Deck 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Pastand Future

Question 1

Prospective memory involves recalling information that has been previously learned. 

Answer 1

False

Question 2

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid. 

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory. 

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to Freud, we are motivated to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame. 

Question 5

Saccadic eye movements occur once a second but iconic memory holds icons for up to four times a second. 

Question 6

The method of savings is a measure of time taken for short-term memory to become long term. 

Question 7

The hippocampus is an area of the brain where memories are stored. 

Question 8

In long-term memory, we tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure. 

Question 9

When you are given a new phone number and you write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short-term memory. 

Question 10

In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory. 

Question 11

The human ability to store information is limited. 

Question 12

Retrograde amnesia stems from incomplete myelination of brain pathways during the first few years of a child's development process, contributing to the inefficiency of information processing and memory formation. 

Question 13

Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory is called elaborative rehearsal. 

Question 14

The method of savings was devised by Ebbinghaus in order to study the efficiency of recall. 

Question 15

The hippocampus does not become mature until we are about two years old. 

Question 16

In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli. 

Question 17

Explicit memory is memory for specific information. 

Question 18

The levels-of-processing model of memory holds that memories tend to wane when information is processed deeply. 

Question 19

The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories. 

Question 20

In retrograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, an electric shock, or an operation. 

Question 21

A(n)__________is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations. 

A)icon  
B)echo  
C)schema  
D)chunk

Question 22

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as__________. 

A)maintenance rehearsal  
B)interference theory  
C)serial-position effect  
D)method of savings

Question 23

The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is known as__________. 

A)encoding  
B)priming  
C)saving  
D)chunking

Question 24

__________is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus. 

A)Semantic memory  
B)Sensory memory  
C)Implicit memory  
D)Explicit memory

Question 25

Event-based tasks are to be performed at a certain time or after a certain amount of time has elapsed between occurrences. 

Question 26

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:  

A)memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues. 
B)it is easier to discriminate stimuli that stand out and are readily available for retrieval. 
C)strong feelings are connected with the secretion of stress hormones, which preserve memory. 
D)people modify their memories according to the external influences at the time of retrieval.

Question 27

Which of the following is true about the serial-position effect?  

A)It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first five items on a list. 
B)It is the tendency to recall more accurately only the item at the exact center of a list. 
C)It is the tendency to recall more accurately the last five items on a list. 
D)It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.

Question 28

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation is called _____. 

A)subliminal stimulation  
B)synaptic degradation  
C)long-term potentiation  
D)priming

Question 29

If the__________is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories. 

A)limbic system  
B)hippocampus  
C)thalamus  
D)optic nerve

Question 30

At a painting exhibition, Martha admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details is known as _____. 

A)nonconscious imagery  
B)subliminal perception  
C)echoic memory  
D)eidetic imagery

Question 31

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?  

A)It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered. 
B)It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to be remembered. 
C)It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been memorized. 
D)It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

Question 32

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____. 

A)dissociation  
B)savings  
C)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon  
D)displacement

Question 33

Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____. 

A)implicit memory  
B)semantic memory  
C)episodic memory  
D)retrograde memory

Question 34

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions may seem fluid enough; however, they consist of a series of eye fixations referred to as _____. 

A)gaze-contingency paradigms  
B)ocular tremors  
C)saccadic eye movements  
D)eidetic imageries

Question 35

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:  

A)infants are likely to fantasize and add false details when remembering the past. 
B)infants tend to weave episodes together into meaningful stories of their own lives. 
C)infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events. 
D)infants do not have any ability to decode sensory input, which allows them to constantly change their memories.

Question 36

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?  

A)It is the failure to remember events that caused an accident or occurred prior to an accident. 
B)It is the inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of three or so. 
C)It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma. 
D)It is the inability to recall events that took place in childhood.

Question 37

Jason, while standing on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____. 

A)an acoustic code  
B)prospective memory  
C)a visual code  
D)implicit memory

Question 38

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:  

A)the engram is generalized throughout the entire cortex. 
B)myelination is not critical to memory formation in the brain. 
C)neurotransmitters have no role to play in memory processes. 
D)neural events may be involved in memory.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?  

A)Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory. 
B)Prospective memory is permanent and easily accessible. 
C)Task executions are controlled by prospective memory. 
D)Prospective memory is declarative in nature.

Question 40

The _____ is vital in storing new information even if one can retrieve old information without it. 

A)hypothalamus  
B)nephron  
C)pineal gland  
D)hippocampus

Question 41

__________is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs. 

A)Prospective memory  
B)Episodic memory  
C)Retrospective memory  
D)Semantic memory

Question 42

Joy speaks Spanish as she had learnt the language when she was in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____. 

A)retroactive interference  
B)repression  
C)proactive interference  
D)dissociative amnesia

Question 43

Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player while she was in school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible. 

A)implicit memory  
B)episodic memory  
C)psychomotor memory  
D)semantic memory

Question 44

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because:  

A)saccadic eye movements create perceptions at a rate of approximately 20 per second, making the images seem continuous. 
B)short-term memories overlap, which gives the impression of a single perception. 
C)sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected. 
D)perceptions in short-term memory are not stored but are constantly replaced with new perceptions.

Question 45

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event. 

A)procedural memories  
B)prospective memories  
C)episodic memories  
D)semantic memories

Question 46

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates__________. 

A)elaborative rehearsal  
B)repression  
C)maintenance rehearsal  
D)serial positioning

Question 47

Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?  

A)The serial-position effect  
B)The srimacy effect  
C)The recency effect  
D)The latency effect

Question 48

_____ are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence. 

A)Semantic memories  
B)Episodic memories  
C)Procedural memories  
D)Prospective memories

Question 49

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:  

A)simulates the external stimuli through repetition. 
B)encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory. 
C)encodes stimuli by performing elaborative rehearsals. 
D)locates subconscious information related to the perceived stimuli.

Question 50

__________is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so. 

A)Infantile amnesia  
B)Dissociative amnesia  
C)Retrograde amnesia  
D)Anterograde amnesia

Question 51

Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit and implicit memories, fall under the category of__________memory. 

A)procedural  
B)retrospective  
C)semantic  
D)prospective

Question 52

__________are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall. 

A)Serial positions  
B)Paired traces  
C)Paired memories  
D)Paired associates

Question 53

__________are mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory. 

A)Icons  
B)Semantic codes  
C)Echoes  
D)Visual codes

Question 54

__________is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma. 

A)Infantile amnesia  
B)Retrograde amnesia  
C)Dissociative amnesia  
D)Anterograde amnesia

Question 55

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____. 

A)dissociative amnesia  
B)retrograde amnesia  
C)infantile amnesia  
D)anterograde amnesia

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?  

A)It is also known as procedural or skill memory. 
B)It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained. 
C)It is the memory of how to perform a task. 
D)It is the memory associated with things planned for the future.

Question 57

A(n)__________is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus. 

A)icon  
B)memory trace  
C)eidetic image  
D)schema

Question 58

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____. 

A)serial positioning  
B)repressing  
C)screening  
D)chunking

Question 59

In the context of neural activity and memory, the brain stores parts of memories in the appropriate areas of the__________. 

A)sensory cortex  
B)thalamus  
C)hippocampus  
D)limbic system

Question 60

The _____ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace. 

A)hippocampus  
B)engram  
C)cerebellum  
D)thalamus

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of interference in short-term memory?  

A)New information is stored in separate units; this prevents confusion during retrieval. 
B)All perceptions and ideas are stored permanently, regardless of one's ability to retrieve them. 
C)The appearance of new information in short-term memory displaces the old information. 
D)Information in short-term memory is repressed over time due to lack of proper cues.

Question 62

_____ are meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched in between that are used to study memory. 

A)Schemas  
B)Nonsense syllables  
C)Episodes  
D)Memory traces

Question 63

__________is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes. 

A)Displacement  
B)Serial positioning  
C)Memory tracing  
D)Eidetic imagery

Question 64

The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently is known as__________. 

A)serial-position effect  
B)maintenance rehearsal  
C)retrograde amnesia  
D)proactive interference

Question 65

The__________is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. 

A)recency effect  
B)serial-position effect  
C)latency effect  
D)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 66

Memory that is suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly, is known as _____. 

A)prospective memory  
B)episodic memory  
C)implicit memory  
D)semantic memory

Question 67

The series of eye fixations that we perceive as visual sensations seem continuous, or stream like, because of _____. 

A)short-term memory  
B)saccadic eye movements  
C)sensory memory  
D)serial-position effect

Question 68

In the context of forgetting, the failure to identify something that one has experienced is measured through__________. 

A)recognition  
B)recall  
C)relearning  
D)interference

Question 69

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____. 

A)acoustic code  
B)visual code  
C)memory trace  
D)subliminal stimulation

Question 70

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____. 

A)determine the vividness of stimulation perception  
B)determine the meaning and importance of dreams  
C)determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory  
D)determine the physiological causes of memory disorders

Question 71

General knowledge is referred to as__________. 

A)episodic memory  
B)semantic memory  
C)implicit memory  
D)prospective memory

Question 72

Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned, is known as _____. 

A)elaborative rehearsal  
B)state-dependent memory  
C)maintenance rehearsal  
D)context-dependent memory

Question 73

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the earth. He knows that the circumference of Earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the Earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____. 

A)semantic memory  
B)retrograde memory  
C)episodic memory  
D)implicit memory

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true of proactive interference?  

A)New learning interferes with old learning only if the old material shares similarity with the new material. 
B)Older learning interferes with new learning only if the new material shares similarity with the old material. 
C)New information permanently replaces old information if both have the same characteristic traits. 
D)Old information negates the learning of new information if both have the same characteristic traits.

Question 75

In Freud's psychodynamic theory,__________is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness. 

A)eidetic imagery  
B)repression  
C)serial-position  
D)rehearsal

Question 76

A(n)__________is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information. 

A)chunk  
B)schema  
C)code  
D)echo

Question 77

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____. 

A)echoic memory  
B)implicit memory  
C)memory trace  
D)acoustic code

Question 78

A(n)__________is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory. 

A)schema  
B)echo  
C)icon  
D)saving

Question 79

The _____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved. 

A)nonsense syllables effect  
B)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon  
C)flashbulb phenomenon  
D)serial-position effect

Question 80

_____ is the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays. 

A)Maintenance rehearsal  
B)Prospective memory  
C)Elaborative rehearsal  
D)Short-term memory