Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and deep sleep hinder learning and memory. 

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Suppression and nonconscious processes are Freudian concepts, whereas repression is a non-Freudian concept. 

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The term preconscious is descriptive of bodily processes of which we cannot become conscious. 

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Hallucinogens are known to create physiological dependence. 

Question 5

Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior. 

Question 6

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems. 

Question 7

Biofeedback training (BFT) increases stress, tension, and anxiety in people. 

Question 8

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for lung cancer. 

Question 9

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping. 

Question 10

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach. 

Question 11

When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious. 

Question 12

Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person. 

Question 13

Hypnosis impairs the functioning of the immune system. 

Question 14

The state of consciousness called the hypnotic trance can be induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light. 

Question 15

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep. 

Question 16

The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke impairs the blood's ability to carry oxygen, causing shortness of breath. 

Question 17

Alcohol enhances cognitive functioning. 

Question 18

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed. 

Question 19

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking all occur during light sleep. 

Question 20

Women who smoke show increased bone density. 

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?  

A)Dreams are most likely to be vague and fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep. 
B)Freud argued that dreams express impulses we would censor during the day. 
C)Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of non-rapid eye movement sleep. 
D)Freud believed that nearly all dreams had something to do with one's childhood.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?  

A)Over 80% of American adults are affected by insomnia in any given year. 
B)Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which a person's air passages are obstructed when asleep. 
C)Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia. 
D)Insomnia is a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly.

Question 23

In the context of the altered states of consciousness, _____ is a system that provides information about a bodily function. 

A)behaviorism  
B)biofeedback  
C)humanistic therapy  
D)psychodynamic therapy

Question 24

Ashton was trying to work on an assignment that was due the next day. However, he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend. He consciously pushed these thoughts away and tried to focus on the assignment. In this scenario, Ashton was using__________to eject the disturbing thoughts. 

A)repression  
B)suppression  
C)systematic desensitization  
D)free association

Question 25

According to Sigmund Freud, hypnotized adults:  

A)return to behaviors that emphasize fact and logic rather than fantasy. 
B)permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding. 
C)enter an unaltered state of consciousness. 
D)fake the hypnotic role.

Question 26

In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions. 

Question 27

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment. 

Question 28

Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of _____. 

A)sleep apnea  
B)sleep terror  
C)somnambulism  
D)insomnia

Question 29

_____ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness. 

A)Nonconscious processes  
B)Conscious processes  
C)Classical conditioning  
D)Operant conditioning

Question 30

Side effects of__________include cancer, heart disease, and lung and respiratory diseases. 

A)acetaminophen  
B)cocaine  
C)dehydrogenase  
D)nicotine

Question 31

In the context of withdrawal symptoms associated with substance use, cravings are typically accompanied by signs of anxiety such as shakiness, rapid pulse, and sweating. 

Question 32

David is a sixty-year-old man. He suffers from joint pains and often falls sick. As a result, he finds it difficult to sleep. He, however, tries hard to go to sleep, which creates autonomic activity and muscle tension. In this scenario, David is most likely suffering from__________. 

A)narcolepsy  
B)sleep apnea  
C)insomnia  
D)sleep terrors

Question 33

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs,__________is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. 

A)paranoid personality disorder  
B)substance use disorder  
C)oppositional defiant disorder  
D)impulse control disorder

Question 34

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?  

A)Cognitive dissonance  
B)Free association  
C)Meditation  
D)Centration

Question 35

Which of the following hallucinogens is derived from the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant?  

A)Phencyclidine  
B)Nembutal  
C)Mescaline  
D)Hashish

Question 36

Alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep reflect an internally generated _____. 

A)alpha wave  
B)circadian rhythm  
C)delta wave  
D)hypnotic trance

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?  

A)It dilates blood vessels. 
B)It increases the chances of germ buildup on wounds. 
C)It increases inhibitions. 
D)It is classified as an amphetamine.

Question 38

As we enter stage 1 sleep, the transition from alpha waves to theta waves may be accompanied by__________during which we may experience brief but vivid dreamlike images. 

A)sleep terrors  
B)an agentic state  
C)a hypnagogic state  
D)sleepwalking

Question 39

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over 3 years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying__________. 

A)tolerance  
B)parasomnia  
C)regularization  
D)cyclothymia

Question 40

As we enter__________, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves. 

A)stage 1 sleep  
B)stage 2 sleep  
C)stage 3 sleep  
D)stage 4 sleep

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?  

A)Growing hair  
B)Daydreaming  
C)Suppressing thoughts  
D)Smoking

Question 42

__________is an example of a hallucinogenic drug. 

A)Nicotine  
B)Mescaline  
C)Nembutal  
D)Cocaine

Question 43

People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:  

A)experience paradoxical sleep. 
B)learn more slowly. 
C)have fewer chances of experiencing REM rebound. 
D)spend less time in REM sleep during subsequent sleep periods.

Question 44

Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of _____. 

A)beta waves  
B)non-rapid eye movement sleep  
C)alpha waves  
D)rapid eye movement sleep

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of stimulants?  

A)They increase aggressive and disruptive behavior. 
B)They reduce the risk of sleep disorders. 
C)They increase the activity of the nervous system. 
D)They reduce self-confidence.

Question 46

Which of the following sleep disorders is similar to experiencing nightmares?  

A)Narcolepsy  
B)Insomnia  
C)Sleep apnea  
D)Sleep terrors

Question 47

Frightening, dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are known as__________. 

A)apneas  
B)nightmares  
C)sleep paralyses  
D)sleep terrors

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?  

A)Older people need more sleep than younger adults. 
B)Teenagers sleep 8 hours a day. 
C)Newborn babies sleep less than 10 hours a day. 
D)People need more sleep when they are under stress.

Question 49

Which of the following is symptomatic of sleep apnea?  

A)A surge in respiration rate  
B)Sleepwalking  
C)Bedwetting  
D)The obstruction of air passages

Question 50

The term _____ refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness. 

A)repression  
B)free association  
C)suppression  
D)cognitive mapping

Question 51

Which of the following substances is a stimulant?  

A)Nembutal  
B)Seconal  
C)Morphine  
D)Cocaine

Question 52

Which of the following is a difference between repression and suppression?  

A)Repression is a nonconscious process, whereas suppression is an unconscious process. 
B)Repression is an unconscious process, whereas suppression is a conscious process. 
C)Repression is a non-Freudian concept, whereas suppression is a Freudian concept. 
D)Repression is a deliberate task, whereas suppression is an automatic task.

Question 53

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:  

A)achieve spiritual goals. 
B)improve hypnotic suggestibility. 
C)focus on the present. 
D)ruminate about problems.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?  

A)They reduce irritability when consumed in high doses. 
B)They improve hunger and appetite. 
C)They increase hyperactivity. 
D)They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?  

A)It hinders the discharge of adrenaline. 
B)It increases appetite. 
C)It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters. 
D)It reduces the metabolic rate.

Question 56

Opiates are a group of__________derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system. 

A)barbiturates  
B)amphetamines  
C)stimulants  
D)narcotics

Question 57

_____ are strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep. 

A)Alpha waves  
B)Beta waves  
C)Theta waves  
D)Delta waves

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of stage 4 sleep?  

A)It produces low-amplitude brain waves. 
B)It is the lightest stage of sleep. 
C)During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second. 
D)During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain have a frequency of 8 to 13 cycles per second.

Question 59

__________may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body. 

A)Sleep apnea  
B)Insomnia  
C)Sleep paralysis  
D)Somnambulism

Question 60

Which of the following characterizes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?  

A)A level of arousal similar to that of a person's waking state  
B)The absence of dreams  
C)High-amplitude brain waves  
D)Brain wave patterns similar to those of stage 3 sleep

Question 61

People with__________stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night. 

A)insomnia  
B)narcolepsy  
C)sleep apnea  
D)sleep terrors

Question 62

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?  

A)Marijuana  
B)Nembutal  
C)Nicotine  
D)Demerol

Question 63

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?  

A)It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention. 
B)It refers to sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state. 
C)It refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness. 
D)It refers to ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.

Question 64

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a:  

A)higher chance of genetic mutation of neurons. 
B)greater incidence of poor health and pain. 
C)higher number of beta waves in the brains of younger adults. 
D)lower frequency of brain waves in older adults.

Question 65

_____ is the habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects. 

A)Biofeedback  
B)Abstinence syndrome  
C)Tolerance  
D)Free association

Question 66

Susan was taking a nap after her afternoon meal. About 20 minutes after she went to sleep, her father woke her up. During her short nap, she experienced vivid dreamlike images. However, she claimed that she was not sleeping at all. In this scenario, Susan was likely in _____. 

A)stage 1 sleep  
B)stage 2 sleep  
C)stage 3 sleep  
D)stage 4 sleep

Question 67

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up__________. 

A)unconscious information  
B)nonconscious information  
C)conscious information  
D)preconscious information

Question 68

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _____. 

A)regularization  
B)selective attention  
C)countertransference  
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 69

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called _____. 

A)retinal disparity  
B)countertransference  
C)regularization  
D)direct inner awareness

Question 70

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____. 

A)sleep terrors  
B)nightmares  
C)insomnia  
D)somnambulism

Question 71

Elly attends weekly sessions to improve her spirituality. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras." She claims that these sessions reduce her anxiety and help her relax. In this scenario, Elly is most likely practicing__________. 

A)biofeedback therapy  
B)hypnosis therapy  
C)transcendental meditation  
D)mindfulness meditation

Question 72

__________ Depressant drugs generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system. See 4-5: Depressants
Generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system.​
 

A)Methylphenidates  
B)Depressant drugs  
C)Stimulant drugs  
D)Amphetamines

Question 73

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____. 

A)selective attention  
B)direct inner awareness  
C)regularization  
D)countertransference

Question 74

Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?  

A)They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain. 
B)They increase thoughts of food or sex. 
C)They increase hyperactivity when consumed in high doses. 
D)They help improve judgment and aid decision making.

Question 75

__________is the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is used as a method for coping with stress. 

A)Mindfulness meditation  
B)Zen meditation  
C)Transcendental meditation  
D)Acem meditation

Question 76

_____ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly. 

A)Sleep terror  
B)Insomnia  
C)Sleep apnea  
D)Narcolepsy

Question 77

High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____. 

A)wakefulness  
B)rapid eye movement sleep  
C)theta waves  
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?  

A)People who resist the process of hypnosis are said to have hypnotic suggestibility. 
B)People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility. 
C)Hypnosis increases anxiety and aggression. 
D)Hypnosis is an unaltered state of consciousness.

Question 79

Who among the following individuals is likely to need the least amount of sleep?  

A)George, a 90-year-old man who lives with his family  
B)Ali, a 12-year-old boy who goes to school  
C)Tanya, a 30-year-old woman who recently changed her job  
D)Soha, a 17-year-old girl who dropped out of school

Question 80

__________is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products. 

A)Nembutal  
B)Nicotine  
C)Mescaline  
D)Morphine