Deck 11: Criminology and Social Policy

Question 1

Public policy may be defined as government formulated directives made on behalf of the public good to solve a problem or achieve an end.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Advocates of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design feel that it is an approach to crime prevention that is successful on its own.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

During the "program evaluation and reassessment" stage of the stages of criminal justice policy in Canada, the research, data gathering and analysis continues and the effectiveness of the program from efficiency, ability to meet objectives, and cost perspectives is determined.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Generally, policy dealing with issues of crime and its prevention and control fall under the rubric of social policy.

Question 5

The crime prevention strategy which "attempts to forestall the development of criminality by improving early life experiences and channelling child and early adolescent development into desirable directions" is known as a protection/avoidance strategy.

Question 6

CPTED is based on the concept of defensible space, which holds that crime can be prevented through proper residential and commercial architectural design and the layout of the physical environment.

Question 7

Analysts of public policy have observed that policies undergo five stages in their development.

Question 8

CPTED is the acronym for "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design."

Question 9

Providing common space to ensure interaction between tenants in an apartment building is an example of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.

Question 10

Attempting to decrease crime by increasing penalties is an example of the deterrence strategy of crime control.

Question 11

A deterrence strategy of crime-control attempts to diminish motivation for crime by increasing the perceived certainty, severity, or celerity of penalties.

Question 12

Efforts to develop effective crime-prevention policies are often hampered by the division of power between the federal and provincial/territorial governments.

Question 13

Today's response to crime has "two prongs." One prong defines crime as an issue of individual responsibility. The other sees crime and criminal behaviour as resulting from poor social conditions and dysfunctional social structures.

Question 14

The Stockholm Prize in Criminology is one very recent recognition that the link between objective findings of well-conducted criminological research and the development of effective social policy is being made.

Question 15

Analysts of public policy have observed that "program implementation" is the final stage of criminal justice policy development in Canada.

Question 16

Currently in the United States, policies at both the state and federal levels are becoming more and more focused on strict enforcement of existing laws and on strict punishments.

Question 17

According to the text, Spain now has the highest incarceration rate compared to other Western European countries, the United States, and Canada.

Question 18

In Canada, many crime-prevention initiatives emphasize a nuturant strategy.

Question 19

The National Crime Prevention Strategy is emblematic of a deterrence strategy.

Question 20

Historically, criminal justice policies in Canada were based on the social problems perspective.

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a nurturant strategy?

A) Developing a stay in school project.
B) Developing mandatory minimum sentences.
C) Reducing the number of entry and exit points on a neighbourhood block.
D) Increasing penalties for offences committed using a firearm.
E) Decreasing the age at which one is considered a young offender.

Question 22

The United States now imprisons more people per capita than any other country in the Western world.

Question 23

The National Strategy on Community Safety and Crime Prevention is an example of a ________ strategy.

A) nurturant
B) retributive
C) deterrence
D) protection/avoidance
E) social epidemiology

Question 24

The Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design model focuses on all of the following EXCEPT

A) natural surveillance.
B) natural access control.
C) territorial reinforcement.
D) defensible space.
E) age of the offender.

Question 25

Our American neighbours appear to have embraced the social responsibility perspective of crime prevention.

Question 26

For Bianchi, the concept of ________ referred to the political handling of crime, or, as we might say today, criminology-based social policy.

A) criminology
B) Kriminalpolitik
C) public policy
D) social epidemiology
E) social policy

Question 27

The fourth stage of public policy development is referred to as __________________.

A) policy formation
B) program evaluation and reassessment
C) identification of the problem
D) agenda setting or the prioritization of problems
E) program implementation

Question 28

The second stage of public policy development is referred to as __________________.

A) Identification of the problem
B) Agenda setting or the prioritization of problems
C) Program implementation
D) Crime Prevention Through Recruiting
E) Crime Awareness Building

Question 29

________ attempt(s) to reduce criminal opportunities by changing people's routine activities or by incapacitating convicted offenders.

A) Social epidemiology
B) Nurturant strategies
C) Public health
D) Deterrence strategies
E) Protection/avoidance strategies

Question 30

One of the National Crime Prevention Strategy programs is the Youth Gang Prevention Fund.

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a deterrence strategy?

A) Installation of proper lighting in a parking garage.
B) Increasing programs for infant and maternal health care.
C) Developing mandatory minimum sentences.
D) Starting up a neighbourhood watch program.
E) Developing child care programs for the working poor.

Question 32

New and tougher laws, quicker trial court processing, and faster imposition of sentences are all examples of ________.

A) social epidemiology
B) nurturant strategies
C) protection/avoidance strategies
D) deterrence strategies
E) Kriminalpolitik

Question 33

Analysts of public policy have observed that policies undergo five stages in their development. The first stage is ________.

A) policy formation
B) program implementation
C) program evaluation and reassessment
D) agenda setting or the prioritization of problems
E) identification of the problem

Question 34

"Crime prevention through social development" is the term used to describe ________.

A) the Youth Criminal Justice Act
B) the National Crime Prevention Strategy
C) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
D) the Firearms Act
E) the Young Offenders Act

Question 35

By addressing social problems and the need for improvements in the social infrastructure, the social problems perspective takes a ________ approach to the reality of crime.

A) reactive
B) nurturant
C) protection/avoidance
D) proactive
E) deterrent

Question 36

According to Bianchi ________ should be considered a "metascience," or "a science of wider scope (than that of criminal law, jurisprudence, criminal justice, or corrections) whose terminology can be used to clarify the conceptions of its subdisciplines."

A) criminology
B) Kriminalpolitik
C) public policy
D) social epidemiology
E) social policy

Question 37

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design is an example of a ________ strategy.

A) nurturant
B) deterrence
C) public health
D) protection/avoidance
E) social epidemiology

Question 38

The Conservative government of Stephen Harper has engaged in a slight shift away from the social-problems based approach to crime prevention to a more "get-tough" approach to crime and criminality.

Question 39

The third stage of public policy development is referred to as __________________.

A) Identification of the problem
B) Restoration
C) Protection/avoidance
D) Deterrence
E) Policy formation

Question 40

The Safe Streets and Communities Act of 2012 introduced changes to the Criminal Code of Canada including increased penalties for sexual offences against children and for drug crimes, to name but a few of the changes.

Question 41

In 1971, ________ wrote the seminal work on CPTED principles entitled Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, essentially introducing the concept to North America.

A) C. Wright Mills
B) Karl Marx
C) Max Weber
D) C. Ray Jeffery
E) Timothy Crowe

Question 42

List the three specific objectives of the National Crime Prevention Strategy.

Question 43

In 2009, a report entitled A Roadmap to Strengthening Public Safety recommended a number of changes within the correctional system, including __________________.

A) the elimination of statutory release and the movement toward earned parole for inmates
B) the mandatory minimum of 25 years for theft over $5 000
C) the removal of mandatory minimum sentences
D) the elimination of life sentences
E) the cutback of paid sick days for correctional service workers

Question 44

The CPTED concept was introduced to Canada in the early 1980s by the ___________________, and has since been endorsed by a great number of police services throughout Canada, many of whom have trained CPTED officers.

A) London Police Service
B) Peel Regional Police Service
C) Edmonton Police Service
D) Waterloo Regional Police Service
E) Calgary Police Service

Question 45

The continued research, data gathering, and analysis of drinking and driving offences would be an example of _________ in criminal justice policy in Canada.

A) gestation
B) Program evaluation and reassessment
C) CPTED
D) birth
E) Natural surveillance

Question 46

Traditional _________________ crime prevention approaches have employed physical or artificial barriers such as locks, alarms, fences, and gates to deny access to a crime target.

A) Neighbourhood watch
B) School design
C) CCTV targeting
D) Natural surveillance
E) Target hardening

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of a protection/avoidance strategy?

A) Decreasing the age at which one is considered a young offender.
B) Developing an anger management program for youth.
C) Reducing the number of entry and exit points on a neighbourhood block.
D) Increasing penalties for offences committed using a firearm.
E) Introducing a parenting skills group for men.

Question 48

Briefly elaborate on the crime prevention strategy referred to as the "protection/avoidance strategy."

Question 49

Essentially, _____________ is/are responsible for the enforcement of all laws and the creation of local by-laws.

A) the RCMP
B) members of parliament
C) municipalities
D) the United Nations
E) provincial governments

Question 50

Keeping potential intruders under observation is known as _________________ in CPTED speak.

A) Territorial reinforcement
B) Natural access control
C) Natural surveillance
D) Physical environment control
E) City design specifications

Question 51

Modifications to the physical environment, such as those advocated by CPTED principles, will be effective only if they complement community-policing efforts and social programs that address some of the _____________________.

A) population density within urban malls
B) root causes of crime
C) weather fluctuations during the commission of criminal activity
D) training of police officers
E) economic limitations of municipal rejuvenation programs

Question 52

"Natural access control" refers to ________.

A) keeping potential intruders under observation
B) using gates and locks to deny access to a site
C) extending the sphere of influence through physical design
D) decreasing the opportunity for crime
E) providing common spaces for interaction