Deck 12: Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Question 1

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale).
Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. If Dr.Fletcher is interested in a causal relationship between joining a fraternity/sorority and attractiveness/appearance concern,why doesn't he conduct a true experiment?

A) Because it is not possible to study private organizations, like fraternities/sororities
B) Because it is not possible to measure body concern
C) Because he was unable to recruit more people
D) Because he was unable to recruit an equal number of males and females
E) Because he was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority

Answer 1

Because he was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using quasi-experimental designs?

A) Allows researchers to take advantage of real-world opportunities
B) Allows researchers to enhance external validity
C) Allows researchers to disregard internal validity
D) Allows researchers to avoid some ethical concerns
E) All of the above are advantages of quasi-experimental designs

Answer 2

Allows researchers to disregard internal validity

Question 3

Which of the following is a difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?

A) Quasi-experiments do not use random assignment.
B) Quasi-experiments do not involve manipulated variables.
C) Quasi-experiments cannot have comparison groups.
D) Quasi-experiments cannot have pretest measures.
E) All of the above are differences between true experiments and quasi-experiments.

Answer 3

Quasi-experiments do not use random assignment.

Question 4

In conducting quasi-experimental designs,researchers tend to give up some ________ in exchange for ________.

A) Internal validity; external validity
B) Internal validity; statistical validity
C) Statistical validity; external validity
D) External validity; construct validity
E) Construct validity; statistical validity

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 12.2
Dr. LaGuardia is a cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. He conducts a quasi-experimental study in which he examines football players before and after the regular season, using the Benton Facial Recognition Test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability to recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did not. He finds that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the Benton Facial Recognition Test than did players who did not experience concussions.
Refer to Research Study 12.2 above to answer the following question. In interrogating the construct validity of Dr.LaGuardia's study,which of the following statements is accurate?

A) Because Dr. LaGuardia's participants actually experienced concussions, his independent variable appears to have construct validity.
B) Because Dr. LaGuardia did not use a true experiment, it is impossible to determine if his independent variable has construct validity.
C) Because Dr. LaGuardia studied real football players, his dependent variable appears to have construct validity.
D) Both b and c are accurate.
E) All of the above are accurate.

Question 6

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale).
Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.Doing this would help Dr.Fletcher address all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT:

A) Experimenter bias
B) Maturation
C) Selection
D) History
E) All of the above

Question 7

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale).
Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.After conducting the study,Dr.Fletcher finds out that the people who joined a fraternity/sorority all saw a documentary on body image sponsored by the InterGreek Council the night before recruitment began.This threat to internal validity is known as a:

A) Selection threat
B) Selection-history threat
C) History threat
D) Regression threat
E) Testing threat

Question 8

A wait-list design is helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity?

A) Maturation
B) Selection
C) History
D) Attrition
E) Instrumentation

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the difference between large-N experiments and small-N experiments?

A) Small-N designs determine whether a finding is replicable by doing a test of statistical significance.
B) Data from small-N designs are presented as averages.
C) Data from small-N designs are grouped together.
D) All of the above are true.
E) None of the above are true.

Question 10

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale).
Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the body concern of the participants who joined a fraternity/sorority both immediately before and immediately after they join,Dr.Fletcher measures them for the three weeks before and the three weeks after.This type of design would be able to better address which of the following threats to internal validity?

A) Placebo effect
B) History
C) Selection-history
D) Experimenter bias
E) None of the above

Question 11

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale).
Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.This type of design is known as a/an:

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Nonequivalent control group design
C) Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design
D) Reversal design
E) Stable-baseline design

Question 12

The degree to which a quasi-experiment supports a causal claim depends on which of the following:

A) Its design and its results
B) Its duration and its sample size
C) Its importance and its external validity
D) Its statistical significance and its practical significance
E) All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is a within-groups quasi-experimental design?

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Nonequivalent control group design
C) Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design
D) Both a and c
E) All of the above

Question 14

RESEARCH STUDY 12.2
Dr. LaGuardia is a cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. He conducts a quasi-experimental study in which he examines football players before and after the regular season, using the Benton Facial Recognition Test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability to recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did not. He finds that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the Benton Facial Recognition Test than did players who did not experience concussions.
Refer to Research Study 12.2 above to answer the following question. Which of the following makes Dr.LaGuardia's quasi-experimental study different from a correlational study?

A) He used a validated measure of the dependent variable.
B) He was able to confirm the occurrence of a concussion rather than relying on self-report.
C) He used a naturally occurring comparison group (i.e., players who did not suffer a concussion).
D) He used members of a real sports team rather than members of the general population.
E) There is no difference between Dr. LaGuardia's quasi-experimental study and a correlational study.

Question 15

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale).
Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. What would Dr.Fletcher need to do to his current study design to make it a nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design?

A) Recruit a group of participants who did not join a fraternity/sorority
B) Take measurements of body concern before and after joining a fraternity/sorority
C) Measure body concern using a different measure than the Body Concern Scale
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 16

Which of the following designs has elements of both a within-group design and an independent-groups design?

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Nonequivalent control group design
C) Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design
D) Both a and c
E) All of the above

Question 17

Why do quasi-experiments tend to have very good construct validity for the independent variable?

A) Because the manipulations have been previously validated in the lab
B) Because they use real-world manipulations/experiences
C) Because they tend to use more participants
D) Because they also have good construct validity for the dependent variable
E) None of the above-quasi-experiments tend not to have very good construct validity for the independent variable

Question 18

Which of the following is an independent-groups quasi-experimental design?

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Nonequivalent control group design
C) Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design
D) Stable-baseline design
E) All of the above are independent-groups quasi-experimental designs

Question 19

In which of the following ways are correlational designs similar to quasi-experimental designs?

A) They both use nonrandom samples.
B) They both suffer from possible threats to internal validity.
C) They both use random assignment.
D) They both use small numbers of participants.
E) None of the above are ways in which correlational designs are similar to quasi-experimental designs.

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale).
Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the body concern of the participants who joined a fraternity/sorority both immediately before and immediately after they join,Dr.Fletcher measures them for the three weeks before and the three weeks after.This type of design is known as a/an:

A) Nonequivalent control group design
B) Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design
C) Interrupted time-series design
D) Stable-baseline design
E) Multiple-baseline design

Question 21

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted). The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below.

Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. Which of the following aspects of Dr.Anderson's study might be susceptible to observer bias?

A) The use of the food journal to track calories consumed
B) The conversion by Dr. Anderson of the food journal entries into calories consumed
C) The use of only one manipulation (e.g., the food journal)
D) The use of only one dependent variable
E) There is no risk of observer bias in Dr. Anderson's study

Question 22

Seeing stability in a stable-baseline design can help rule out which of the following threats to internal validity?

A) Regression
B) Placebo effects
C) Maturation
D) Both a and c
E) Both b and c

Question 23

Lara is conducting a study for her research methods class.She is curious if participating in a collegiate study-abroad program causes people to become more accepting of other cultures.Provide an example of an independent-groups quasi-experimental design and an example of a within-groups quasi-experimental design using Lara's research question.

Question 24

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted). The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below.

Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. In examining the external validity of her study,Dr.Anderson is probably most concerned about making sure her study generalizes to:

A) All people
B) All men
C) All transplant recipients
D) All overweight people
E) She is probably not very concerned about external validity

Question 25

If a researcher is concerned about external validity,which of the following would you recommend with regard to conducting small-N designs?

A) Do not conduct small-N designs if you are concerned about external validity.
B) Compare the results of a small-N design with other studies.
C) Conduct only reversal designs.
D) Use inferential statistics.
E) Use only one's own clients/patients/students.

Question 26

RESEARCH QUESTION 12.4
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/ appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale, where higher scores indicate higher body concerns).
Refer to Research Study 12.4 above to answer the following question.
In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.Based on the results below,explain whether Dr.Fletcher should be concerned about a history threat to internal validity.

Question 27

RESEARCH QUESTION 12.4
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/ appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale, where higher scores indicate higher body concerns).
Refer to Research Study 12.4 above to answer the following question.
As the study is described,explain a selection threat that may be present in Dr.Fletcher's study.What could Dr.Fletcher do to address this threat?

Question 28

In small-N designs,each participant is treated:

A) With multiple interventions
B) By a clinical psychologist
C) As a data point
D) As a separate experiment
E) All of the above

Question 29

RESEARCH QUESTION 12.4
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/ appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale, where higher scores indicate higher body concerns).
Refer to Research Study 12.4 above to answer the following question.
In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.Based on the results below,explain whether Dr.Fletcher should be concerned about a maturation threat to internal validity.

Question 30

A small-N design that involves providing treatment and then removing treatment is known as a/an:

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Stable-baseline design
C) Multiple-baseline design
D) Reversal design
E) All of the above are small-N designs

Question 31

According to the textbook,which of the following ethical questions might be posed specifically in reference to a reversal design?

A) Is it ethical to remove an effective treatment?
B) Is it ethical to treat someone with an ineffective treatment?
C) Is it ethical to treat only one person?
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 32

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted). The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below.

Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. Dr.Natchez,a colleague of Dr.Anderson,questions whether W.J.simply wrote down less in his journal as the study went on because he grew tired of completing this "measure." Dr.Natchez believes he has uncovered which of the following threats to internal validity?

A) Instrumentation threat
B) Experimental demand
C) Testing threat
D) Observer bias
E) Maturation

Question 33

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted). The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below.

Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. What type of small-N design has Dr.Anderson used with W.J.?

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Stable-baseline design
C) Multiple-baseline design
D) Reversal design
E) Pre-post design

Question 34

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted). The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below.

Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. If Dr.Anderson wanted to keep the same general design,what other baselines could she use?

A) Calories consumed when W. J. ate with friends compared with when he ate with family members
B) Type of calories consumed (e.g., calories from grains, calories from proteins)
C) Number of calories consumed when eating at home compared to eating in restaurants
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 35

RESEARCH QUESTION 12.4
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/ appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale, where higher scores indicate higher body concerns).
Refer to Research Study 12.4 above to answer the following question.
Explain why Dr.Fletcher is conducting a quasi-experimental design rather than a true experiment.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a small-N design?

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Stable-baseline design
C) Multiple-baseline design
D) Reversal design
E) All of the above are small-N designs

Question 37

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted). The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below.

Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. Which of the following allows Dr.Anderson to conclude that keeping a food journal caused weight loss in W.J.?

A) Lunch calories did not decrease on Day 4.
B) Breakfast calories decreased on Day 4.
C) Lunch calories decreased on Day 7.
D) Dinner calories did not decrease on Day 7.
E) All of the following allowed Dr. Anderson to make a causal statement.

Question 38

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted). The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below.

Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. In interrogating the statistical validity of Dr.Anderson's study,which of the following might be asked?

A) By what margin did W. J.'s calorie intake improve?
B) How accurate was W. J.'s wife in her calculation of the calories consumed at each meal?
C) Will the food journal be useful for clients who need to gain weight?
D) Was the number of calories consumed by W. J. going to decrease before surgery anyway?
E) Was Dr. Anderson qualified to analyze the data?

Question 39

Which of the following CANNOT typically be applied to a small-N experiment?

A) Experimental control
B) Manipulation of variables
C) Inferential statistics
D) Replication
E) None of the above are used in small-N experiments

Question 40

In interrogating the construct validity of Dr.Anderson's study,which of the following might be asked?

A) By what margin did W. J.'s calorie intake improve?
B) How accurate was W. J.'s wife in her calculation of the calories consumed at each meal?
C) Will the food journal be useful for clients who need to gain weight?
D) Was the number of calories consumed by W. J. going to decrease before surgery anyway?
E) Was Dr. Anderson qualified to analyze the data?

Question 41

Explain why quasi-experiments offer a trade-off between internal validity and external validity.

Question 42

List the three differences between small-N and large-N designs.

Question 43

RESEARCH STUDY 12.5
Layne is trying to watch less television. Her friend Ryan is a psychologist who agrees to help her. He creates a treatment plan that involves giving Layne $5 for every day that she watches fewer than 90 minutes of television. He monitors her television watching for 3 days, treats her for 3 days and monitors her, and then just monitors her for 3 more days.
Refer to Research Study 12.5 above to answer the following question.
What type of design is Ryan using to change Layne's behavior? Name a threat to internal validity that this design is well suited to address.

Question 44

Explain how interrogating the statistical validity of a small-N design is different from interrogating the statistical validity in a large-N design.

Question 45

Provide a reason a researcher might want to conduct a small-N design.Provide a reason why a researcher might want to avoid conducting a small-N design.

Question 46

RESEARCH QUESTION 12.4
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/ appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale, where higher scores indicate higher body concerns).
Refer to Research Study 12.4 above to answer the following question.
In addition to measuring the body concern of the participants who joined a fraternity/sorority immediately before and immediately after they join,Dr.Fletcher measures them for the three weeks before and the three weeks after.Based on the results below,explain whether Dr.Fletcher should be concerned about a testing threat to internal validity.

Question 47

Explain why quasi-experiments and correlational studies can be seen as similar but why quasi-experiments are superior.

Question 48

RESEARCH STUDY 12.5
Layne is trying to watch less television. Her friend Ryan is a psychologist who agrees to help her. He creates a treatment plan that involves giving Layne $5 for every day that she watches fewer than 90 minutes of television. He monitors her television watching for 3 days, treats her for 3 days and monitors her, and then just monitors her for 3 more days.
Refer to Research Study 12.5 above to answer the following question.
Imagine that Ryan and Layne's study finds the following pattern of results.Explain why the data below are especially convincing because of the second baseline/reversal.Name a specific threat that these data address.

Question 49

RESEARCH STUDY 12.5
Layne is trying to watch less television. Her friend Ryan is a psychologist who agrees to help her. He creates a treatment plan that involves giving Layne $5 for every day that she watches fewer than 90 minutes of television. He monitors her television watching for 3 days, treats her for 3 days and monitors her, and then just monitors her for 3 more days.
Refer to Research Study 12.5 above to answer the following question.
Imagine that Ryan and Layne's study finds the following pattern of results.Explain whether Ryan and Layne should conclude that the $5 treatment is effective at decreasing television viewing and whether they should be concerned by an instrumentation threat.

Question 50

List three small-N designs and explain how these designs address maturation.