Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The placenta is like a

A)cargo vessel that collects and delivers supplies.
B)sentinel who watches for danger.
C)teacher who explains difficult concepts.
D)manager who supervises a staff of workers.

Answer 1

cargo vessel that collects and delivers supplies.

Question 2

During the period of the embryo, the neural tube develops from the

A)pancreas, an important organ.
B)endoderm, the inner layer of the embryonic disk.
C)mesoderm, the middle layer of the embryonic disk.
D)ectoderm, the outer layer of the embryonic disk.

Answer 2

ectoderm, the outer layer of the embryonic disk.

Question 3

About ____ percent of zygotes successfully complete the germinal period to enter the period of the embryo.

A)1
B)10
C)25
D)70

Answer 3

25

Question 4

Which of these periods of prenatal development is shortest, covering the fewest days?

A)Fetal period
B)Embryonic period
C)Period of the zygote
D)All are of equal duration

Question 5

Prenatal development refers to development of

A)the social bond of the adult couple.
B)the newborn immediately after the birth.
C)the offspring during pregnancy, from conception until birth.
D)plans to become pregnant.

Question 6

The placenta serves as a semipermeable barrier between the mother's and the baby's

A)nervous systems.
B)bowels.
C)visual systems.
D)blood supplies.

Question 7

Which of these is NOT among the four support structures that protect and nourish the developing organism?

A)The placenta
B)The anoxia
C)The amnion
D)The chorion

Question 8

During the period of the embryo, the muscles, circulatory system, and bones develop from the

A)endoderm, the inner layer of the embryonic disk.
B)mesoderm, the middle layer of the embryonic disk.
C)ectoderm, the outer layer of the embryonic disk.
D)the placenta, which connects the embryo to the mother.

Question 9

The embryo develops from the embryonic disk, which is

A)the inner layer of the blastocyst.
B)an inner organ of the fetus.
C)the unfertilized ovum.
D)a type of teratogen.

Question 10

The ____ is a support structure that surrounds the amnion and later becomes the lining of the placenta.

A)umbilical cord
B)lanugo
C)chorion
D)neural tube

Question 11

The ____ is a watertight sac in which the developing child floats during its prenatal development.

A)postpartum
B)lanugo
C)vernix
D)amnion

Question 12

The prenatal period lasting from conception to implantation is referred to as the

A)period of cellular replication.
B)embryonic period.
C)period of the zygote.
D)fetal period.

Question 13

Implantation occurs about two ____ following conception.

A)hours
B)days
C)weeks
D)months

Question 14

Out of every four zygotes, ____ fail(s) to survive.

A)none
B)one
C)two
D)three

Question 15

The proper place for the blastocyst to implant itself is at the

A)interior of a fallopian tube.
B)lining of the vagina.
C)outside of the ovary.
D)wall of the uterus.

Question 16

Identify the correct prenatal sequence of periods, from earliest to latest.

A)Fetal period :: embryonic period :: period of the zygote
B)Period of the zygote :: embryonic period :: fetal period
C)Embryonic period :: fetal period :: period of the zygote
D)Embryonic period :: period of the zygote :: fetal period

Question 17

____ connects the embryo to the placenta and transports metabolic waste from the embryo to the mother's blood stream.

A)The uterus
B)The umbilical cord
C)The fallopian tube
D)The intestine

Question 18

The period of the embryo occurs during the ____ weeks of pregnancy.

A)first and second
B)third through eighth
C)ninth through 12th
D)13th through 20th

Question 19

Of the following, the substance that typically CANNOT pass through the placenta to the developing embryo is

A)oxygen.
B)maternal blood cells.
C)sugars, proteins, and fats.
D)viruses.

Question 20

During the first four days following conception, the structure of 60 to 80 cells is called the

A)homo spherical.
B)blobonoidal entity.
C)blastocyst.
D)zygotenoid.

Question 21

The embryo's neural tube develops eventually into

A)the skin.
B)the central nervous system.
C)the arms and legs.
D)internal organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.

Question 22

In the absence of biochemical instructions, the embryo's indifferent gonad will develop sexually

A)in a masculine style.
B)in a neutral style that is neither male nor female.
C)in masculine as well as feminine styles.
D)in a feminine style.

Question 23

During the period of the embryo, the mesoderm, the middle layer of the embryonic disk, develops into the

A)muscles, circulatory system, and bones.
B)neural tube.
C)fetus.
D)umbilical cord.

Question 24

The organism experiences its fastest relative rate of growth during the

A)first prenatal month.
B)last trimester of pregnancy.
C)first month of infancy.
D)10th month following birth.

Question 25

The vernix protects the fetus against

A)chapping by movements in the amniotic liquid.
B)temporary blinding by exposure to intense lights.
C)becoming engorged by fluids received from the umbilical cord.
D)annoying bites from mites that float in the womb.

Question 26

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has revealed that the six-month-old human fetus has some ability to discriminate among

A)tastes of the food the mother eats.
B)light and dark.
C)sounds.
D)different voices.

Question 27

Fetal movements are first felt by the mother and the fetal heartbeat can be heard at

A)three to four weeks.
B)25 to 38 weeks.
C)one week.
D)13 to 24 weeks.

Question 28

As early as the end of the ____ gestational month, the fetus's reproductive system already contains immature ova or sperm cells.

A)third
B)fourth
C)fifth
D)sixth

Question 29

A slogan that describes nature's rule for embryonic sexual development would be,

A)"Nature abhors a vacuum."
B)"Lacking masculine instructions, develop as a female."
C)"Lacking feminine instructions, develop as a male."
D)"Sexual identity is unknowable prior to birth."

Question 30

The white cheesy material that coats the fetus's body is called

A)diethylstilbestrol.
B)placental ooze.
C)folic acid.
D)vernix.

Question 31

Gwen had an ultrasound done 60 days after conception. In the ultrasound image, she will see

A)if the baby carries any recessive genes.
B)the sex of the preborn baby.
C)that it is a baby, not a cancerous tumor.
D)very little because the embryo is so small.

Question 32

The ____ is a time during which organ systems are refined and begin to function.

A)embryonic period
B)fetal period
C)period of the zygote
D)implantation

Question 33

A slogan for the neonate would be,

A)"Originate!"
B)"Differentiate!"
C)"Rapid growth!"
D)"Welcome to the world!"

Question 34

What is indifferent about the "indifferent gonad" that develops near the end of the embryonic period?

A)It does not yet have emotional feelings
B)It develops identically, regardless of the mother's diet
C)It lacks any opinions on social science controversies
D)It can develop into either testes or ovaries

Question 35

The 24th week is often set as the legal upper limit for medical abortion. At this point in time, the milestone that is reached by the developing fetus is

A)the heart and circulatory system begin to function.
B)spontaneous movement is apparent for the first time.
C)sex differentiation and sex organ development is now completed.
D)the minimal age of viability has been reached.

Question 36

During embryonic development, ENDODERM is to ECTODERM as ____ is to ____.

A)FAST :: SLOW
B)INNER :: OUTER
C)PASSIVE :: ACTIVE
D)PROGRESSIVE :: RECESSIVE

Question 37

At the end of the ____, all the major structures of the human are formed.

A)embryonic period
B)fetal period
C)period of the zygote
D)implantation

Question 38

As early as the end of the ____ gestational month, the male/female sexual identity of the fetus can be assessed with ultrasound imaging.

A)second
B)third
C)fourth
D)fifth

Question 39

During restorative fetal surgery, a surgeon declares, "The fetus's vernix appears abnormal!" To what does the doctor refer?

A)Reflexes that respond to touch
B)Roundness of the facial features
C)A white cheesy coating on the skin
D)Muscle tension in the arms and legs

Question 40

____ is needed for the prenatal development of male sex organs in the fetus.

A)The sound of men's voices
B)Salt in the mother's diet
C)Testosterone hormone
D)The absence of estrogen, a female hormone,

Question 41

The fetal position, with the limbs folded up around the body, is especially characteristic of the

A)first trimester.
B)second trimester.
C)early third trimester.
D)late third trimester.

Question 42

Teratogens can be described with a single word as

A)enhancing.
B)nutritious.
C)harmful.
D)expansive.

Question 43

The proportion of infants born with a defect is about _____ percent.

A)1
B)5
C)25
D)50

Question 44

At a prenatal clinic, expectant mothers are advised, "While pregnant, you must be most careful to avoid exposure to teratogens during the ____ period."

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)perinatal

Question 45

When the father's exposure to a teratogen has a harmful effect on the child, the transfer occurs during

A)conception.
B)the germinal period.
C)the period of the embryo.
D)the period of the fetus.

Question 46

An older sibling asks her pregnant mother whether the baby has hair before it is born. "Yes," states her mother, "It is a fine layer of body hair called the

A)prenatal fuzz."
B)lanugo."
C)shaggy encapsulation."
D)monkey's sweater."

Question 47

"Anytime malformations," which occur from teratogen exposure during any week of the pregnancy, are LEAST applicable to which body organ?

A)Palate
B)Eyes
C)Genitals
D)Nervous system

Question 48

A ____ is a substance or disease that causes developmental harm to the embryo or fetus.

A)lanugo
B)thalidomizer
C)teratogen
D)prenatal degrader

Question 49

Suppose that your fetus lacks its lanugo. What would be missing?

A)Capacity for intelligence
B)A particular pair of chromosomes
C)A fine layer of hair on the skin
D)An organ that inflates the lungs at birth

Question 50

Which statement about teratogens is FALSE?

A)Harmful effects are more likely when exposure is long.
B)Each teratogen causes a single defect.
C)Individual embryos or fetuses may react differently to a particular teratogen.
D)The effects on a body organ are worst when the organ is forming or growing rapidly.

Question 51

The age of viability is a developmental milestone when

A)survival outside the uterus is possible.
B)the fetus is recognized as being a person.
C)the fetus begins to have thoughts and intentions.
D)quickening movements are first noticed by the mother.

Question 52

Most of the sensitive periods for teratogenic injuries occur during the ____ period.

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)perinatal

Question 53

For most fetuses, the age of viability occurs during the ____ month after conception.

A)fifth
B)sixth
C)seventh
D)ninth

Question 54

Teratogens are most likely to produce major structural abnormalities during the

A)first two weeks after conception.
B)second to eighth weeks following conception.
C)12th to 20th weeks following conception.
D)last trimester of pregnancy.

Question 55

Of these various body parts, which has the longest duration high-sensitivity period for teratogenic injury?

A)Arms
B)Teeth
C)Heart
D)Central nervous system

Question 56

A teratogenic sensitive period is the time when

A)developmental enhancements are likely to occur.
B)a body organ is most vulnerable to teratogenic injury.
C)the pregnant mother reacts strongly to emotional crises.
D)odors from the pregnant mother elicit protective actions by family pets.

Question 57

Teratogenic effects resulting from the father's exposure to substances are most likely to exert influence on

A)sperm cells.
B)the surface of his skin.
C)the child after birth.
D)organs that have been fully formed.

Question 58

A teratogen is a(n)

A)tool used to extract the head of the fetus during birth.
B)instrument for assessing an Apgar rating of the newborn.
C)specially shaped delivery table at birthing centers.
D)external agent that causes developmental harm at particular times during pregnancy.

Question 59

Pregnant mothers should ____ exposure to teratogens.

A)avoid
B)be indifferent about
C)seek occasional
D)seek continual

Question 60

While pregnant, Terry was exposed briefly to a very small amount of a teratogen. The effects of exposure will be

A)serious because teratogens, by definition, cause severe birth defects.
B)maximized, depending on her genetic makeup.
C)minimized by the small amount and brevity of exposure.
D)varied, depending on the timing of the exposure.

Question 61

The mother's rubella infection has its worst teratogenic effects on the offspring when the infection occurs

A)in combination with alcohol.
B)during the first trimester.
C)during the second trimester.
D)during the third trimester.

Question 62

Developmental injuries were caused by thalidomide to each of these organs EXCEPT the

A)ears.
B)genitals.
C)arms.
D)legs.

Question 63

The developmental disability called phocomelia affects

A)the distribution and texture of hair on the head.
B)later intellectual abilities and performance.
C)the appearance of the face.
D)the development of legs or arms.

Question 64

The developmental effects of rubella on the unborn child are ____ on the pregnant mother.

A)much worse than
B)about the same as
C)milder than
D)of briefer duration than

Question 65

Which of these is NOT a consequence common to babies whose mothers were exposed to rubella during pregnancy?

A)Continual sneezing
B)Mental retardation
C)Deafness
D)Blindness

Question 66

How do expectant mothers become infected with the teratogenic substance toxoplasmosis?

A)Intimate relations with their infected husbands
B)Eating undercooked meat or by exposure to the feces of an infected cat
C)Breathing the airborne pollen of the acacia tree
D)Physical fatigue from excessive aerobic exercise

Question 67

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle observed that

A)some teratogenic drugs prevent birth defects.
B)low-birth-weight babies commonly become obese adults.
C)on rare occasions, men become pregnant and give birth.
D)drunken mothers give birth to feeble-minded infants.

Question 68

When normal vaginal birth poses a risk of infecting the child with an STD such as genital herpes, the birth is

A)preceded by massive fetal doses of analgesics.
B)delayed indefinitely until signs of infection are gone.
C)done via cesarean delivery to minimize infection risk.
D)recommended to be done at home to provide a soothing environment.

Question 69

Mother-to-child HIV/AIDS infection is most common among women who

A)have a lesbian sexual orientation.
B)participate regularly in church choirs.
C)have avoided pregnancy until after age 35.
D)are involved with intravenous drug injection.

Question 70

Today, most babies who are born infected with HIV in the United States

A)die shortly after birth.
B)will die by age 3.
C)are likely to live beyond the age of 6.
D)are able to live long and healthy lives.

Question 71

Thalidomide generated strong teratogenic effects on children whose mothers consumed the drug during ____ of pregnancy.

A)the first two months
B)the second trimester
C)the third trimester
D)any interval

Question 72

The teratogenic disease ____ is transmitted to pregnant mothers who consume undercooked meat or who handle the feces of cats that were exposed to this infection.

A)chicken pox
B)cholera
C)tuberculosis
D)toxoplasmosis

Question 73

If you work in a pet shop and become pregnant, you should especially AVOID cleaning the cages of ____ because of the risk of catching toxoplasmosis from the droppings of an infected animal.

A)monkeys
B)cats
C)dogs
D)reptiles or amphibians

Question 74

Because the teratogenic effects of rubella are most severe during the first trimester, when pregnancy is not noticeable, one who is infected

A)should plan to become pregnant soon.
B)must accept that willpower alone is the best treatment.
C)should keep distant from women of childbearing age.
D)should pass out rubella medications to everyone nearby.

Question 75

The thalidomide tragedy during the 1960s showed that

A)saving money with low-cost drugs is no bargain.
B)sexually transmitted diseases exert harmful effects on the child even years after the disease was cured.
C)animal testing of new drugs does not guarantee their safety for humans.
D)dietary factors interact with drugs in unexpected ways.

Question 76

Consuming small amounts of alcohol (e.g., ounce/day) during pregnancy

A)causes profound physical birth defects such as phocomelia.
B)causes psychosis and severe mental retardation in the mother and also in the baby.
C)may produce delayed developmental effects that appear months or years later, during childhood.
D)is harmless to development because the dosage is small.

Question 77

Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease, is most harmful to infants during the

A)period of the zygote.
B)birth.
C)embryonic stage.
D)period of the fetus.

Question 78

Which mode of transmission is LEAST likely to infect the baby of a mother who is a carrier of the HIV/AIDS virus?

A)Prenatal infection via the placenta
B)Via mother's milk during breastfeeding
C)Via mosquito bites to mother, then to baby
D)During birth, via blood exchange from the placenta

Question 79

The teratogen thalidomide is a mild tranquilizer that was sold over the counter as a remedy for

A)nausea and vomiting.
B)anxiety.
C)headaches.
D)diarrhea.

Question 80

Diseases tend to exert more harmful influences on the embryo or fetus than on the mother herself because

A)mothers take many medications during pregnancy.
B)the unborn child's immune system is immature.
C)pregnant mothers are motivated to protect their health.
D)the embryo or fetus tries strongly to protect its mother.