Deck 17: The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

The sympathetic division of the ANS generally

A)stimulates tissue metabolism.
B)increases alertness.
C)prepares the body to deal with emergencies.
D)is called the "fight or flight" division.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following applies to postganglionic neurons of the ANS sympathetic division

A)Their cell bodies are located between spinal segments T1 and L2.
B)Their cell bodies are situated in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
C)Their axons synapse with the peripheral effector organs.
D)Their axons emerge along the ventral roots of the spinal cord between segments T1 and L2.
E)Some fibers do not synapse until the collateral ganglia.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The term enteric nervous system refers to

A)the set of neurons in the lower thoracic region of the cord that controls the small intestine.
B)the complex of nerves covering the esophagus.
C)the rather large network of nerves involved in the inferior mesenteric plexus.
D)the fact that the digestive system uses many short reflexes and is capable of regulating itself without the CNS.
E)There is no such thing as an enteric nervous system.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the ANS

A)preganglionic fibers innervate the peripheral organs.
B)preganglionic fibers are unmyelinated.
C)there is always a synapse between the CNS motor neuron and the peripheral effector.
D)motor neuron pathways synapse in the same patterns as in the somatic nervous system.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 5

In the autonomic nervous system

A)the lower motor neuron directly controls the effector organ.
B)there is always a synapse located between the CNS and the effector organ.
C)motor neurons do not synapse but are connected by communicating junctions.
D)some motor neurons release both ACh and NE.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 6

A fiber passing through a gray ramus is most likely to be

A)sympathetic.
B)unmyelinated.
C)heading toward the body wall.
D)carrying an action potential that will cause NE release.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

Tissue responses to neurotransmitters

A)are always excitatory.
B)result from opening ion channels.
C)are always inhibitory.
D)vary depending upon the response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter.
E)result from the formation of second messengers.

Question 8

Norepinephrine released from the sympathetic fibers is usually

A)inhibitory.
B)reverberating.
C)excitatory.
D)long lasting.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 9

Signs of sympathetic stimulation include

A)an increase in cardiovascular and respiratory activity.
B)a decrease in blood pressure.
C)deactivation of the extrapyramidal system.
D)a feeling of lethargy.
E)decreased sweating.

Question 10

The collateral ganglia are located

A)lateral and posterior to the vertebral column.
B)in the wall of the organ to be innervated.
C)posterior to the descending aorta.
D)anterior and lateral to the descending aorta.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Chain ganglia that fuse in the cervical and thoracic regions are called the

A)otic ganglion.
B)sphenopalatine ganglion.
C)stellate ganglion.
D)ganglion impar.
E)intramural ganglia.

Question 12

The most widely used neurotransmitter in the ANS is

A)NE.
B)epinephrine.
C)ACh.
D)GABA.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

A highly specialized region of the sympathetic division that causes widespread sympathetic activation is found in (the)

A)brain.
B)suprarenal medulla.
C)spinal cord.
D)kidney.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

The autonomic division of the nervous system directs

A)voluntary activity.
B)conscious control of skeletal muscles.
C)behavior.
D)emotions.
E)processes that maintain homeostasis.

Question 15

In the autonomic nervous system two neurons are used outside of the CNS, whereas in the somatic nervous system ________ neuron(s)are used outside of the CNS.

A)zero
B)one
C)three
D)four
E)ten

Question 16

The sympathetic division of the ANS includes which of the following

A)three segmentally arranged sympathetic chains
B)two suprarenal medullae
C)paired collateral ganglia anterior to the spinal column
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Generally speaking, the ANS

A)causes relatively short-term changes.
B)is always active.
C)can inhibit or activate an organ.
D)releases several different neurotransmitters.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system that carry motor impulses to targets in the abdominopelvic cavity synapse in a(n)

A)intramural ganglion.
B)collateral ganglion.
C)suprarenal ganglion.
D)sympathetic chain ganglion.
E)celiac ganglion.

Question 19

The major divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)include

A)the conscious and unconscious nervous systems.
B)the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
C)pre- and postganglionic fibers.
D)the voluntary and involuntary divisions.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 20

The activities of the nervous system, comprised of conscious thoughts, plans, and actions,

A)include the majority of nervous activity.
B)represent only a small portion of the activities of the nervous system.
C)regulate all vital physiological functions.
D)may require instructions or modifications from the ANS to function correctly.
E)are all that are necessary to sustain life.

Question 21

Which of the following is a sympathetic chain ganglion

A)celiac ganglion
B)superior mesenteric ganglion
C)inferior mesenteric ganglion
D)paravertebral ganglion
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

Actions for which the sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible include

A)constriction of the pupils of the eyes.
B)acceleration of heart rate and increase in strength of cardiac contractions.
C)constriction of respiratory passages.
D)increase in digestive activity and the rate of urine formation at the kidneys.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 23

Preganglionic fibers connecting the sympathetic chain ganglia to the collateral ganglia make up (the)

A)sympathetic chain.
B)sympathetic trunk.
C)cardiac nerves.
D)splanchnic nerves.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 24

The epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal medullae

A)is all inactivated by enzymes in the bloodstream.
B)has a relatively long duration of activity because it may be inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues only.
C)affects its targets for only a few seconds.
D)provides for localized effects of suprarenal stimulation.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector synapses are classified as

A)cholinergic.
B)norepinephric.
C)adrenergic.
D)non-secretory.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 26

Increases in cardiac and respiratory rates are mediated by ANS fibers

A)synapsing in the ciliary ganglion.
B)passing through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing.
C)exiting from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia.
D)in the lesser splanchnic nerves passing through the celiac ganglion.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 27

If the greater splanchnic nerve were cut prior to its exit from the celiac ganglion, which of the following structures would be the most severely affected

A)stomach
B)spleen
C)kidney
D)suprarenal gland
E)small intestine

Question 28

Which of the following is innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS

A)heart
B)digestive system
C)lungs
D)esophagus
E)sweat glands

Question 29

Structures in the head are innervated by the sympathetic division by postganglionic fibers originating in (the)

A)inferior cervical ganglion.
B)superior mesenteric ganglion.
C)inferior mesenteric ganglion.
D)superior cervical ganglion.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 30

Which of the following terms are acceptable alternate names for the sympathetic chain ganglia

A)lateral ganglia
B)splanchnic ganglia
C)collateral ganglia
D)otic ganglia
E)submandibular ganglia

Question 31

Classes of sympathetic receptors include

A)stimulatory and inhibitory.
B)alpha and beta.
C)specialized and generalized.
D)gamma and delta.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 32

Beta receptors

A)are especially sensitive to epinephrine and relatively unresponsive to norepinephrine.
B)respond by opening ion channels that hyperpolarize the plasmalemma in heart muscle cells.
C)may produce inhibition only.
D)cause constriction of blood vessels in skeletal muscles.
E)may produce excitation only.

Question 33

The sympathetic nervous system releases ACh at the neuroeffector synapse of

A)smooth muscles.
B)cardiac muscle.
C)blood vessels in skeletal muscles.
D)digestive glands.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

Which of the following is true of the structures of the sympathetic chain

A)Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the cervical and thoracic regions only.
B)Each chain contains about 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, and 4 sacral sympathetic ganglia.
C)These nerves have white rami, but lack gray rami.
D)About 8 percent of the axons of each spinal nerve are parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Sacral splanchnic nerves end in (the)

A)hypogastric plexus.
B)esophageal plexus.
C)splanchnic plexus.
D)pelvic plexus.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 36

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers

A)release norepinephrine.
B)innervate the body wall and skeletal muscle fibers.
C)innervate as many as thirty-two ganglionic neurons in different ganglia.
D)stimulate contraction of smooth muscle fibers.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 37

Most ganglia of the ANS are paired; however, the ________ are unpaired.

A)collateral ganglia
B)sympathetic chain ganglia
C)suprarenal medullae
D)otic ganglia
E)pterygopalatine ganglia

Question 38

The sympathetic division of the ANS generally does which of the following

A)functions as the "rest and repose" division.
B)increases respiratory activities needed for exercise.
C)conserves energy.
D)promotes sedentary activities.
E)controls digestion.

Question 39

Unmyelinated axons of the sympathetic division

A)may pass through the gray ramus.
B)are postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
C)release NE.
D)may innervate effector organs.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 40

The norepinephrine released by terminal knobs

A)is all inactivated by enzymes in the bloodstream.
B)may be inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues only.
C)affects its targets for only a few seconds.
D)provides for localized effects of suprarenal stimulation.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 41

The neuroeffector synapse of a postganglionic sympathetic neuron ends in a large branching network with enlarged areas called

A)synaptic knobs.
B)terminal arborizations.
C)varicosities.
D)adrenergic endplates.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 42

Which of the following bodily activities is affected by actions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A)release of glucose into the blood by the liver
B)decrease in urine output as a result of vasoconstriction of the kidneys
C)increase of the ability of the blood to coagulate
D)stimulation of the breakdown of fat
E)accommodation of the lens of the eye for close vision

Question 43

Processing centers in the medulla oblongata coordinate which of the following

A)sensory reflexes
B)defecation
C)coughing reflex
D)emotions
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 44

Which of the following may be released by cells of the sympathetic division

A)epinephrine
B)norepinephrine
C)ACh
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 45

The component of the ANS that increases activity levels in its target organs is (the)

A)sacral division.
B)cervicothoracic division.
C)sympathetic division.
D)preganglionic division.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 46

Solar plexus is another name for (the)

A)celiac plexus.
B)hypogastric plexus.
C)superior mesenteric plexus.
D)esophageal plexus.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 47

The parasympathetic fibers that are involved in control of the eye are from the

A)trigeminal nerve.
B)oculomotor nerve.
C)glossopharyngeal nerve.
D)facial nerve.
E)vagus nerve.

Question 48

The levels of activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are controlled by

A)monosynaptic reflexes.
B)the spinal cord.
C)specific centers in the brain stem.
D)visceral motor neurons.
E)short reflexes.

Question 49

Autonomic nerve plexuses in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities wherein sympathetic postganglionic fibers mix with parasympathetic preganglionic fibers include which of the following

A)cardiac
B)pulmonary
C)celiac
D)hypogastric plexus
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 50

The receptors that are found on all autonomic ganglionic neurons as well as at the neuromuscular synapse of the SNS are

A)muscarinic receptors.
B)beta receptors.
C)nicotinic receptors.
D)alpha receptors.
E)delta receptors.

Question 51

Injury to the neurons of the otic ganglion would affect the function of (the)

A)heart.
B)digestive tract.
C)sweat glands.
D)pupils.
E)salivary glands.

Question 52

Which of the following is involved in the control of the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

A)pelvic nerves
B)the sacral region of the spinal cord
C)the parasympathetic nervous system
D)intramural ganglia
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

The parasympathetic division of the ANS includes

A)preganglionic neurons in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
B)ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic chain.
C)preganglionic neurons in the brain stem.
D)neurons with a greater range of effects upon the target organs than have the neurons of the sympathetic division.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 54

The pathway of the sacral parasympathetic nerves

A)joins the ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
B)forms distinct pelvic nerves that innervate intramural ganglia.
C)innervates the skin through the abdominal wall.
D)sends fibers directly and independently to the urogenital organs.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 55

Complex sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes are coordinated by specific processing centers in the medulla, which include

A)vasomotorcenter.
B)cardiac center.
C)swallowing center.
D)vomiting and coughing centers.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

General functions of the parasympathetic division include

A)pupillary constriction.
B)secretion by digestive glands.
C)secretion of hormones that promote nutrient absorption by peripheral cells.
D)constriction of the respiratory passageways.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 57

Neural activity that controls the focusing of the eyes passes through the ________ ganglion.

A)otic
B)ciliary
C)optic
D)pterygopalatine
E)submandibular

Question 58

Parasympathetic ganglia in the head include the

A)collateral and celiac.
B)splanchnic and mesenteric.
C)ciliary and pterygopalatine.
D)submandibular and otic.
E)ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic.

Question 59

Visceral reflexes

A)are the most complex functional units in the autonomic nervous system.
B)are all monosynaptic.
C)provide autonomic motor responses that can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers.
D)are enhanced or inhibited primarily by the cerebral nuclei of the brain.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 60

Cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic components are

A)I, II, III, IV, V, VI.
B)III, VII, IX, X.
C)II, IV, VI, VII, X.
D)VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 61

In the ANS, it is the axons of ________ neurons that reach the target organs.

Question 62

The "headquarters" of all autonomic function is the

A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)cerebral cortex.
D)medulla oblongata.
E)spinal cord.

Question 63

The type of reflex that bypasses the CNS is a(n)

A)long reflex.
B)parallel reflex.
C)short reflex.
D)spinal reflex.
E)autonomic reflex.

Question 64

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect target organs through the controlled release of chemicals known as ________.

Question 65

A sudden rise in blood pressure in the carotid artery would

A)initiate the baroreceptor reflex.
B)produce a reflex coordinated by the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata.
C)cause a reduction in heart rate and force of contraction.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 66

Under which set of conditions would the diameter of a peripheral blood vessel be the greatest

A)decreased sympathetic stimulation
B)increased sympathetic stimulation
C)increased parasympathetic stimulation
D)decreased parasympathetic stimulation
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 67

A person who has difficulty swallowing is diagnosed as having esophageal achalasia, a condition that involves the ANS. What division and action would you expect to be the cause of this problem

A)parasympathetic, which causes excessive and irregular esophageal contraction
B)sympathetic, which causes too-rapid peristaltic movement of the esophagus
C)a defect in the sympathetic swallowing center that coordinates esophageal contraction
D)defects in both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses, causing esophageal spasms
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 68

Dual innervation refers to situations in which

A)vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
B)the atria and ventricles of the heart receive innervation from the same nerve.
C)sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers cause the same effect.
D)sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers have excitatory and inhibitory actions.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 69

Preganglionic neurons send their axons to synapse on ________.

Question 70

The sympathetic division of the ANS differs from the parasympathetic division of the ANS in that

A)the sympathetic system promotes rest, relaxation, repose, and nutrient uptake, while the parasympathetic system increases alertness and metabolism.
B)the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system are relatively longer than those of the parasympathetic system.
C)the sympathetic system has relatively longer preganglionic fibers than does the parasympathetic system.
D)the sympathetic system is less divergent than is the parasympathetic.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 71

All postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ________ at their effector.

Question 72

Irregular and unpredictable vasoconstriction in the fingertips and toes (such as occurs in Raynaud's syndrome)would most likely be caused by

A)insufficient vasomotor responses by the sympathetic nervous system.
B)irregular and unpredictable responses by the parasympathetic division.
C)both local and systemic defects in sympathetic response controlling muscle tone in vessel walls.
D)defective control of blood pressure by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 73

Visceral motor neurons with cell bodies in the CNS are called ________ neurons.

Question 74

What type of activity by the ANS gives a person a burst of energy

A)The sympathetic division decreases peripheral blood pressure.
B)The sympathetic division increases the release of glucose from the liver.
C)Parasympathetic stimulation constricts the pupil of the eye.
D)The parasympathetic division causes increased motility of the stomach.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 75

Short reflexes involve sensory neurons and interneurons whose cell bodies are located within

A)the brain.
B)autonomic ganglia.
C)the spinal cord.
D)the organ.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 76

The cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in ________.

Question 77

A condition called megacolon, which results from excess dilation of the colon proximal to a region of functional obstruction, would most likely be caused by

A)a great increase in parasympathetic activity in the local region.
B)a great increase in the level of sympathetic activity in the region.
C)too much activity in the sympathetic chain ganglia.
D)reduction of parasympathetic innervation in the region.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 78

Which of the following reflexes responds to stretch

A)vasomotor reflex
B)baroreceptor reflex
C)defecation reflex
D)urination reflex
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 79

Which of the following is a sympathetic reflex

A)defecation
B)swallowing
C)urination
D)coughing
E)pupillary reflex

Question 80

Brain regions that can affect the regulatory activities of the ANS include (the)

A)hypothalamus.
B)limbic system.
C)thalamus.
D)cerebral cortex.
E)All of the answers are correct.