, neither child is likely to show significant distress when his or her mother leaves.

Question 71

What is the term for the most common form of attachment to the primary caregiver?

A) secure
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 72

According to Mary Ainsworth,how will a securely attached child behave in the strange-situation test?

A) He or she will continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
B) He or she will play and explore new settings when the parent is present.
C) He or she will not interact with the stranger.
D) He or she will tend to be clingy and whiny when the mother returns after a brief absence.

Question 73

Suppose that a 5-month-old child turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches in a playground.How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists?

A) as very unusual for a child this young
B) as evidence of a strong, secure attachment
C) as a typical but not universal response for a child of this age
D) as evidence of an insecure attachment bond

Question 74

Which form of attachment characterizes the majority of North American infants?

A) secure
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 75

According to cognitive-developmental theory,what best accounts for the development of attachment-related fears?

A) inconsistent caregiving by the infant's primary caregiver
B) an infant's general apprehension about things that are unfamiliar
C) lack of responsiveness by the infant's primary caregiver
D) an infant's inability to explain what has happened to a familiar companion

Question 76

Suppose that you observe that an infant fusses when separated from the mother because he or she did not see her leave the room.Which explanation for separation anxiety would your observation support?

A) conditioned anxiety
B) ethological
C) cognitive-developmental
D) psychoanalytic

Question 77

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a "stranger encounter" that an infant is least likely to fear?

A) The stranger approaches the infant boldly and confidently.
B) The infant is seated away from the mother when the stranger approaches.
C) The stranger appears in an setting that is unfamiliar to the infant.
D) The infant controls the pace of his or her interaction with the stranger.

Question 78

Belinda is 8 months old.She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her at the grocery store.How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists?

A) as unusual in a child of that age
B) as evidence that Belinda is insecurely attached
C) as a typical response to a stranger for a child that age
D) as an indication that Belinda is tired or hungry

Question 79

Carl is 12 months old,and in the strange-situation test he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.According to Ainsworth,which type of attachment relationship is Carl exhibiting?

A) resistant
B) secure
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 80

According to cognitive-developmental theory,under what circumstances is separation anxiety strongest?

A) The child does not see the parent leave.
B) The parent has been neglectful and dismissive.
C) The parent leaves home each day on a regular schedule.
D) The child has control over the parent's absence.