Deck 10: Intelligence

Question 1

According to Charles Spearman,which two factors should be used to conceptualize intelligence?

A) verbal skills and mathematical skills
B) fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
C) analytic intelligence and creative intelligence
D) general and specific factors

Answer 1

general and specific factors

Question 2

According to Cattell and Horn,what does fluid intelligence refer to?

A) acquired knowledge and ability
B) unique abilities of problem-solving that are test specific
C) the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions
D) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember

Answer 2

the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember

Question 3

Which statement is a major criticism of traditional psychometric definitions of intelligence?

A) They are too focused on intellectual content.
B) They are too broad in their focus and encompass too many abilities.
C) They are too focused on information-processing skills.
D) They fail to include problem-solving abilities.

Answer 3

They are too focused on intellectual content.

Question 4

How did Cattell and Horn elaborate on Spearman's and Thurstone's conceptualizations of intelligence?

A) by subdividing intelligence into fluid and crystallized intelligence
B) by identifying a total of 180 intelligence factors through factor analysis
C) by proposing a triarchic theory of intelligence
D) by subdividing intelligence into verbal and nonverbal components

Question 5

Tyrone has just attained a fairly low score in a test designed to measure his verbal ability.Based on Thurstone's theory,how will Tyrone perform on a test designed to measure his perceptual speed?

A) He will attain a low score on that test as well.
B) He will attain a much higher score on that test.
C) He will attain an even lower score on the second test.
D) His score on that test will have no predictable relationship to his verbal fluency test score.

Question 6

According to Cattell and Horn,what does crystallized intelligence refer to?

A) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
B) an underlying ability that applies to all types of test performance
C) the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions
D) acquired knowledge and ability

Question 7

When Ophelia was 10 years old she completed the original Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.She answered all the questions that a typical 5- or 6-year-old would answer,but none of the questions a typical 7 or 8-year-old would answer.Based on this information,what is Ophelia's mental age?

A) 5
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 8

Based on Charles Spearman's view of intelligence,what can be predicted about an individual's intellectual abilities?

A) If he or she excels in one academic area, he or she is likely to show deficiencies in other academic areas.
B) If he or she excels in academics early, he or she is likely to "burn out" when reaching adolescence.
C) If he or she excels in one academic area, he or she is likely to excel in most academic areas.
D) If he or she excels in academics, he or she is likely to be both a gifted athlete and musician.

Question 9

Cameron is a feral boy who was rescued from the wilderness.Given his background,on which type of test of intellectual ability would you predict that he will excel?

A) factual knowledge
B) fluid intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence
D) two-generation intervention

Question 10

According to Binet's original intelligence test,what was meant by the expression "mental age of 7"?

A) The child had an exceptionally long fetal stage of prenatal development.
B) The child's seven multiple intelligences were within the normal range.
C) The child correctly answered the test items that most 7-year-olds did.
D) The child correctly answered 7 out of 10 of the items on the test.

Question 11

In terms of intelligence,what does the g factor refer to?

A) an individual factor that is unique to a particular type of test
B) acquired knowledge and abilities
C) an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance
D) the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions

Question 12

According to Thurstone,how should intelligence be conceptualized?

A) as seven primary mental abilities that arise from a single general intelligence factor
B) as two main factors and five subfactors
C) as seven primary mental abilities that are independent of one another
D) as two abilities that are largely unaffected by experience

Question 13

Why did Cattell and Horn propose that Spearman's g factor,and Thurstone's concept of primary mental abilities should be subdivided into fluid and crystallized intelligence?

A) to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and problems that depend on school knowledge and life experiences
B) to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and information-processing skills
C) to distinguish between the ability to solve problems requiring flexible and rigid states of thought
D) to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and problems requiring "street smarts"

Question 14

Which statistical procedure is used to identify the separate abilities assessed by a test?

A) trend analysis
B) linear regression
C) partial correlation
D) factor analysis

Question 15

When a test reports a child's intelligence as a single score,what does this imply that the test designer believes?

A) The child's pattern of errors reveals her intelligence.
B) Intelligence is mainly or entirely a general factor.
C) Creativity is the same as intelligence.
D) Intelligence is a group of distinctly separate abilities.

Question 16

Christina is extremely talented in math and chemistry,and she has received a number of scholarships based on her abilities in these areas.On the other hand,she just can't seem to catch on in her English classes,no matter how many she takes.Which theorist would have the most difficulty explaining Christina's different levels of performance?

A) Thurstone
B) Gardner
C) Sternberg
D) Spearman

Question 17

How did Binet and Simon define mental age?

A) the child's current age in years and months
B) the age that best fits the child's current level of intellectual performance
C) the child's ultimate intellectual potential
D) the ratio of a child's current abilities to his or her chronological age

Question 18

In contrast to Spearman and Thurstone's theories,how did Guilford depict intelligence in his "structure of intellect" model?

A) as consisting of a small number of basic abilities
B) as a single ability rather than two or more types of abilities
C) as a set of information-processing skills
D) as consisting of more than 100 primary mental abilities

Question 19

What have factor-analytic studies demonstrated about intelligence?

A) It is a single attribute.
B) It is made up of three components.
C) It consists of several attributes.
D) It is made up of two distinct components.

Question 20

In terms of intelligence,what does the s factor refer to?

A) an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance
B) an individual's ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
C) an individual factor that is unique to a particular type of test
D) the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions

Question 21

Which of the following four types of intelligence does Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences include?

A) fluid, crystallized, experiential, and contextual
B) word fluency, numerical reasoning, spatial ability, and inductive reasoning
C) musical, spatial/existential, linguistic, and intrapersonal
D) general memory, visual perception, retrieval ability, and processing speed

Question 22

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes an information-processing component.This component corresponds most closely to which of the following theorists' conceptualizations of intelligence?

A) Spearman's concept of a g factor
B) Cattell and Horn's concept of crystallized intelligence
C) Thurstone's concept of primary intelligence
D) Cattell and Horn's concept of fluid intelligence

Question 23

According to Robert Sternberg,someone who is able to solve the problems that are unique to a person's culture should score high on tests of which type of intelligence?

A) fluid
B) experiential
C) practical
D) compositional

Question 24

Ivan was raised in Russia,and though he has been living in Canada for many decades,he continues to do arithmetic with the abacus.His skill reflects which of Sternberg's intellectual components?

A) contextual
B) naturalist
C) computational
D) experiential

Question 25

Which of the following abilities depends on an individual's fluid intelligence?

A) responding accurately to questions testing general information
B) solving complex mathematical problems
C) solving novel problems and thinking creatively in new situations
D) understanding spatial relationships

Question 26

Helen has been studying music for three years.When she first started her studies she had a hard time playing new pieces accurately,but now she is able to quickly sight-read most new pieces.According to Cattell,what type of intelligence is responsible for Helen's current ability?

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) practical
D) creative

Question 27

Based on the intelligence quotient formula developed by Lewis Terman,what would be the score of an individual with a mental age greater than his or her chronological age?

A) greater than 100
B) equal to 100
C) less than 85 but greater than 70
D) less than 70

Question 28

Ryan is 5 years old,but on intelligence tests he scores at the level typical of 4-year olds.Based on the intelligence quotient (IQ)formula used by Lewis Terman,what is Ryan's IQ?

A) 80
B) 99
C) 100
D) 125

Question 29

Which of the following theorists would endorse the notion that each person's many problem-solving skills mature at different phases of life?

A) Jensen
B) Sternberg
C) Gardner
D) Binet

Question 30

Madeline's intelligence quotient (IQ)was calculated using the formula proposed by Lewis Terman,and the result was less than 100.What does this indicate?

A) Her chronological age is greater than her mental age.
B) Her mental age is greater than her chronological age.
C) Her IQ was calculated incorrectly because in Terman's method the score must be greater than or equal to 115.
D) Her IQ was calculated incorrectly because in Terman's method the score must be equal to or greater than 100.

Question 31

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence,which component of intelligent behaviour do "street smarts" refer to?

A) contextual
B) experiential
C) componential
D) fluid

Question 32

Frasier is an athlete who won two gold medals at the last Olympic Games; however,he seems to have real problems when it comes to balancing his chequing account.Which theory of intelligence would best explain Frasier's different levels of performance on these tasks?

A) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
B) Spearman's theory of general intelligence
C) Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities
D) Sternberg's information-processing theory of intelligence

Question 33

Sergei has been studying music for three years.When he first started his studies he had a hard time describing musical pieces accurately,but now he is able to pick out the period,style,and genre of most pieces.According to Cattell,what type of intelligence is responsible for Sergei's current ability?

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) practical
D) creative

Question 34

What does Howard Gardner suggest about the seven intellectual abilities that he identified?

A) They are interrelated, with talents in one area generally being associated with deficits in other areas.
B) Each is linked to a specific area of the brain, and emerges at different points in development.
C) They are interrelated, with talents in each area showing the same general level of development at any given age.
D) Each generally does not emerge until later in life, after individuals have been exposed to a wider range of experiences.

Question 35

Thomas is 10 years old and has a mental age of 8,and Nick is 12 years old and has a mental age of 10,based on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.How would Terman conceptualize the relationship between the two boys' intelligence?

A) He would consider Thomas to be more intelligent than Nick.
B) He would consider both boys to be equally intelligent.
C) He would not be able to compare the two boys because they are of different ages.
D) He would consider Nick to be more intelligent than Thomas.

Question 36

Which of the following abilities depends on an individual's crystallized intelligence?

A) responding accurately to questions about general, culturally-based information
B) solving complex mathematical problems quickly and accurately
C) solving novel problems and thinking creatively in new situations
D) understanding spatial relationships

Question 37

Brennan never did well in school,but he was always considered "street smart." How would Sternberg label this component of intelligence?

A) as body-kinesthetic
B) as contextual
C) as experiential
D) as componential

Question 38

Veronica is a gifted pianist who has been playing since she was 2,and has been writing her own music since she was 4.On the other hand,Veronica has a difficult time expressing herself with words and often struggles with English assignments.Which theory of intelligence would best explain Veronica's different levels of performance on these tasks?

A) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
B) Spearman's theory of general intelligence
C) Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities
D) Sternberg's information-processing theory of intelligence

Question 39

Counsellor Troy is from the planet Beta-Z.The citizens are empaths who have the ability to easily infer other people's moods,temperament,emotions,and intentions.According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences,Counsellor Troy should score high on tests of which of the following type of intelligence?

A) intrapersonal
B) naturalistic
C) interpersonal
D) bodily kinesthetic

Question 40

What are the three components of Robert Sterberg's conceptualization of intelligence?

A) verbal fluency, numerical ability, and memory
B) information processing, an experiential component, and practical intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and transient intelligence
D) artistic intelligence, performance intelligence, and rational intelligence

Question 41

Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the meaningful relationship between early and later scores on intelligence tests?

A) It exists for children of all ages who are raised in homes in which the parents value achievement.
B) It emerges in the early elementary-school years, but the relationship grows weaker during the late elementary-school years and adolescence.
C) It emerges at about age 4, and the relationship grows even stronger during middle childhood.
D) It exists for children of all ages who are raised in poverty.

Question 42

What does the dynamic assessment approach to intellectual assessment attempt to evaluate?

A) crystallized intelligence that is not culture specific
B) nonverbal information-processing skills
C) general intellectual capabilities in infants
D) learning of new material when provided with instruction

Question 43

Which of the following individual characteristics do intelligence scores best estimate?

A) current intellectual performance
B) intellectual capacity
C) scholastic aptitude
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 44

What is an infant's developmental quotient based on?

A) the rate of habituation and visual reaction time
B) the scores obtained on the motor and mental scales
C) visual reaction time and the score from the motor scale
D) the rate of habituation and the score from the Infant Behavioural Record

Question 45

Why are the Wechsler intelligence scales considered to be an improvement over the Stanford-Binet scales?

A) They are based on Piagetian tasks.
B) They assess the three types of intelligence described by Sternberg in his triarchic theory.
C) They assess both verbal and nonverbal skills.
D) They eliminate cultural biases.

Question 46

On the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,what does the mental scale assess?

A) behaviour on dimensions such as fearfulness and social responsivity
B) adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions
C) visual reaction time and preference for novelty
D) capabilities such as throwing a ball and drinking from a cup

Question 47

Julie and Joel have had their daughter assessed with the Bayley infant development scales.Based on the score that their daughter receives,what can Julie and Joel assume with respect to her future intellectual ability?

A) Her future academic ability cannot be predicted with accuracy.
B) Her future IQ score will fall within a range of about three points from her DQ.
C) She will perform better intellectually as she grows older.
D) She will show declines in her intellectual abilities as she grows older due to performance pressures.

Question 48

Which of the following tests would best fit with Vygotsky's view of how to assess a child's intellectual abilities?

A) Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children
B) Bayley's Scales of Infant Development
C) the WISC-IV
D) dynamic assessment

Question 49

Of the following intelligence scales,which one emphasizes basic information-processing skills?

A) Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children
B) Feuerstein's Learning Potential Assessment Device
C) the Stanford-Binet tests
D) the WISC-IV

Question 50

Based on contemporary research,which of the following characteristics of infant behaviour is the best predictor of intelligence scores in the preschool period?

A) speed of habituation to repetitive stimuli
B) amount of babbling and other vocalizations
C) developmental quotient
D) performance on tests of object permanence

Question 51

Jenna and Rob's daughter is 6 months old.What would be the best way for Jenna and Rob to predict how their daughter will score on tests of intelligence later in childhood?

A) calculate her developmental quotient based on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B) have a psychometrician administer a Wechsler test
C) measure her attention, rate of habituation, and preference for novelty
D) compare the age at which she first crawls, sits, and walks with age norms for these motor milestones

Question 52

Which of the following best summarizes when the Bayley Scales of Infant Development are most useful?

A) They are used to predict an infant's later IQ or scholastic achievements
B) They are used to chart an infant's developmental progress and diagnose neurological disorders
C) They are used to measure early information-processing skills
D) They are used to assess an infant's temperament and level of attachment to adults

Question 53

Garth tells you that his 10-year-old cousin Amanda recently completed an intelligence test that translated raw scores into deviation IQ scores.Garth knows that Amanda's score was 120,but he is not sure what this means.What should you tell him regarding Amanda's score?

A) She scored below the mean for her age group.
B) She answered 120 questions correctly on the test.
C) She scored above the mean for her age group.
D) She answered the same number of questions correctly as the average 12-year-old child.

Question 54

On the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,what does the motor scale assess?

A) adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions
B) behaviour based on fearfulness and social responsiveness
C) capabilities such as throwing a ball and drinking from a cup
D) visual reaction time and preference for novelty

Question 55

What do psychometricians mean when they say that intelligence scores are normally distributed?

A) Most scores fall in the centre of the distribution.
B) Most scores fall to the far right in the distribution.
C) Most scores fall to the far left in the distribution.
D) Most scores fall above the upper extreme of the distribution.

Question 56

Modern tests of intelligence calculate IQ as a deviation score.When this method of reporting is used,the scores of 68 percent of all individuals will fall within what range?

A) between 100 and 130
B) between 85 and 115
C) between 85 and 100
D) between 75 and 115

Question 57

In general,which of the following is most highly correlated with measures of habituation and preference for novelty during infancy?

A) assessments of verbal and performance IQ in the preschool period
B) assessments of verbal IQ in the preschool period
C) current assessment of motor DQ
D) current assessment of mental DQ

Question 58

Have tests of infant intelligence,such as the Bayley scales,been found to be good predictors of later IQ?

A) no, because IQ performance is such an unstable attribute
B) yes, because intelligence is so highly canalized
C) yes, because intelligence is such a stable attribute
D) no, because infant tests and later IQ tests tap different abilities

Question 59

How is deviation IQ determined?

A) by comparing the child's mental age to his or her chronological age
B) by comparing the child's performance with that of other children of his or her own age
C) by adding up correct answers and comparing the total to an adult's performance
D) by subtracting missed items from 100 and dividing by the child's chronological age

Question 60

Rory took the WISC-IV and received a score of 92.What does Rory's score mean with respect to his test performance?

A) Rory scored more than a standard deviation below the mean.
B) Rory scored more than a standard deviation above the mean.
C) Rory's score is incorrect because the highest possible score on the WISC is 50.
D) Rory's score is in the low average range.

Question 61

Julienne and Norene are two mothers who have just had a HOME inventory completed.The researchers assigned a much higher score in their assessment of Julienne's home.Based on this information,what would you predict for the children's IQ scores,all other things being equal?

A) Norene's children will tend to have higher IQ scores than Julienne's children.
B) The children in both homes will have similar IQ scores if the homes are in similar neighbourhoods.
C) Norene's children have average IQ scores, but they will show poor levels of social adjustment.
D) Julienne's children will tend to have higher IQ scores than Norene's children.

Question 62

Based on current research,which statement is the most valid conclusion regarding the relationship between IQ and occupational status or success?

A) IQ is the most important predictor of occupational success.
B) High-IQ individuals are not employed in low-status jobs.
C) There is no relationship between IQ and job status or success.
D) Prior job performance and motivation are often better predictors than IQ.

Question 63

Which statement best summarizes the results of recent research regarding group differences in IQ obtained by the use of traditional tests?

A) They result almost entirely from biases in the content of intelligence tests.
B) They disappear almost completely when tests are translated into different dialects.
C) They become even more pronounced on tests designed to be culture fair.
D) They are not solely attributable to biases in the content of intelligence tests.

Question 64

Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the correlation between home environment and IQ?

A) A mother's IQ predicts her child's IQ better than does quality of the home environment after age 4.
B) The quality of the home environment predicts IQ better than does a mother's IQ after age 4.
C) A mother's IQ is the better predictor of her child's IQ than is home environment at all ages.
D) The quality of the home environment is the better predictor of a child's IQ at all ages.

Question 65

Carmen's parents have always taken an interest in her intellectual accomplishments,and they urge her to do the best she can in school.Her parents have a flexible parenting style that is not overly strict,yet not overly permissive.Based on the research of McCall and colleagues,what might you expect about the stability of Carmen's IQ score?

A) It might increase over time.
B) It will fluctuate randomly during middle childhood and adolescence.
C) It will be relatively stable, and show little change once she is past preschool.
D) It might show a slow steady decrease over time.

Question 66

Which of the following best characterizes the long-term outcome of individuals that were characterized as gifted in Terman's longitudinal study of intelligence?

A) a higher than normal rate of ill health, alcoholism, and delinquent behaviour
B) high productivity in their chosen occupations
C) an increased risk for suicide
D) a decline in intellectual achievement and accomplishment

Question 67

Although all of the HOME subscales are moderately correlated with children's IQ scores,some are better predictors of intellectual performance than others.Which two scales seem to be strong predictors of future scholastic achievement?

A) parental involvement and parental responsiveness
B) parental involvement and the parents' disciplinary style
C) parental organization of the environment and provision of age-appropriate materials
D) parental responsivity and the parents' disciplinary style

Question 68

According to the cumulative-deficit hypothesis,how do impoverished environments affect intellectual growth?

A) They inhibit intellectual growth, but the effects do not accumulate over time.
B) They neither inhibit nor foster intellectual growth.
C) They inhibit intellectual growth and these inhibiting effects accumulate over time.
D) They foster intellectual growth because of the many challenges presented by those situations.

Question 69

Karlene wants to provide the best home environment she can for her newborn son to maximize his intellectual potential.Based on current research findings,which of the following would you recommend that Karlene should do to reach her goal?

A) carefully organize her son's play environment and play time
B) use a nonpunitive disciplinary style
C) be highly involved and emotionally responsive
D) ensure the toys she provides are always just beyond her son's current capabilities

Question 70

Several studies have examined the relationship between IQ and social class,race,and ethnic background.What conclusion has been drawn from these studies?

A) European-American children tend to outscore all other racial or ethnic groups on standardized tests of intelligence.
B) There are no racial and ethnic differences in IQ scores in the United States.
C) There is considerable overlap in the IQ distributions of African-American and European-American children.
D) Future IQ and accomplishments of a given individual can often be predicted on the basis of that person's race or ethnic background.

Question 71

In Arthur Jensen's classification scheme of intellectual abilities,what do Level I abilities include?

A) attentional processes, short-term memory, and associative skills
B) abstract reasoning skills and the ability to manipulate words and symbols to form concepts
C) the capacity to move between flexible and rigid states of thought
D) acquired knowledge about culturally relevant concepts

Question 72

Suppose that a previously disadvantaged child has been placed into a loving adoptive home.The adoptive parents provide an enriching environment.Based upon the cumulative deficit hypothesis,which effect will the transition have on the child's IQ?

A) initially positive, and it may be sufficient to bring IQ into the normal or above-normal range
B) initially negative, and further losses accrue over time
C) initially positive, but gains are temporary and are insufficient to bring IQ into the normal range
D) inconsistent effects depending on the individual aspects of the new environment

Question 73

According to Klineberg's cumulative deficit hypothesis,what can be predicted about the intellectual deficits of children who are raised in impoverished environments?

A) Those who start with the most intellectual potential will show the greatest deficits in intellectual performance.
B) The effects of this environment during the first five years will be less detrimental than a comparable exposure that starts during grade school.
C) The older children in a family should score lower on IQ tests than their younger siblings.
D) As the size of a family increases, the average IQ score of all the family members decreases.

Question 74

Which of the following is the best predictor of whether or not a child will succeed in an academic setting?

A) his or her IQ or aptitude-test scores
B) his or her prior course grades
C) his or her motivation and interests
D) his or her cognitive style

Question 75

Which of the following traits would you be most accurate in predicting if you were to use IQ scores?

A) academic achievement
B) employment status
C) life satisfaction
D) psychological adjustment

Question 76

Which of the following is a better predictor of academic achievement than an IQ score?

A) cognitive style
B) previous school grades
C) scores on standardized achievement tests
D) interest in the subject matter

Question 77

Which statement best characterizes the abilities of children who have IQ scores of 55 to 70 on the Wechsler scales?

A) They are capable of learning few academic or practical lessons at school.
B) They will be unhappy, unproductive adults.
C) They will be productive as adults and satisfied with their accomplishments.
D) They eventually will be institutionalized because they are incapable of self-care.

Question 78

Steele and his colleagues found that African-American adolescents performed poorly when they thought their abilities would be assessed,but performed as well as their European-American peers when the same test was presented as a nonevaluative exercise.Based on this result,what can be concluded with respect to cultural biases in IQ testing?

A) A stereotype threat does not influence performance in testing situations.
B) A stereotype threat can influence performance in testing situations.
C) Racial and ethnic group differences in test scores are the result of motivational factors.
D) Racial and ethnic group differences in test scores are the result of cultural bias in the testing materials.

Question 79

In comparison to their less intelligent peers,which of the following best characterizes the developmental outcome of the gifted children in Terman's study?

A) severe psychological instability
B) difficulty in establishing or maintaining stable relationships
C) general unhappiness and low satisfaction with life
D) more successful emotional adjustment

Question 80

According to Scarr and McCartney,what is the main reason that identical twins continue to have similar IQ scores throughout life whereas the resemblance between fraternal twins decreases with time?

A) Genotype is the primary determinant of IQ.
B) Environment is the primary determinant of IQ.
C) Identical twins actively select more similar environments than do fraternal twins.
D) Genotype determines an individual's environment in both childhood and adulthood.