Deck 13: Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations

Question 1

A correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentence

A)Jail
B)Prison
C)Boot camp
D)House arrest

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not a style of the Pennsylvania System of corrections

A)Single cells in a semicircle
B)Bible study
C)Congregate model
D)Silence

Answer 2

C

Question 3

One of the William Penn's most noteworthy additions to the correction system was:

A)Increased sanitary conditions.
B)Removal of torture and public punishments.
C)The creation of the watchtower in American jails.
D)Hiring female correctional officers in an attempt to create normalcy in the prison environment.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The supervision of selected offenders from rehabilitation-style facilities in the 1870s was handled by individuals known as:

A)Guardians.
B)Wardens.
C)Gate-keepers.
D)Custodians.

Question 5

Zebulon Brockway is most known for being the warden of which institution, which advocated indeterminate sentencing and treatment

A)Primanti Rehabilitation Prison
B)Elmira Reformatory
C)Walnut Street Jail
D)Madison Prison Medical Facility

Question 6

What act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison for private use

A)The Jackson-Joseph Act
B)The Great Depression Act
C)The Ashurst-Sumners Act
D)The Property of Service Act

Question 7

The concept of incarcerating convicted offenders for long periods of time as a punishment became norm in corrections during which century

A)Seventeenth
B)Eighteenth
C)Nineteenth
D)Twentieth

Question 8

What significant event in history made it mandatory to limit the amount of prison-made goods allowed for sale in the late 1920s and early 1930s

A)World War I
B)The Appointment of J. Edgar Hoover to the FBI
C)The Great Depression
D)The lumber shortage of 1928

Question 9

Which state created the first parole agency in 1884

A)Ohio
B)West Virginia
C)Illinois
D)Virginia

Question 10

The mark system is attributed to which Irish prison reformer

A)Lawrence Driscoll
B)Michael McColgan
C)Orla O'Hara
D)Walter Crofton

Question 11

The first step toward prison reform began in Cincinnati in 1870 at the:

A)National Prison Reform Council
B)Cincinnati Prison Reform Doctrine
C)National Congress of Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline
D)Federal Penitentiary Reform Regulatory Council

Question 12

The first American jail was built in which city in the early seventeenth century

A)James City
B)New York
C)Boston
D)Pittsburgh

Question 13

The birthplace of the modern prison system and the Pennsylvania system of confinement was at:

A)Pittsburgh City Jail.
B)Quaker Village Penitentiary.
C)Walnut Street Jail.
D)Philadelphia House.

Question 14

The "no-frills" approach most likely resembles what correctional ideology

A)Restitution
B)Rehabilitation
C)Deterrence
D)Work release

Question 15

After the 1770s, which country became the destination for "transported" English prisoners

A)United States
B)Germany
C)Australia
D)Haiti

Question 16

Of the prison systems discussed in Chapter 13, which method eventually won out as the model used in the United States

A)Auburn
B)Pennsylvania
C)Philadelphia
D)Quaker

Question 17

The modern American correctional system is credited to whose work in Pennsylvania

A)James Q. Wilson
B)William Penn
C)Zebulon Brockway
D)King Henry III

Question 18

Which type of new-generation jail contains a cluster of cells surrounding a living area or pod with a officers station located within this pod

A)Direct-supervision jails
B)Explicit-supervision jails
C)Ancillary-supervision jails
D)Indirect-supervision jails

Question 19

Which type of correctional institution houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world

A)Enhanced super-maximum-security prisons
B)Maximum-security prisons
C)Minimum-security prisons
D)Medium-security prisons

Question 20

With which of the following is Alexander Maconochie not associated

A)Ticket-of-leave
B)English Penal Servitude Act
C)Condemnation of transportation
D)Creation of modern-day probation

Question 21

Which type of community-based correctional facility houses inmates before their outright release so they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society

A)Community treatment facility
B)Halfway house
C)Boot camp
D)Placement house

Question 22

CASE 13.2
Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions.
Given what we know about their crimes, which of the brothers will be most likely to have educational opportunities in his facilities

A)James only
B)John only
C)Jason and John only
D)All three brothers have educational opportunities as part of the prison experience

Question 23

A first-time white-collar offender would most likely be sentenced to which type of prison

A)Super-maximum-security
B)Maximum-security
C)Medium-security
D)Minimum-security

Question 24

Under which of the following systems was prisoner employment controlled by the state and goods manufactured by the prisoners sold to benefit the state

A)Convict-lease
B)Public account
C)Contract
D)Auburn

Question 25

CASE 13.3
Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. This is Robert's first offense and many in the system argue that the sentence is harsh. Given this information, answer the following questions.
The most widely used model of treatment within society is the _________________, which houses inmates before their outright discharge from the system to allow each to adjust to society.

A)Samaritan house
B)Halfway house
C)Reformatory dormitory
D)Correctional placement house

Question 26

CASE 13.3
Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. This is Robert's first offense and many in the system argue that the sentence is harsh. Given this information, answer the following questions.
Robert most likely would be a good candidate for the __________________ model, which attempts to maintain convicted offenders within society instead of a secure facility.

A)Community treatment
B)Neighborhood watch
C)Unrestricted evaluation
D)Boot camp

Question 27

CASE 13.2
Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions.
Jason would most likely serve his time in a:

A)Minimum-security prison.
B)Medium-security prison.
C)Maximum-security prison.
D)Super-maximum-security prison.

Question 28

Which of the following is not a purpose of jails

A)Detain accused offenders awaiting trial who cannot afford bail
B)Temporary holding of convicted offenders awaiting sentencing
C)Long-term incarceration of violent offenders
D)Holding of probationers and parolees picked up for violations

Question 29

Which of the following is an attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in society rather than in a secure facility

A)Shock incarceration
B)Community reformatory model
C)Community treatment
D)Societal acclimation

Question 30

Under which of the following systems did officials sell the labor of inmates to private organizations for use inside or outside the prison

A)Convict-lease
B)Public account
C)Contract
D)Auburn

Question 31

CASE 13.1
A man is arrested for a violent crime. The date is November 11, 1822. Given this information, answer the following questions.
The inmate was housed in a correctional environment that mandated Bible study and in-cell work. He is most likely housed in the:

A)Pennsylvania system.
B)Auburn system.
C)New York system.
D)Alabama system.

Question 32

CASE 13.3
Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. This is Robert's first offense and many in the system argue that the sentence is harsh. Given this information, answer the following questions.
If this same offense occurred during the late 1800s in association with Brockway's reformatory style of prison, the inmates would have been released to the custody of individuals known as _______________.

A)Gate-keepers
B)Guardians
C)Watchmen
D)Free masons

Question 33

Which of the following is not true about inmate populations

A)African Americans are six times as likely as whites to be held in custody
B)Hispanics are two times as likely as whites to be held in custody
C)Juvenile populations are on the rise for the first time since 1994; they now make up 29% of the total prison population.
D)Women still make up less than 10% of the prison population.

Question 34

CASE 13.1
A man is arrested for a violent crime. The date is November 11, 1822. Given this information, answer the following questions.
If the man were housed in a penitentiary in which silence and harsh punishments were the norm, he would most likely be housed in:

A)Pennsylvania system.
B)Auburn system.
C)Either the Pennsylvania system or the Auburn system.
D)Neither the Pennsylvania nor the Auburn systems, as they did not condone harsh treatments.

Question 35

The first private prison was opened in 1986 in which state

A)Tennessee
B)New Mexico
C)Ohio
D)Kentucky

Question 36

Under which of the following systems did private businesses lease prisoner labor for an annual fee and assume supervision responsibilities

A)Convict-lease
B)Public account
C)Contract
D)Auburn

Question 37

CASE 13.2
Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions.
James would most likely serve his time in a:

A)Minimum-security prison.
B)Medium-security prison.
C)Maximum-security prison.
D)Super-maximum-security prison.

Question 38

Which type of prison is a less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world

A)Minimum-security
B)Medium-security
C)Maximum-security
D)Super-maximum-security

Question 39

CASE 13.2
Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions.
John would most likely serve his time in a:

A)Minimum-security prison.
B)Medium-security prison.
C)Maximum-security prison.
D)Super-maximum-security prison.

Question 40

Which of the following was not an innovation advocated by Zebulon Brockway

A)Indeterminate sentencing
B)Parole
C)Corporal punishment
D)Individual treatment

Question 41

As early as 1715, the idea of parole had spread to the Virginia Colonies and was the most widely used correctional sentence.

Question 42

During the Civil War era, prisons were major manufacturers of clothes, shoes, boots, and furniture.

Question 43

The medical model was still widely used from 1960 to 1980 in the United States.

Question 44

The Pennsylvania system eventually won out over the Auburn system of penitentiaries.

Question 45

Research has found a correlation between increases in the prison population and decreases in the crime rate.

Question 46

English prisons were once so overpopulated that abandoned ships were used as prisons.

Question 47

During the 1930s and 1940s, restrictions on prison-made goods had little or no effect on the manufacturing and distribution of these products.

Question 48

The decline in the jail population reflects both a declining U.S. crime rate and greater reliance on alternatives to incarceration.

Question 49

Some super-max-style prisons lock inmates in their cells for twenty-two to twenty-four hours a day.

Question 50

Zebulon Brockway is most known for his work at the Elmira Reformatory.

Question 51

Minimum-security prisons have been criticized for being like country clubs, some with tennis courts and pools, and have received the nickname "club fed."

Question 52

In 1827, the Western State Penitentiary was built using a semicircle formation most known in the Pennsylvania system prisons.

Question 53

Large numbers of English prisoners were transported to Australia following the American Revolution.

Question 54

By 1927, only three U.S. states did not have some kind of parole option.

Question 55

By the end of the 1930s, few prisons required inmates to wear the infamous striped suits and the code of silence ended.

Question 56

The concept of incarcerating convicted offenders for long periods of time has been the norm since the fourteenth century.

Question 57

Alexander Maconochie is most known for his work with prison reform in the area of transportation of inmates from England.

Question 58

At one time, thousands of minor children were housed in jails as runaways, truants, and criminals.

Question 59

Once released from prison, the majority of offenders do not recidivate.

Question 60

Since the 1980s, the correctional system has been largely focused on crime control as opposed to rehabilitation.

Question 61

The ______________________ Act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison for private use.

Question 62

A _____________________ is a correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentences.

Question 63

A correctional facility designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentence is called a ______________________.

Question 64

About 80% of the U.S. noncriminal population have their high school diploma, as compared with only _________________ percent of the correctional population.

Question 65

Corrections Corporation of America is known as one of the largest _______________ industries in the United States.

Question 66

Jail conditions vary greatly across counties, as there are currently no unified national policies dictating the terms under which jails must be run.

Question 67

The use of modern designs to improve effectiveness in jails has led to the creation of _________________ jails.

Question 68

Overcrowding of English prisons forced inmates onto floating barges, called _______________

Question 69

__________________________ was a key originator of the American correctional system in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth century.

Question 70

Over the past two decades, the number of female jail inmates has been increasing at a faster rate than that of male inmates.

Question 71

The __________________ system developed in the nineteenth century was based on the concepts of total isolation and individual penitence.

Question 72

Under the Pennsylvania system, prison quarters that contained solitary or separate cells were called ___________________.

Question 73

The __________________ model views inmates as victims of their environment and in need of care and treatment to reform them into productive members of society.

Question 74

The birthplace of the modern prison system and of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement was at a dwelling named the ____________________.

Question 75

_________________-supervision jails use a cluster of cells and a pod system, but the correctional officer's station is located inside a secure room.

Question 76

In terms of jail, the current rate of incarceration is about 500 inmates for every 100,000 U.S. citizens.

Question 77

The __________________ system was a congregate-style system developed in the nineteenth century in New York and was based on the concepts of group work during the day and separation at night.

Question 78

A type of prison in which cells are located along corridors in the multiple layers or levels was called the ___________________.

Question 79

Today, convicted criminals are receiving longer sentences than they would have received five years ago.

Question 80

A short-term, militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline is called a ______________________.