Deck 2: Defining and Analyzing Crime

Question 1

Violent crimes involving the use of physical force are considered to be __________.

A)offenses against morality
B)crimes against persons
C)crimes against property
D)crimes against public order

Answer 1

B

Question 2

__________ is a view that adjudicating a juvenile as a delinquent encourages future delinquency through a negative public identity or changed self-image.

A)Psychoanalytic theory
B)Cognitive theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Routine activities theory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The perspective in criminology that sees human behavior as determined by internal and external influences,such as biological,psychological,and/or social factors is called __________.

A)differential association
B)blocked opportunity
C)social bond
D)positivism

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The __________ is an annual compilation by the FBI of all crimes reported to the police in the United States.

A)Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
B)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
C)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
D)National Violence Against Women (NVAW)Survey

Question 5

With the __________,a representative sample of the U.S.population is surveyed annually to determine the extent of victimization and the extent to which these incidents were reported to police.

A)Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
B)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
C)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
D)National Violence Against Women (NVAW)Survey

Question 6

__________ is the Freudian theory that sees behavior as resulting from the interaction of the three components of the personality: id,ego,and superego.

A)Psychoanalytic theory
B)Cognitive theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Routine activities theory

Question 7

__________ involve an examination of offender backgrounds (e.g. ,physical and social characteristics,prior history,and method of conduct)to look for common patterns.

A)Offender profiles
B)Victim profiles
C)Crime scene profiles
D)Criminal subcultures

Question 8

Acts that disrupt the peace in a civil society are considered to be ___________.

A)offenses against morality
B)crimes against persons
C)crimes against property
D)crimes against public order

Question 9

__________ is the view that behavior results from habits of thought and interpretations of reality.

A)Psychoanalytic theory
B)Cognitive theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Routine activities theory

Question 10

The theory that crime results from lack of access to legitimate means for achieving goals is called __________.

A)differential association
B)blocked opportunity
C)social bond
D)positivism

Question 11

__________ involve an examination of a large number of similar criminal incidents to find patterns in the types of persons who are victimized under certain circumstances.

A)Offender profiles
B)Victim profiles
C)Crime scene profiles
D)Criminal subcultures

Question 12

An individual's attachment to society,including attachment to others,commitment to conventional activities,involvement in those activities,and belief in widely shared moral values is called (a)__________.

A)differential association
B)blocked opportunity
C)social bond
D)positivism

Question 13

The theory that a person becomes criminal or delinquent when he or she associates more with people who condone violation of the law than with people who do not is called ___________.

A)differential association
B)blocked opportunity
C)social bond
D)positivism

Question 14

__________ is the theory that sees criminal events as the result of a combination of a motivated offender,a suitable target,and the absence of a capable guardian to intervene.

A)Psychoanalytic theory
B)Cognitive theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Routine activities theory

Question 15

The __________is a data collection program designed to gather information on victims,perpetrators,and circumstances of crime.

A)Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
B)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
C)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
D)National Violence Against Women (NVAW)Survey

Question 16

Acts considered undesirable,such as adultery and fornication,prostitution,and gambling are considered to be __________.

A)offenses against morality
B)crimes against persons
C)crimes against property
D)crimes against public order

Question 17

The __________ Interviews a national sample of 16,000 men and women regarding the circumstances of crimes against women.

A)Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
B)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
C)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
D)National Violence Against Women (NVAW)Survey

Question 18

Crimes in which property is taken unlawfully and misused are considered to be __________.

A)offenses against morality
B)crimes against persons
C)crimes against property
D)crimes against public order

Question 19

__________ involve an examination of the circumstances surrounding criminal incidents in a search for patterns associated with criminal offending.

A)offender profiles
B)victim profiles
C)crime scene profiles
D)criminal subcultures

Question 20

Different forms of deviance that result when youths cease to adhere to middle-class standards and become part of the adult criminal,conflict,or retreatist subculture.

A)offender profiles
B)victim profiles
C)crime scene profiles
D)criminal subcultures

Question 21

The ___________ school of thought in criminology is a perspective in criminology that sees human behavior as determined by internal and external influences,such as biological,psychological,and/or social factors.

A)classical
B)positivistic
C)ethical
D)structural

Question 22

'Norms' are social expectations about what constitutes appropriate behavior under different circumstances.

Question 23

The proportion of drug offenders in state prisons is approximate ______ percent of all inmates.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 24

The formation of the Drug Enforcement Administration as well as the creation of the position of 'drug czar' to head the Office of National Drug Policy has:

A)Further promoted the criminalization of narcotics
B)Increased the penalties for violation
C)Emphasized law enforcement approaches to controlling the problem
D)All of the above

Question 25

'Deviance' refers to the violation of a social norm.

Question 26

According to those advocating the __________ of drugs,there is abundant evidence regarding the ineffectiveness of police crackdowns,interdiction efforts,and attempts to eradicate drug production in source countries,as well as of the high economic and social costs of long-term imprisonment.

A)criminalization
B)legalization
C)prohibition
D)prevention

Question 27

Mala prohibita offenses are acts that are considered evil in themselves (e.g. ,assault and theft).

Question 28

'Regulatory offenses' are activities of a business or corporation that are viewed as a threat to public health,safety,or welfare.

Question 29

There is often ___________ relation between an individual's fear of crime and the actual chances that that person will be a victim of a crime.

A)little
B)somewhat of a
C)a strong
D)absolutely no

Question 30

'Political crimes' are acts viewed as a threat to the government.

Question 31

__________ are victims of violent crime at higher rates than any other race.

A)Whites
B)Blacks
C)Asians
D)Native Americans

Question 32

The ___________ school of thought in criminology is a perspective that sees crime as a moral failure in decision making.

A)classical
B)positivistic
C)ethical
D)structural

Question 33

Which of the following crimes involves consensual behaviors that offend powerful groups of society who have succeeded in having their concerns elevated to the level of criminal law?

A)Crimes against property
B)Part I Offenses
C)Crimes against the person
D)Victimless crimes

Question 34

Crime profiling involves analysis of criminal incidents to isolate the precise characteristics of ___________ in order to better understand and prevent crime.

A)offenders
B)victims
C)situations
D)All of the above

Question 35

Except for the crime of ___________,males are victimized by violent crimes at a rate almost twice that for women.

A)rape
B)prostitution
C)murder
D)robbery

Question 36

One problem regarding the measurement of crime is that __________ surveys reveal that the amount of serious crime is much higher than police statistics indicate.

A)risk
B)political
C)health
D)victimization

Question 37

The victimization rate for ___________ is the lowest of any racial or ethnic group in the United States.

A)Whites
B)Blacks
C)Asians
D)Native Americans

Question 38

The ___________ school of thought in criminology is a perspective in criminology that sees crime as resulting from the conscious exercise of an individual's free will.

A)classical
B)positivistic
C)ethical
D)structural

Question 39

The ___________ school of thought in criminology is a perspective that sees the criminal law as reflecting the will of those in power,and behaviors that threaten the interests of the powerful are punished most severely.

A)classical
B)positivistic
C)ethical
D)structural

Question 40

Mala in se offenses are acts that are considered undesirable although not inherently evil (e.g. ,drug use).

Question 41

__________ involves analysis of criminal incidents to isolate the precise characteristics of offenders,victims,and situations in order to better understand and prevent crime.

Question 42

The term 'negligence' refers to the conscious disregard of a substantial and unjustifiable risk.

Question 43

The term 'legalization' refers to blurring the distinction between crime and merely inappropriate or offensive behaviors.

Question 44

The term 'gross negligence' refers to the failure to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk when such failure is a gross deviation from the standard of care a reasonable person would observe.

Question 45

Crimes against __________ are violent crimes involving the use of physical force.

Question 46

'Biological determinism' is the perspective that sees the criminal law as reflecting the will of those in power,and behaviors that threaten the interests of the powerful are punished most severely.

Question 47

The term __________ refers to the legislative decision to remove a prohibited behavior from the criminal law.

Question 48

The term 'recklessness' refers to the failure to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk.

Question 49

The term 'crime rates' refers to the number of crimes committed divided by the population at risk.This provides an indication of the risk of victimization per capita.

Question 50

The term __________ refers to physical assaults between current or former spouses,boyfriends,or girlfriends.

Question 51

Crimes against __________ are acts that disrupt the peace in a civil society.

Question 52

The __________ view sees crime as a moral failure in decision making.Simply stated,crime occurs when a person fails to choose the proper course of conduct;and this bad choice results from failure to appreciate an act's wrongfulness,rather than from lack of concern about being caught,as the classicists suggest.

Question 53

The ___________ is a perspective in criminology that sees crime as resulting from the conscious exercise of an individual's free will.

Question 54

'Rational choice theories' are those that examine how circumstances affect criminal thinking to explain why offenders commit crimes in some situations but not in others.

Question 55

The term 'personal risk' refers to an individual's risk of being a victim of crime;determined through calculation of crime rates in relation to population.

Question 56

The term ___________ refers to positivists who see the roots of criminal behavior in biological attributes.

Question 57

The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Self-report study investigating the extent of delinquency among young people.

Question 58

Crimes against __________ are crimes in which possessions are taken unlawfully and misused.

Question 59

The term __________ refers to the regulation of gun manufacturers,buyers,and sellers in an effort to minimize gun-related crime.

Question 60

When does deviant behavior become criminal behavior?

Question 61

What are sanctions? How are they used by the criminal justice system?

Question 62

According to your textbook author,"each individual's personal risk of being the victim varies,
depending on the population of potential victims".Please explain (1)how so,and (2)why.

Question 63

What is the difference between 'negligence' or 'recklessness'?

Question 64

Your textbook author states that "there is a middle ground where the line between thinking and acting becomes thin".What do you think this means? What examples of this 'middle ground' might you give?