Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

The sole purpose of Solomon Asch's study in the early 1950s was to examine the effects of social facilitation. 

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In cultures that view the self as independent, people tend to make dispositional attributions. 

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In the Milgram studies on obedience, lack of social comparison was a factor contributing to why people complied to perform immoral tasks. 

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In the context of changing attitudes through persuasion, fear appeals are most effective when the audience believes that the risks are insignificant. 

Question 5

In the context of stereotyping, attractive children and adults are judged and treated more negatively than their unattractive peers. 

Question 6

The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive. 

Question 7

One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations. 

Question 8

Cross-cultural studies on mate selection find that men tend to place relatively greater emphasis on professional status, consideration, dependability, kindness, and fondness for children. 

Question 9

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to situations, not their dispositions. 

Question 10

In the context of altruism, people who are apathetic are more likely to help people in need. 

Question 11

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, intimacy is most crucial in short-term relationships. 

Question 12

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation. 

Question 13

Prejudice involves stereotyping. 

Question 14

Groupthink can be averted if group leaders encourage members to remain skeptical about options and to feel free to ask probing questions and disagree with one another. 

Question 15

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the central route associates objects with positive or negative cues. 

Question 16

From the behavioral perspective, organisms that are reinforced for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in situations similar to those in which reinforcement occurs. 

Question 17

Deindividuation is the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping. 

Question 18

Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim. 

Question 19

Attitudes with a strong emotional impact are more accessible. 

Question 20

Altruism is a form of discrimination. 

Question 21

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend, James, forgets to get his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________. 

A)obedience to authority  
B)actor-observer effect  
C)foot-in-the-door technique  
D)bystander effect

Question 22

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keisha is an example of the_____. 

A)actor-observer effect  
B)fear appeal  
C)primacy effect  
D)fundamental attribution error

Question 23

In the early 1950s, a classic experiment on__________was conducted by Solomon Asch. 

A)obedience  
B)conformity  
C)primacy  
D)facilitation

Question 24

A reason people tend to have partners from the same background is _____. 

A)discrimination  
B)propinquity  
C)reciprocity  
D)stereotyping

Question 25

__________is a factor that contributes to attraction. 

A)Stereotyping  
B)Social conflict  
C)Dissimilarity  
D)Physical appearance

Question 26

Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________. 

A)passion  
B)empty love  
C)intimacy  
D)infatuation

Question 27

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the__________. 

A)polarization effect  
B)actor-observer effect  
C)bystander effect  
D)recency effect

Question 28

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?  

A)It does not involve prejudice. 
B)Isolation from in-groups makes it easier to maintain our stereotypes. 
C)Stereotypes are evaluated on the basis of central cues. 
D)Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.

Question 29

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?  

A)If a jury is deadlocked, the members may eventually follow the lead of the first juror to switch his or her position. 
B)The group tends to adopt the decision that reflects the first shift in opinion expressed by any group member. 
C)The group comes to recognize that one approach is objectively correct. 
D)It is the most commonly used social decision scheme.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?  

A)People find it useful when they are confronted with information that counters their own views. 
B)Audiences believe arguments that appear to agree with the vested interests of the communicator. 
C)Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views. 
D)Stereotyping, a type of persuasive communication, influences behavior on the basis of arousing rational analysis of the issues.

Question 31

Norbert, a musician, wanted to produce his own solo album under a budget of $50,000. However, when he changed the project into a group album with his bandmates, Norbert escalated the budget to $200,000. In this scenario, Norbert is displaying a group effect known as _____. 

A)stereotyping  
B)polarization  
C)deindividuation  
D)mob behavior

Question 32

On a(n)__________level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism. 

A)cognitive  
B)social  
C)emotional  
D)behavioral

Question 33

Attitude formation is a fully mechanical process. 

Question 34

According to__________, we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent with each other and with our behavior. 

A)the elaboration likelihood model  
B)the actor-observer effect  
C)fundamental attribution error  
D)cognitive-dissonance theory

Question 35

In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by:  

A)high self-esteem. 
B)the pressure to conform. 
C)decreased social shyness. 
D)the lack of social comparison.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?  

A)Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals. 
B)Men have higher estrogen levels than women do and are also more aggressive than women, especially with male strangers. 
C)Unlike animals that solely depend on hormones, empathy is one of the major contributors in bringing about aggression in humans. 
D)In nonhumans, aggressive reactions are not automatic.

Question 37

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by:  

A)repressed impulses stored in the unconscious recesses of the mind. 
B)suspension of negative punishment on aggressive stimuli. 
C)instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life. 
D)observation of other people acting aggressively.

Question 38

Strong attitudes are more likely to determine behavior than weak attitudes. 

Question 39

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring-championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own. 

A)commitment  
B)intimacy  
C)passion  
D)reciprocity

Question 40

Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?  

A)It states that people tend to develop romantic relationships with wealthy people. 
B)It reiterates the popular notion that opposites attract. 
C)It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction. 
D)It states that marriages are made in heaven.

Question 41

Mark and Tracy are close friends from second grade. They share their feelings with each other, but they lack passion or commitment. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, Mark and Tracy's love is a form of _____. 

A)empty love  
B)infatuation  
C)liking  
D)fatuous love

Question 42

__________is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues. 

A)Selective exposure  
B)The actor-observer effect  
C)Fear appeal  
D)The recency effect

Question 43

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is true of passion?  

A)It is insignificant in short-term relationships. 
B)It means deciding to enhance and maintain a relationship. 
C)It does not involve sexual craving. 
D)It involves preoccupation with the loved one.

Question 44

According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2008, U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who:  

A)is not good-looking. 
B)is from a different background. 
C)does not hold a steady job. 
D)is better educated and younger.

Question 45

In the context of the Milgram studies,__________were the real participants. 

A)scientists  
B)Yale University students  
C)teachers  
D)learners

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model?  

A)It elaborates on the issue of how well people can predict on the basis of attitudes. 
B)It assesses the attitudes of people according to their specific behaviors. 
C)It describes the ways in which people respond to persuasive messages. 
D)It studies the effects of observational learning on attitude formation.

Question 47

Discrimination refers to behavior that results from__________. 

A)propinquity  
B)altruism  
C)deindividuation  
D)prejudice

Question 48

Talya, a girl from a wealthy family, is seen constantly mocking students who are impoverished. Her class teacher believes that Talya derives her condescending tone from her parents, who display similar behavior toward the poor. In this scenario, the class teacher is:  

A)using the foot-in-the-door technique. 
B)influenced by evaluation apprehension. 
C)making a situational attribution. 
D)engaged in social loafing.

Question 49

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to _____. 

A)social pressure  
B)deindividuation  
C)evaluation apprehension  
D)diffusion of responsibility

Question 50

In the context of group behavior,__________is the concern that others are assessing one's behavior. 

A)cognitive appraisal  
B)evaluation apprehension  
C)fear appeal  
D)social perception

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?  

A)Group leaders encourage members to remain skeptical about options in a groupthink. 
B)Members of a group perform all their actions with their own volition. 
C)When a group senses an external threat, groupthink turns into a group problem. 
D)External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Question 52

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ refers to a couple's closeness, to their mutual concern and sharing of feelings and resources. 

A)infatuation  
B)passion  
C)commitment  
D)intimacy

Question 53

In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of social-cognitive theorists?  

A)They believe that aggression is a natural and instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life. 
B)They believe that consciousness and choice play key roles in aggressive behavior among humans. 
C)They believe that aggressive skills are mainly acquired by repressing most aggressive impulses in the unconscious recesses of the mind. 
D)They believe that chemistry is involved in aggression, especially in the form of the male sex hormone testosterone.

Question 54

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall,__________is a source of prejudice. 

A)similarity  
B)social conflict  
C)altruism  
D)reciprocity

Question 55

Sheetal dislikes advertisements for beauty products. She believes the advertisements make false claims about the products and mislead people into buying them. Hence, she changes the channel whenever such commercials are aired on the TV. This is an example of _____. 

A)selective avoidance  
B)effort justification  
C)the fear appeal  
D)the bystander effect

Question 56

In the context of sources of prejudice, when people view those who belong to their own groups more favorably than those who do not, they are involved in _____. 

A)social learning  
B)social facilitation  
C)social categorization  
D)social conflict

Question 57

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others. 

A)Altruism  
B)Hedonism  
C)Primacy  
D)Recency

Question 58

__________believe that we are not likely to act aggressively unless we believe that aggression is appropriate under the circumstances and likely to be reinforced. 

A)Social-cognitive theorists  
B)Motivational theorists  
C)Psychodynamic theorists  
D)Dispositional theorists

Question 59

Michael's boss tells him to report to work at 4:00 a.m. the next day. Michael is not happy about arriving at work at such an unusual hour, yet he does as told. In the context of social influence, his behavior is an example of _____.

A) obedience to authority
B) groupthink
C) conformity
D) inaccessibility of values

Question 60

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love involves three components, and _____ is one of them. 

A)conformity  
B)commitment  
C)reward  
D)responsibility

Question 61

Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?  

A)Amygdala  
B)Hippocampus  
C)Cerebellum  
D)Hypothalamus

Question 62

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _____. 

A)an implicit social norm  
B)selective exposure  
C)social facilitation  
D)a stereotype

Question 63

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion. 

A)It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness. 
B)It involves closeness and caring-championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own. 
C)It refers to the enhancement and maintenance of a relationship. 
D)It is absent in romantic love.

Question 64

We tend to live among people who are similar to us in background, and we therefore come into contact with them more often. This reflects__________. 

A)propinquity  
B)recency  
C)behavior  
D)catharsis

Question 65

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship. 

A)infatuation  
B)passion  
C)commitment  
D)liking

Question 66

Which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?  

A)Belonging to a collectivist society  
B)Decreased social shyness  
C)High self-esteem  
D)Valuing being right over being liked

Question 67

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's__________. 

A)personality  
B)social roles and obligations  
C)age and health  
D)attitude

Question 68

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ is the ideal form of love, which combines passion, intimacy, and commitment. 

A)consummate love  
B)romantic love  
C)intimate love  
D)passionate love

Question 69

Sarah can recite her speech for her speech contest perfectly when she is alone. However, when she is in front of the jury she often loses her "train of thought" because of her concern that they are assessing her performance. In this case, Sarah's performance is influenced by _____. 

A)the self-serving bias  
B)evaluation apprehension  
C)the risky shift  
D)altruism

Question 70

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as__________. 

A)elaborations  
B)eustress  
C)attitudes  
D)values

Question 71

People are said to__________when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms. 

A)conform  
B)rebel  
C)groupthink  
D)facilitate

Question 72

When Catherine was seated in a crowded bus, one of the passengers inadvertently stepped on her toe. Immediately, Catherine assumed that the passenger has no respect for others. In the context of social perception, Catherine is:  

A)making a dispositional attribution. 
B)engaging in social loafing. 
C)making a situational attribution. 
D)displaying the bystander effect.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true of attribution theory?  

A)Fundamental attribution error arises because we tend to infer traits from the social environment. 
B)We are likely to attribute our successes to external, situational factors but our failures to internal factors. 
C)When we see other people doing things that we do not like, we tend to see them as victims. 
D)We are biased toward making dispositional attributions when we explain other people's behavior.

Question 74

In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of cognitive psychologists?  

A)Cognitive psychologists believe that aggression is a natural and instinctive reaction to the frustrations of daily life. 
B)Cognitive psychologists believe aggressive behavior is not influenced by choice. 
C)People decide whether they will lash out or not on the basis of their interpretation of the other person's motives. 
D)People who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who oppose aggression under all circumstances, are more likely to behave aggressively.

Question 75

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of _____. 

A)social comparison  
B)the fear appeal  
C)the foot-in-the-door technique  
D)social facilitation

Question 76

In cognitive-dissonance theory, _____ is the tendency when people seek explanations for their behavior to themselves in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it. 

A)situational attribution  
B)attitude-discrepant behavior  
C)selective exposure  
D)effort justification

Question 77

From the behavioral perspective, which of the following statements is true of aggression?  

A)Unlike nonhumans, humans do not respond to physical reinforcements. 
B)Strong, agile organisms are likely to be reinforced for aggressive behavior. 
C)Aggressive skills can be learned through repressed impulses. 
D)Aggressive skills are mainly acquired by observation of other people acting aggressively.

Question 78

A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and disturb others. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of _____. 

A)effort justification  
B)discrimination  
C)selective exposure  
D)social loafing

Question 79

Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. The assumptions are examples of__________. 

A)dispositional attributions  
B)situational attributions  
C)conformity  
D)deindividuation

Question 80

Which of the following characteristics is true of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions?  

A)The group's belief in its rightness  
B)Considering information contrary to the group's decision  
C)Feelings of vulnerability  
D)Stereotyping members of the in-group