Deck 3: Discrimination

Question 1

The ________ became a law in 1990 and created a national mandate to identify bias crimes.

A) Civil Rights Act
B) Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
C) Hate Crime Statistics Act
D) Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is true of institutional discrimination?

A) It refers to the efforts and programs that suggest special treatment of women or racial minorities.
B) It imposes more hindrances on certain racial and ethnic groups than it does to others.
C) It discriminates against members of the dominant group.
D) It is the inability of racial minorities to move laterally in organizations.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

________ implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist.

Answer 3

Absolute deprivation

Question 4

The motivation for the bias in most hate crimes is ________.

A) age
B) race
C) sexual orientation
D) disability

Question 5

________ refers to overt acts of individual Whites against individual Blacks.

Question 6

What is institutional discrimination?

A) the denial of opportunities based on prejudice and hate
B) the process by which individuals perceive their own abilities as superior than those of others
C) the process by which organizations of society differentiate against the people of minority groups
D) the distribution of people based on various demographic characteristics such as gender, age, ethnicity, and location, within occupations

Question 7

________ refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance.

A) Environmental justice
B) Affirmative action
C) Intergenerational equity
D) Environmental pluralism

Question 8

________ is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society.

A) Essentialism
B) Eliminationism
C) Occupational segregation
D) Institutional discrimination

Question 9

What is reverse discrimination?

A) The charge that women are discriminated against in employment practices.
B) The charge that affirmative action discriminates against dominant group members.
C) The charge that law enforcement officers belonging to majority groups discriminate against others.
D) The charge that employees in senior management positions exploit those in lower levels of the organizational hierarchy.

Question 10

Berko, who works as a sales executive at ABZ Pharmaceuticals, has proved to be one of the best sales representatives in his team. However, regardless of performance, he was passed over for a promotion because he was a part of the cultural minority in the organization. In this scenario, Berko has experienced ________.

A) cultural relativism
B) discrimination
C) absolute deprivation
D) affirmative action

Question 11

Civil rights activist Carmichael and political scientist Hamilton introduced the concept of ________ to refer to covert acts committed collectively against an entire group.

A) pluralism
B) institutional discrimination
C) color-blind racism
D) institutional racism

Question 12

An immigrant group has access to better opportunities and comforts than it had in its home country. However, in comparison with dominant groups in its present country, it feels underprivileged. In this case, the immigrant group is experiencing ________.

A) relative deprivation
B) self-stereotyping
C) community cohesion
D) absolute deprivation

Question 13

An ordinary crime is defined as a(n) ________ when offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic-for example, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability-and provide evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the crime.

A) crime against morality
B) bias crime
C) inchoate crime
D) organized crime

Question 14

________ refers to the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.

A) Affirmative action
B) Cultural assimilation
C) Relative deprivation
D) Xenocentrism

Question 15

Which of the following is true of hate groups?

A) They direct their crimes toward those who are relatively powerless.
B) Their existence on the World Wide Web is close to negligible.
C) Their crimes are limited to minority religious groups.
D) A majority of their crimes are anti-White.

Question 16

Dominant group members tend to have better material comforts and more political freedom than minority groups. Sociologists refer to this type of inequality as ________.

A) total deprivation
B) relative deprivation
C) ethnocentrism
D) prejudice

Question 17

Which of the following would prevent women from laterally switching jobs within the same company?

A) glass ceilings
B) glass cliffs
C) glass walls
D) glass escalators

Question 18

The effort to recruit members of subordinate groups for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities is called ________.

A) institutional discrimination
B) affirmative action
C) relative deprivation
D) occupational segregation

Question 19

Jonathan is publicly attacked because of his sexual orientation. This is an example of a(n) ________.

A) white-collar crime
B) crime against morality
C) organized crime
D) hate crime

Question 20

The pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority or racially changing neighborhoods is called ________.

Question 21

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was given the power to ________.

A) ensure that employees have a work environment free from recognized hazards
B) investigate complaints against employers
C) make recommendations to the President
D) ensure that employees do not work more than the maximum number of hours established by the Commission

Question 22

According to Carmichael and Hamilton, ________ can take place without an individual intending to deprive others of privileges and even without the individual being aware that others are being deprived.

A) pluralism
B) anti-Semitism
C) color-blind racism
D) institutional racism

Question 23

Which of the following has been the key driver for initiatives to end discrimination?

A) action by the federal government
B) laws passed by individual states
C) resistance to inequality by subordinate groups
D) efforts made by the media to eradicate racial discrimination

Question 24

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to the establishment of the ________.

A) Glass Ceiling Commission (GCC)
B) Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
C) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
D) Affirmative Action Board (AAB)

Question 25

Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences regarding redlining. She states, "I was treated differently when lenders and real estate agents realized that I was an African American." Which of the following is most likely to have occurred after they realized that she was an African American?

A) She was shown better properties than those shown to people of other ethnicities.
B) She was offered less expensive loans than White home buyers.
C) She was quoted lower rents compared to people of other ethnicities.
D) She was shown fewer units than White people.

Question 26

Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences regarding redlining. She states, "I was treated differently when lenders and real estate agents realized that I was an African American." Which of the following is most likely to have occurred before they realized that she was an African American?

A) She was asked fewer questions about her finances.
B) She was considered a "risk" due to her financial situation.
C) She experienced unkept appointments.
D) She was quoted higher rents compared to people of other ethnicities.

Question 27

Which of the following terms refers to racist outcomes that become so widespread that minority groups endure them as a part of everyday life?

A) woodwork racism
B) environmental racism
C) scientific racism
D) symbolic racism

Question 28

In 1987, the Supreme Court ruled in two cases that any member of an ethnic minority may sue under federal prohibitions against discrimination. These two cases involved ________.

A) an Iraqi American professor and a Hispanic American
B) a Jewish rabbi and an African American minister
C) an Iraqi American professor and a Jewish congregation
D) a Buddhist and a Jewish congregation

Question 29

In which of the following Supreme Court rulings did the court affirm that victims had to file a formal complaint within 180 days of the alleged discrimination?

A) New York State Clubs Assoc. v. City of New York
B) Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
C) Gratz v. Bollinger
D) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Question 30

Many Baltonian men were effectively barred from serving in the police department of Rhodia because they failed to meet the minimum height requirement. The height requirement in no way helped perform the job effectively and favored White men in securing positions in the department. This is an example of ________.

A) occupational segregation
B) reverse discrimination
C) institutional discrimination
D) group libel

Question 31

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 applied to any businesses with more than ________ employees.

A) 50
B) 250
C) 100
D) 25

Question 32

Two years into her new job, Paula finds that her salary is considerably lesser than that of her male colleagues at similar positions. She can seek redress for this disparity in pay even after 180 days under the ________.

A) Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act
B) Employment Non-Discrimination Act
C) Equal Pay Act of 1963
D) Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

Question 33

For married couples working in the same firm, company policies provide a higher number of leaves to the mother than the father in the event of childbirth. This results in lost work opportunities and lesser chances of promotion for the woman. This policy is an example of ________.

A) prejudice
B) de facto segregation
C) sex discrimination
D) eliminationism

Question 34

Redlining refers to the pattern of ________.

A) racial profiling by law enforcement agencies
B) racial groups to be employed in different occupations from each other
C) IQ tests favoring middle-class children, especially the White and Hispanic middle class
D) discrimination against those trying to buy homes in racially changing localities

Question 35

Joanne and Richard are both single parents looking for housing in a certain neighborhood. Joanne is consistently quoted higher rents than Richard. If Joanne is being redlined, it is because she differs from Richard in terms of ________.

A) race
B) income level
C) age
D) occupation

Question 36

A firm promotes men to higher positions than women despite women performing better at the workplace. This is because the company believes that women need to balance tasks at home and work, which makes it difficult for them to take up positions of increased responsibility. This is an example of ________.

A) reverse discrimination
B) affirmative action
C) the self-fulfilling prophecy
D) sex discrimination

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of wealth inequality?

A) The wealth gap between White households and Black and Latino households is decreasing.
B) Black children are more likely to surpass their parents' income than White children.
C) Well-off Black Americans are more likely to have acquired knowledge from their parents about how to invest wisely.
D) The median wealth of White households is 20 times that of Black households.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of earning members of different groups?

A) The median income of Asian American men is lesser than that of White males.
B) Women with a master's degree earn more than men with a bachelor's degree.
C) Men earn a higher annual income than women regardless of race or ethnicity.
D) The median incomes of Hispanic men and White men are the same.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

A) a job that places a blanket exclusion on hiring people with felony records
B) a sales job that requires employees to be fluent in the local language
C) a job that does not permit children to accompany parents to the workplace
D) a job that has an equal number of holidays for employees of all ethnicities

Question 40

________ constitute the group with the highest median income in the U.S.

A) White women
B) Asian men
C) Black women
D) White men

Question 41

Which of the following terms refers to the positive effort to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities?

A) affirmative action
B) occupational segregation
C) xenocentrism
D) essentialism

Question 42

Which of the following statements about environmental justice is true?

A) Issues of environmental justice are limited to metropolitan areas.
B) There is a higher probability that White communities lack the resources to tackle environmental problems.
C) Low-income communities are more likely to be adjacent to waste sites.
D) Native American reservation land is protected from environmental abuse.

Question 43

Which of the following best describes the term environmental justice?

A) the rights of all communities to receive protection from the threat of hazardous waste
B) equal access to parkland recreation programs to people of all ethnicities, regardless of race
C) efforts to ensure that Native American lands are free from misuse
D) the rights of Green parties to appear on ballots

Question 44

Which of the following indicates the prevalence of a glass wall?

A) women being expected to find a fine balance between work outside the home and childcare and housework
B) men who enter female-dominated occupations being rewarded frequently with promotions and positions of responsibility
C) groups that reject assimilation and promote coexistence and pluralism
D) women being placed in support positions that reflect their stereotypical helping nature

Question 45

In 2013, the Supreme Court made a ruling in the Davis v. University of Texas at Austin case that ________.

A) the college must show compelling evidence that racial preferences are justified as one of the admissions criteria
B) race cannot be used in the admissions formula for undergraduates at the University of Texas
C) White professors may bring reverse discrimination claims against Court-approved affirmative action plans
D) standardized academic tests or criteria must not be geared to the cultural norms of White students

Question 46

In the ________ case, the Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional for universities to adopt flexible admission programs that use race as one factor in making decisions.

A) Brown
B) Johnson
C) Weber
D) Bakke

Question 47

At the workplace, women and racial and ethnic minorities face ________ that keep them from moving laterally to jobs that might lead to broader experience.

A) glass cliffs
B) glass escalators
C) glass ceilings
D) glass walls

Question 48

Which of the following refers to the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership?

A) the glass ceiling
B) the second shift
C) redlining
D) de jure segregation

Question 49

Dominique works at the human resources department in a software product development firm. She finds that her efforts to work in a position at the sales department are consistently blocked, even though she is qualified for the job. This is an example of ________ existing in the organization.

A) economic discrimination
B) a glass escalator
C) a glass cliff
D) a glass wall

Question 50

The phrase affirmative action first appeared in an executive order issued by President ________.

A) John F. Kennedy
B) Lyndon B. Johnson
C) Richard Nixon
D) Gerald Ford

Question 51

Gerard and Zoya work as teachers at an elementary school. Even though they are equally qualified, Gerard is being assigned more responsibilities and eventually becomes the school principal while Zoya continues to work as a teacher. This is an example of ________ existing in the educational institution.

A) occupational segregation
B) the glass escalator
C) the glass wall
D) the double burden

Question 52

In states that have been barred from using race explicitly in admissions, ________.

A) enrolment of White students has lowered
B) students from minority groups are performing better academically
C) there has been no change in minority enrollment rates
D) Black and Latino enrollment has dropped

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the term glass ceiling?

A) attitudinal bias experienced by subordinate-group members that prevents them from reaching their full potential
B) the idea that women will subject men to the same treatment that they have been subjected to over the years
C) the male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women
D) the distribution of people based upon demographic characteristics both across and within occupations and jobs

Question 54

Which of the following best describes the term glass wall?

A) the obstacles faced by people who enter the fields of law and medicine
B) the obstacles faced by majority groups, especially White men as a result of affirmative action
C) the barriers to horizontal movement faced by minority groups that may help in job advancement
D) the discrimination faced by customers who belong to subordinate groups

Question 55

The ________ refers to the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women.

A) glass ceiling
B) glass cliff
C) glass wall
D)glass escalator

Question 56

In the 2009 ________ case, the Supreme Court decided in favor of White firefighters that many saw as recognizing reverse racism.

A) Metro Broadcasting v. FCC
B) Gratz v. Bollinger
C) Ricci v. DeStefano
D) Griggs v. Duke Power Co.

Question 57

Explain the difference between absolute and relative deprivation as applied to the experiences of minority groups in America.

Question 58

Opponents of affirmative action argue that the use of quotas for minority groups in hiring practices leads to ________.

A) reverse discrimination
B) attributional ambiguity
C) economic discrimination
D) naturalization

Question 59

Anita Juarez, a Mexican American woman, works in the public relations department of a firm. Though she is promoted quickly within her department, her attempts to move into the marketing department and to key executive positions are not approved by the management. This is an example of ________.

A) reverse discrimination
B) a glass wall
C) affirmative action
D) a glass cliff

Question 60

Government actions often cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men. This is an example of ________.

A) ethnocentrism
B) reverse discrimination
C) xenocentrism
D) racial integration

Question 61

What was affirmative action as a social program intended to accomplish? Has it been successful?

Question 62

Discuss how the Civil Rights Act of 1964 attempted to eradicate discrimination.

Question 63

What is reverse discrimination? Does the latest data support that White men experience discrimination on the basis of race?

Question 64

How does institutional discrimination differ from individual discrimination? Provide three examples of institutional discrimination.

Question 65

What is a hate crime? Why do hate crimes carry harsher penalties?

Question 66

Define and differentiate among glass ceilings, glass walls, and glass escalators.

Question 67

What is meant by the term environmental justice? Provide examples to explain environmental discrimination.