Deck 1: What Is Criminology?

Question 1

The contributions made by society to crime are complex and far reaching.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The term criminalize means to make illegal.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

From a legalistic perspective, crime is human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a provincial or local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws and for which there is some form of authorized sanction.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Theoretical criminology, rather than simply describing crime and its occurrence, posits explanations for criminal behaviour.

Question 5

A criminalist is a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime.

Question 6

A correlation is a causal, complementary, or reciprocal relationship between two measurable variables.

Question 7

The Pluralist Perspective maintains that law is a tool of power that serves to further the interests of those powerful enough to make the laws.

Question 8

Previous and ongoing debates over assisted suicide highlight the changing nature of criminal activity.

Question 9

The criminal event is ultimately a result of the coming together of inputs provided by the offender, victim, society, and justice system.

Question 10

The concepts contained within a hypothesis must be translated into measurable variables.

Question 11

Socialization has very little to do with crime causation.

Question 12

Crime, like other social events, is fundamentally a social construction.

Question 13

The primary perspective from which most contemporary criminologists operate is a sociological one.

Question 14

Criminality is a behavioural predisposition that disproportionately favours criminal activity.

Question 15

The social responsibility perspective characteristically emphasizes a micro approach that tends to focus on individual offenders and their unique biology, psychology, background, and immediate life experiences.

Question 16

Quantitative methods or techniques produce measurable results that can be analyzed statistically.

Question 17

The social problems perspective considers the cause of crime to be individual perpetrators.

Question 18

The primary significance of crime and of criminal behaviour is fundamentally social in nature, and any control over crime must stem from effective social policy.

Question 19

Survey research typically involves the use of questionnaires or surveys.

Question 20

Society's less formal contributions to crime arise out of generic social practices and conditions such as poverty, poor and informal education, various forms of discrimination by which pathways to success are blocked, and the socialization process.

Question 21

____________ is human activity that violates social norms.

A) Criminality
B) Cruelty
C) Socialization
D) Deviant behaviour
E) Delinquency

Question 22

Qualitative methods refer to research techniques that produce subjective results or results that are difficult to quantify.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about deviance and crime is/are true?

A) All deviant behaviour is criminal.
B) All criminal behaviour is deviant.
C) Deviance and criminal behaviour are identical.
D) Deviance and criminal behaviour overlap.
E) Deviance and criminal behaviour do not overlap at all.

Question 24

A variable is a concept that can undergo measurable changes.

Question 25

A rival explanation, or competing hypothesis, that is a threat to the internal or external validity of a research design is known as a ________________.

A) Research designs
B) Tests of significance  
C) Hypotheses
D) Confounding effect
E) Controlled experiments

Question 26

Within the Canadian setting, the _____________ perspective of criminal behaviour has generally influenced crime-prevention policy.

A) social problems
B) social context
C) social responsibility
D) individual problems
E) individual context

Question 27

A(n) ________ consists of a set of interrelated propositions that provide a relatively complete form of understanding.

A) concept
B) variable
C) theory
D) hypothesis
E) research design  

Question 28

Civil law exists primarily for the purpose of enforcing private rights and deals with arrangements between individuals, such as contracts and claims to property.

Question 29

Even though crime rates have declined, concern over crime remains an important determinant of social policy.

Question 30

Present-day criminology is decidedly more scientific than in previous decades, which also means that present-day criminology is also more amenable to objective scrutiny and systematic testing.

Question 31

A statute is an informal written enactment of a legislative body.

Question 32

Criminologists such as Gennaro F. Vito and Ronald M. Holmes have stated that criminology can be defined as "the study of the causes of crime." Both these criminologists can be said to reflect the ________ definition of criminology.

A) disciplinary
B) policy
C) causative
D) restorative
E) scientific

Question 33

________ research consists of new evaluations of existing information collected by other researchers.

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Pure
D) Applied
E) Descriptive

Question 34

Society's fear of crime is directly related to the actual incidence of crime.

Question 35

The ethical requirement of social scientific research that research subjects be informed as to the nature of the research about to be conducted, their anticipated role in it, and the uses to which the data they provide will be put is known as ________.

A) data confidentiality
B) informed consent
C) self-report
D) participant observation
E) case study

Question 36

Contemporary criminologists generally recognize that their field is ________.

A) narrowly defined
B) interdisciplinary
C) isolated
D) limited
E) all-inclusive

Question 37

Administrative law regulates many daily business activities.

Question 38

The ________ perspective of criminology holds that a multiplicity of values and beliefs exist in any complex society but that most social actors agree on the usefulness of law as a formal means of dispute resolution.

A) integrated
B) conflict
C) pluralist
D) consensus
E) sociological

Question 39

____________ is a research method whereby a research investigation of subjects occurs in order to record and report their behaviours.

A) Descriptive statistics
B) Quasi-experimental designs  
C) Qualitative methods
D) Self-reporting
E) Case studies

Question 40

Crime prevention programs and government sponsored safe injection sites are examples of social policy.

Question 41

A(n) ________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all (or at least most) forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach.

A) complete
B) specific
C) integrated
D) general
E) unicausal

Question 42

A(n) ________ refers to an experiment that attempts to hold conditions (other than the intentionally introduced experimental intervention) constant.

A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Controlled experiment
D) Research design
E) Pure research design

Question 43

As the text points out, a growing number of criminologists believe that ________ data-gathering strategies represent the future of criminological research.

A) quantitative
B) self report  
C) survey research  
D) case study  
E) qualitative  

Question 44

________ is the lifelong process of social experience whereby individuals acquire the cultural patterns of their society.

A) Acculturation
B) Indoctrination
C) Subjugation
D) Acquisition
E) Socialization

Question 45

The _________________ perspective holds the belief that individuals are fundamentally responsible for their own behaviour and that they choose crime over other, more law-abiding courses of action.

A) social problems
B) individual problem-based
C) social responsibility
D) social epidemic
E) government-based

Question 46

A less serious crime, including, for example, making indecent telephone calls or loitering on private property at night, is termed _________________.

A) a felony
B) an indictable offence
C) a summary conviction offence
D) deviance
E) a hybrid offence

Question 47

This perspective on crime believes that crime is the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behaviour as illegal.

A) Sociological perspective
B) Discrimination perspective
C) Legalistic perspective
D) Political perspective
E) Research perspective

Question 48

In participant observation research, when researchers make their presence known to those whom they are observing (without attempting to influence the outcome of their observations or the activities of the group), they fit the category of ________.

A) observer as complete participant
B) control group observer
C) participants who are observers
D) research subject
E) unobtrusive observer

Question 49

________ may be defined as the use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge.

A) Inferential statistics  
B) Research
C) Descriptive statistics
D) Tests of significance
E) Qualitative statistics

Question 50

There is a growing tendency to reserve application of the term ____________ to academics, researchers, and policy analysts with advanced degrees who are involved in the study of crime and crime trends andin the analysis of societal reactions to crime.

A) judge
B) pathologist
C) police officer
D) teacher
E) criminologist

Question 51

________ involves a variety of strategies in data gathering in which the researcher observes a group by participating, to varying degrees, in the activities of that group.

A) A pretest-posttest control group design
B) A controlled experiment  
C) Unobtrusive observation  
D) Participant observation
E) Secondary analysis

Question 52

The legalistic approach to crime ________.

A) is found only in countries under totalitarian regimes
B) is embodied in our complex court system
C) sees crime solely as conduct in violation of the criminal law
D) sees crime as a threat to continued self-government
E) is popular among criminologists

Question 53

Which of the following statements about the social problems perspective is NOT true?

A) It suggests that crime is a symptom of underlying social problems such as poverty and discrimination.
B) It emphasizes the development of social and educational opportunities as a way of dealing with crime.
C) It emphasizes crime prevention efforts such as harsher sentences.  
D) It sees crime as a public health issue as well as a criminal justice issue.  
E) It suggests that solutions to crime need to come in the form of government expenditures in support of social programs.

Question 54

The 1993 Supreme Court of Canada decision dealing with assisted suicide in the case of ________ ruled that the law against assisted suicide does not violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

A) Sue Gagnon
B) Sue Loomes
C) Sue Rodriguez
D) Susan Stinchcombe
E) Susan Askov

Question 55

Which form of law originates in the form of statutes or formal written strictures made by a legislature or governing body with the power to make law?

A) Civil law
B) Administrative law  
C) Criminal law
D) Common law
E) Statutory law

Question 56

A crime provokes reactions from individuals it victimizes, from concerned groups of citizens, from the criminal justice system, and sometimes from society as a whole, which manifests its concerns via ________.

A) law enforcement crackdown
B) the enactment of new laws
C) the creation of social policy
D) increased media exposure and editorial debate
E) increased political rhetoric

Question 57

________ is an ethical requirement of social scientific research to protect te confidentiality of individual research participants while preserving justified research access to the information participants provide.

A) Informed consent
B) Primary analysis
C) Secondary analysis
D) Data confidentiality
E) Replicability

Question 58

________ research is characterized by original and direct investigation.

A) Secondary
B) Quasi-experimental  
C) Descriptive
D) Primary
E) Observational

Question 59

According to the theory building process elaborated upon in the text, the collection and analysis of data occurs because the ____________________.

A) Theory-based social policy has been enacted
B) Theory is proposed
C) hypothesis is being tested
D) social problems perspective states that it must be so
E) social responsibility perspective states that this cannot occur earlier

Question 60

Decisions based on items within the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board would be considered part of which primary form of law?

A) Administrative law
B) Criminal law
C) Summary conviction offences
D) Hybrid offences (dual procedure)
E) Civil law

Question 61

List and briefly elaborate upon the four principles of the consensus perspective as dictated by Raymond J. Michalowski.

Question 62

The recent introduction of Bill C-10, the _________________________, sees increased use of incarceration as a response to crime - including increased use of mandatroy minimum prison sentences, more frequent pretrial detention, and harsher penalties of incarceration for young offenders.

A) Crime Prevention Act
B) Senators Reform Act
C) Safe Streets and Communities Act
D) Incacerate Everyone Act
E) Community Protection of Life and Liberty Act

Question 63

Someone who exceeds the speed limit because she is late for an appointment is engaging in behaviour that is ________.

A) criminal but not deviant
B) deviant but not criminal
C) antisocial
D) neither deviant nor criminal
E) both deviant and criminal

Question 64

Define and explain the difference(s) between civil law and administrative law.

Question 65

Many studies of the _______________ have concluded that such legislation typically results in clogged court systems and crowded correctional facilities and encourages three-time offenders to take dramatic risks to avoid capture.

A) Administrative law in Canada
B) Research designs of criminologists
C) Three-strikes laws
D) Dual procedure laws in Canada
E) Social policies in Canada