Deck 2: Foundations: The Cell

Question 1

Substances that enter the cell usually do so through the

A)cholesterol.
B)glycocalyx.
C)glycolipids.
D)integral proteins.
E)peripheral proteins.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following describes phospholipids in the plasmalemma

A)The lipid tails are hydrophobic.
B)The lipid tails are hydrophilic.
C)The phosphate heads are hydrophobic.
D)The tails are at the surface.
E)The heads are on the inside.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which statement describes how the plasmalemma is used in communication and sensitivity

A)It serves as a storage site for large amounts of proteins for future use by the cell.
B)It effectively isolates the cytoplasm from the surrounding fluid environment.
C)It contains gated channels that can be opened or closed to regulate the passage of materials.
D)It acts as a site for the attachment of glycoproteins and glycolipids, which act as receptors for molecules present in the extracellular fluid.
E)It provides for specialized connections between neighboring cells.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the term for water movement across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration

A)facilitated diffusion
B)osmosis
C)filtration
D)active transport
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 5

How does oxygen pass through the plasmalemma

A)across the membrane's lipid portion
B)through membrane channels
C)always by passive processes
D)always by active transport
E)both through membrane channels and always by passive processes

Question 6

Which of the following statements describes cytosol

A)The term encompasses all material inside the cell.
B)The fluid content of the cell.
C)It contains much less protein than the extracellular fluid.
D)It contains large amounts of carbohydrates.
E)It includes the intracellular structures known as organelles.

Question 7

Iron ions and cholesterol are brought into the cell by the process of

A)pinocytosis.
B)phagocytosis.
C)receptor-mediated pinocytosis.
D)bulk transport.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Cells float in a watery medium called

A)cytoplasm.
B)extracellular fluid.
C)cytosol.
D)cellular fluid.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 9

________ are common inclusions in the cytosol of fat cells.

A)Glycogen granules
B)Suspended proteins
C)Lipid droplets
D)Dissolved proteins
E)Metabolic enzymes

Question 10

Because the plasmalemma blocks some substances and allows others through, it is referred to as being

A)structurally rigid.
B)impermeable.
C)selectively permeable.
D)freely permeable.
E)both structurally rigid and selectively permeable.

Question 11

Which of the following is a passive process for material movement across a plasmalemma

A)bulk flow
B)endocytosis
C)exocytosis
D)active transport
E)facilitated diffusion

Question 12

Processes involved in the movement of substances across a membrane at the expense of ATP are classified as

A)osmosis.
B)diffusion.
C)filtration.
D)facilitated diffusion.
E)active transport.

Question 13

The two major cations in the body are

A)calcium and sodium.
B)chloride and bicarbonate.
C)sodium and chloride.
D)sodium and potassium.
E)magnesium and chloride.

Question 14

An active process for transporting liquid across a plasmalemma is

A)phagocytosis.
B)pinocytosis.
C)bulk flow.
D)exchange pumps.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 15

The study of the structure and function of cells is

A)biochemistry.
B)gross anatomy.
C)cytology.
D)electron microscopy.
E)phrenology.

Question 16

The extracellular fluid contains high amounts of

A)potassium ions.
B)dissolved and suspended proteins.
C)amino acids.
D)sodium ions.
E)lipids.

Question 17

Which of the following shows the fine structure of a plasmalemma (cell membrane)and the details of intracellular structures

A)light microscopy
B)transmission electron microscopy
C)scanning electron microscopy
D)ultrasound
E)magnetic resonance imaging

Question 18

How do peripheral proteins contribute to the structure of the plasmalemma

A)They form a structural element by being embedded in the plasmalemma.
B)Some form channels to permit passage of water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds into and out of the cell.
C)Some may function as catalysts or receptor sites to signal through the plasmalemma.
D)They are attached to only one side of the membrane.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

The viscous, superficial coating on the outer surface of the plasmalemma is called the

A)glycocalyx.
B)pseudopodia.
C)inclusions.
D)tubulin.
E)cytosol.

Question 20

The general functions of the plasmalemma include

A)physical isolation of the cell contents from the extracellular fluid.
B)regulation of exchange of materials with the environment.
C)sensitivity to changes in the extracellular fluid.
D)structural support of the cell.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

Thick filaments

A)form intermediate filaments to stabilize organelle position.
B)are stable structures that do not change once formed.
C)are called neurofilaments in neurons.
D)interact with actin to produce contractions.
E)form the spindle apparatus during cell division.

Question 22

Communicating junctions are found in high quantities in the

A)heart.
B)brain.
C)lungs.
D)eyes.
E)bones.

Question 23

Which statement describes cytoplasmic vesicles

A)They are formed by all types of endocytosis.
B)Contents are toxic to the cell.
C)They never contain extracellular fluids.
D)They only contain solids.
E)They have a membrane that is very different from the plasmalemma.

Question 24

Which organelle determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell by controlling RNA and protein synthesis

A)endoplasmic reticulum
B)Golgi apparatus
C)ribosomes
D)mitochondria
E)nucleus

Question 25

Which of the following is a function of microtubules

A)being part of the spindle apparatus
B)provide strength to the cell
C)stabilize position of organelles
D)attaches the plasmolemma to the underlying cytoplasm
E)assist in DNA replication

Question 26

Recycling and changing the plasmalemma is the major function of which organelle

A)lysosomes
B)Golgi apparatus
C)peroxisomes
D)mitochondria
E)cytoskeleton

Question 27

Which of the following is a nonmembranous organelle

A)Golgi apparatus
B)microvilli
C)nucleolus
D)centriole
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

The nucleus of a cell

A)is completely enclosed with no way in or out.
B)contains only the DNA.
C)is surrounded by a double membrane.
D)it contains large proteins that form chromosomes and are the genetic material for the cell.
E)has all of the above attributes.

Question 29

The functions of microtubules include

A)holding open gated channels in the plasmalemma.
B)changing the shape of the cell.
C)moving organelles around the cell.
D)forming small, finger-shaped projections from the plasmalemma.
E)changing the shape of the cell and moving organelles around the cell.

Question 30

If a cell lacked centrioles, it would be unable to

A)direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
B)move through the surrounding fluid.
C)replicate its own DNA.
D)manufacture proteins.
E)move fluids or solutes across the plasmalemma.

Question 31

Which of the following is a vesicle

A)communicating junction
B)lysosome
C)tight junction
D)anchoring junction
E)hyaluronan

Question 32

Which of the following is located in the cytoplasm

A)DNA
B)chromatin
C)envelope
D)nucleolus
E)centriole

Question 33

Cytokinesis

A)usually begins after telophase.
B)separates the daughter cells after mitosis.
C)is the last phase of mitosis.
D)completes the process of mitosis.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

Which cellular operation occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A)regulation of protein synthesis
B)synthesis of RNA
C)DNA replication leading to cell division
D)manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids
E)synthesis of ribosomes via nucleoli

Question 35

What is the major function of ribosomes

A)manufacture proteins
B)produce ATP
C)package proteins
D)move through the extracellular fluid
E)reproduce themselves

Question 36

In correct order from beginning to end, cells undergoing mitosis pass through

A)anaphase, prophase, interphase, and telophase.
B)metaphase, prophase, telophase, and anaphase.
C)interphase, telophase, metaphase, and prophase.
D)prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
E)telophase, anaphase, metaphase, and prophase.

Question 37

Protein producing organelles are the

A)nucleus.
B)Golgi apparatus.
C)mitochondria.
D)lysosomes.
E)ribosomes.

Question 38

Which of the following is another name for cytosol

A)intracellular fluid
B)gelatin
C)interstitial fluid
D)extracellular fluid
E)cytoplasm

Question 39

Manufactured proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum are delivered to the Golgi apparatus by

A)cisternae.
B)bulk transport.
C)transport vesicles.
D)ribosomal RNA.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following allows the nucleus to produce ribosomes

A)nuclear envelope
B)nuclear pore
C)nucleoplasm
D)nucleosome
E)nucleolus

Question 41

A passive process that involves movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ________.

Question 42

Because the plasmalemma is relatively permeable to water, the process of ________ keeps water concentration in the extracellular and intracellular fluids equal.

Question 43

The membrane of a cell is composed of a ________ bilayer.

Question 44

Substances that are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer are lipids, lipid-soluble molecules, and ______, such as O₂ and CO₂.

Question 45

The glycocalyx is made of mostly glycoproteins and ________.

Question 46

A phospholipid has two functionally different areas: hydrophilic heads and ________ tails.

Question 47

The term used to describe the property of being able to pass through the membrane is ________.

Question 48

Channels in the plasmalemma that can open or close to regulate the passage of water, small ions, and water-soluble molecules are called ________ channels.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of cell division

A)Its importance diminishes after an individual grows to maturity.
B)It requires accurate duplication (replication)of the genetic material.
C)Each dividing cell produces four cells at a time.
D)It requires mitosis only to produce two daughter cells.
E)Protein synthesis in preparation for division occurs during the S phase of interphase.

Question 50

A plasmalemma separates the cell contents, or ________, from the extracellular fluid.

Question 51

Moving a solute or solvent across a membrane against a concentration gradient is a(n)________ process that requires an expenditure of ATP.

Question 52

"Little organs" inside a cell that have specialized functions are called ________.

Question 53

Which sequence correctly traces the steps of DNA replication
(1)Weak bonds between nitrogenous bases of the DNA are disrupted.
(2)DNA strands unwind.
(3)DNA polymerase binds to exposed nitrogenous bases.
(4)Ligases link together short complementary chains of nucleotides.
(5)Nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand attract complementary nucleotides.

A)1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B)1, 2, 3, 5, 4
C)5, 4, 3, 2, 1
D)1, 3, 5, 2, 4
E)4, 2, 3, 1, 5

Question 54

The main components of the plasmalemma include phospholipids, glycolipids, proteins, and ________.

Question 55

Which of the following processes occurs during interphase

A)Chromatid pairs separate.
B)Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
C)DNA replicates.
D)A cleavage furrow forms.
E)The mitotic spindle forms.

Question 56

Some integral proteins form ________ that let water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds cross the membrane.

Question 57

Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the plasmalemma, while ________ proteins are embedded within the membrane.

Question 58

Which of the following events occur during metaphase

A)Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell.
B)Microtubules form the spindle apparatus.
C)Daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite ends of the cell.
D)Centrioles move apart.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 59

An active transport process that produces cytoplasmic vesicles filled with extracellular fluid is called ________.

Question 60

The fundamental units of all plant and animal tissues are ________.

Question 61

Proteins called ________ are channel proteins that allow the passage of metabolites between neighboring cells.

Question 62

In the nucleus, DNA strands form large complex structures known as ________.

Question 63

The nucleus is separated from the cytosol by the ________.

Question 64

The process of engulfing solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself is called ________.

Question 65

At intervals, DNA coiled around histones forms complexes called ________; these complexes may also coil around other histones.

Question 66

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments are all part of the cell's ________.

Question 67

Interaction between the ________ causes a waving or bending that results in the stiffening of microvilli and the cytoskeleton to which they are anchored.

Question 68

Compared with extracellular fluid, a sample of ________ has a relatively high concentration of both potassium ions and dissolved or suspended proteins, but little carbohydrate.

Question 69

When skin cells are shed a few at a time, rather than in the usual large sheets, it can be hypothesized that the ________ junctions that hold them together might have broken down.

Question 70

New membrane is being added continually by the ________, resulting in membrane turnover at the surface of the cell.

Question 71

The nucleus contains all the information needed for the synthesis of about 100,000 ________.

Question 72

________ filaments provide strength, stabilize the position of organelles, and transport materials within the cytoplasm; they are defined by their size rather than composition, which varies from cell to cell. (Note: Be sure the first letter of your answer is capitalized).

Question 73

The ________ of the cell packages materials for exportation.

Question 74

The ________ serves as the control center for cellular functions.

Question 75

The cytosol contains a high concentration of potassium ions, while the extracellular fluid usually contains a high concentration of ________ ions.

Question 76

Microfilaments are slender protein strands, usually composed of the protein ________.

Question 77

Chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol occurs through ________.

Question 78

A ________ is a cell junction that binds the cell membranes of neighboring cells tightly to one another preventing the passage of material between the cells.

Question 79

Large areas of opposing plasmalemma may be interconnected by transmembrane proteins called ________ or CAMs.

Question 80

The continual movement and exchange of vesicles to and from the plasmalemma is called ________.