Deck 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective

Question 1

Peacemaking criminologists appear to build upon preexisting theoretical frameworks, but rarely offer new propositions or hypotheses that are testable.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The conflict perspective sees laws as the tool of the disenfranchised.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Feminist criminology is a self-conscious corrective model intended to redirect the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Structural Marxism is a perspective that holds that the structural institutions of society influence the behaviour of individuals and groups by virtue of the type of relationships created. Criminal law, for example, refelcts class relationships and serves to reinforce those relationships.

Question 5

Left-realist criminology is a conflict perspective that insists on a psychological and biosocial approach to understanding criminality in inner-city neighbourhoods.

Question 6

Postmodern feminism is a perspective that examines social roles and the gender-based division of labour within the family, seeing both as a significant source of women's insubordination within society.

Question 7

According to William Chambliss, socialist societies should have a higher crime rate than capitalist societies due to the intense class struggle.

Question 8

Ralf Dahrendorf held that the presence of conflict in a society is abnormal.

Question 9

The restorative-justice approach views crime as a harm done to the victim and the community rather than a harm done to the state.

Question 10

Social class refers to distinctions made between individuals on the basis of important defining social characteristics.

Question 11

The social conflict perspective is an analytical perspective on social organization which holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life itself and can never fully be resolved.

Question 12

According to William Chambliss, a well-known radical criminologist, middle and upper class criminals are less likely to be apprehended and punished because they are better at hiding their crimes than the lower class offenders.

Question 13

Instrumental Marxism holds that those in power intentionally create laws and social institutions that serve their own interests and that keep others from becoming powerful.

Question 14

Austin Turk contended that in any attempt to explain criminality, it is more useful to view the social order as mainly a pattern of conflict than to offer explanations for crime based upon behavioural or psychological approaches.

Question 15

Feminism views gender in terms of power relationships.

Question 16

Karl Marx saw class struggle as inevitable to the evolution of any capitalistic society.

Question 17

Circle sentencing conferences are groups of community members who actively assist justice authorities by participating in discussions about available sentencing options and plans to reintegrate the offender back into the community.

Question 18

Adversarial court proceedings are based on the principle of restorative justice.

Question 19

Patriarchy refers to female dominance.

Question 20

Proletariat refers to those persons who are relatively uneducated and who are without power.

Question 21

________ criminology insists upon a pragmatic assessment of crime and associated problems.

A) Peacemaking
B) Feminist
C) Left-Realist
D) Critical
E) Radical

Question 22

The concepts of power control, gender socialization, and empowerment are attached to the feminist criminology approach.

Question 23

In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie are the class of people that owns the means of production.

Question 24

Criminologist Walter DeKeseredy is associated with the radical criminology perspective.

Question 25

_____________________ are acquired through personal effort or chance over the course of one's life and include such things as level of education, income, place of residence, and profession.

A) Instrumental Marxisms
B) Marxian insights
C) Proletariat status
D) Ascribed status
E) Achieved characteristics

Question 26

________ are those with which a person is born.

A) Ascribed attributes
B) Achieved attributes
C) Statuses
D) Learned behaviours
E) Symbols

Question 27

Some authors credit ________ with popularizing left realist notions in North America and England.

A) Harold E. Pepinski and Richard Quinney
B) John Hagan and Kathleen Daly
C) Jock Young and Freda Adler
D) Walter DeKeseredy and Jock Young
E) Austin Turk and Ezzat Fattah

Question 28

Social conflict theories emphasize social, economic, and political realities and place crime within this context.

Question 29

Central to the perspective of radical criminology is the notion of ________.

A) Terrorism
B) state organized crime
C) Consensus
D) social class
E) Pluralism

Question 30

Participatory justice is a relatively informal type of justice case processing which makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention.

Question 31

Left realists believe that the criminal justice system could offer useful services if modifications are made.

Question 32

________ criminology believes that in order to reduce crime, crime-control agencies and citizens must work together to alleviate social problems.

A) Peacemaking
B) Feminist
C) Realist
D) Marxist
E) Radical

Question 33

Harold Pepinsky is a contemporary criminologist who advocates ________________________.

A) radical criminology
B) Marxist criminology
C) feminist criminology
D) critical criminology
E) peacemaking criminology

Question 34

According to ________, gender is not a natural fact but a complex social, historical, and cultural product; it is related to, not simply derived from, biological sex differences and differing reproductive capacities.

A) Kathleen Daly and Meda Chesney-Lind
B) Rita J. Simon and Austin Turk
C) Freda Adler and Rita J. Simon
D) John Hagan and Kathleen Daly
E) John Hagen and Richard Quinney

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a strategy proposed by radical-critical criminologists to bring about a justice system closer to the radical ideal?

A) Increasing equality in criminal justice system employment
B) Programs designed to reduce prison overcrowding
C) Promotion of mandatory sentencing
D) Prosecution of corporate crime
E) Equal justice in the bail system

Question 36

According to Karl Marx, the ________, since they possess neither capital nor means of production, must earn their living by continuously selling their labour.

A) Proletariat
B) middle class
C) Bourgeoisie
D) social class
E) upper class

Question 37

The restorative-justice approach was deemed to be ineffective at reducing crime and subsequently is no longer in use.

Question 38

________ stated that powerful groups make laws, and those laws express and protect their interests.

A) Karl Marx
B) Roscoe Pound
C) George Vold
D) William Chambliss
E) Georg Simmel

Question 39

Peacemaking criminology holds that crime control agencies and citizens must work together to alleviate social problems, including crime.

Question 40

The standoff between Canadian soldiers and Mohawk warriors at the Kanesatake reserve in Oka, Quebec, in September of 1990, was initiated over the plans to expand a golf course.

Question 41

List and briefly elaborate upon five issues that peacemaking criminology draws attention to.

Question 42

______________ involve(s) participation by the judge, victim, offender, family or supporters, elders, and other justice and community representatives.

A) Instrumental Marxism panels
B) Sentencing circles
C) Community policing
D) Power-control circles
E) Left-realism participation circles

Question 43

____________, although they want the same gender equality as other feminists, lay the blame for present inequalities on the development within culture and society of "separate and distant spheres of influence and traditional attitudes about the appropriate role of men and women."

A) Radical feminists
B) Conservative-social feminists
C) Liberal feminists
D) Patriarchal feminists
E) Power-control feminists

Question 44

What is restorative justice and how has it contributed to our understanding of the crime victim?.

Question 45

In 1993, _________________ killed his daughter who suffered from cerebral palsy. The case and the killing came to be known as one dealing with "compassionate homicide."

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Robert Latimer
C) John Q. Bastion
D) John Halinsky
E) Richard Quinney

Question 46

One criticism of ___________________ is that predicted increases in female crime rates have failed to materialize as social opportunities available to both genders have become more balanced.

A) Peacemaking criminology
B) Restorative justice
C) Socialization
D) Feminist criminology
E) Family-Group conferencing

Question 47

The belief that the legal system is controlled by the wealthy members of society and is used to control the poor is representative of ________.

A) critical Marxism
B) structural Marxism
C) instrumental Marxism
D) radical feminism
E) power-control theory

Question 48

The laws of any society, according to ________, are a political statement.

A) William Chambliss
B) George Void
C) Austin Turk
D) Karl Marx
E) Richard Quinney

Question 49

________ is also known as "compassionate criminology."

A) Left-realist criminology
B) Critical criminology
C) Peacemaking criminology
D) Liberal feminist criminology
E) Radical criminology

Question 50

________ is more reactive than proactive.

A) The social conflict perspective
B) The left-realist perspective
C) Radical criminology
D) Feminist criminology
E) Critical criminology

Question 51

A central tenet of ________________ is the claim that radical ideas must be translated into realistic social policies if contemporary criminology is to have any practical relevance.

A) Radical feminism
B) Liberal feminism
C) Right realism
D) Left realism
E) Utopian capitalism

Question 52

According to Marxist theory, the _____________ encompasses the large mass of people who are relatively uneducated and without power.

A) Bourgeoisie
B) Proletariat
C) critical thinkers
D) patriarchy advocates
E) peace-model advocates

Question 53

________ examines social roles and the gender-based division of labour within the family, seeing both as a significant source of women's insubordination within society.

A) Socialist feminism
B) Peacemaking criminology
C) Radical feminism
D) Realist criminology
E) Feminist criminology

Question 54

In The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, ________ suggests that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor.

A) Rita J. Simon
B) George Vold
C) Richard Quinney
D) Austin Turk
E) Jeffrey Reiman

Question 55

________ depicts men as fundamentally brutish, aggressive, and violent and controlling women through sexuality by taking advantage of both women's biological dependence during childbearing years and their lack of physical strength relative to men.

A) Radical feminism
B) Liberal feminism
C) Socialist feminism
D) Marxist feminism
E) Power-control theory

Question 56

________________ believed that classes are social conflict groups, the determinant of which can be found in the participation in or exclusion from the exercise of authority.

A) Karl Marx
B) Ralf Dahrendorf
C) Friedrich Engels
D) George Vold
E) Richard Quinney

Question 57

According to Ralf Dahrendorf, __________________ brings a lessening of social order, whereas ___________________ increases cohesiveness within society.

A) Destructive change; constructive change
B) social cohesion; social class
C) social criminology; radical criminology
D) constructive change; destructive change
E) Capitalism; destructive change