Deck 2: Transmission Genetics

Question 1

The genes responsible for some of the traits that Mendel observed have been recently identified and have helped in determining how molecular variation produces morphologic variation in pea plants.Allelic variation in the Sbe1 gene,which produces starch-branching enzyme 1,is responsible for which trait in peas?

A)round and wrinkled pea shape
B)yellow and green pea color
C)purple and white flowers
D)tall and short plant height
E)axial and terminal flower position

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The statistical interpretation of a chi-square value is determined by identifying the P value for each experiment,and the P value is dependent on the number of degrees of freedom (df)in the experiment being examined.For the coin flip experiment,the df value is equal to 1.What would be the df value for the example about rolling a 1 in a single roll of a die?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Humans have a gene,"T," that is involved in muscle formation of the tongue.Individuals with the one allele can roll their tongues,while individuals with the other allele cannot.If both parents can roll their tongues,but their child cannot,what can be said about the mode of inheritance?

A)Tongue rolling is dominant.
B)Tongue rolling is recessive.
C)The parents were both homozygous,but the child was heterozygous.
D)Tongue rolling is dominant,and both parents were heterozygous (Tt).
E)Tongue rolling is recessive,and both parents were heterozygous (Tt).

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The P value is a quantitative expression of the probability that the results of another experiment of the same size and structure will deviate as much or more from expected results by chance.The greater the difference between observed and expected results of an experiment,

A)the lower the χ2 value and the lower the P value.
B)the greater the χ2 value and the greater the P value.
C)the greater the χ2 value and the lower the P value.
D)the lower the χ2 value and the greater the P value.
E)the greater the χ2 value;but the P value is unaffected.

Question 5

In peas,the yellow allele is dominant over the green allele.If a plant with yellow peas is crossed to a plant with green peas,the resulting plants are 50% yellow and 50% green.What is the genotype of the parents in this cross?

A)YY × yy
B)YY × Yy
C)Yy × yy
D)Yy × Yy
E)yy × yy

Question 6

In 1997,a gene called Le was discovered by two research groups led by David Martin and Diane Lester.Allelic variation in the Le gene,which controls elongation of the plant stem between branches,is responsible for which trait in peas?

A)inflated and constricted pod shape
B)yellow and green pod color
C)purple and white flowers
D)tall and short plant height
E)axial and terminal flower position

Question 7

Mendel performed many types of crosses,including those in which the same genotypes are crossed but the sexes of the parents are switched.These are known as

A)replicate crosses.
B)reciprocal crosses.
C)test crosses.
D)monohybrid crosses.
E)dihybrid crosses.

Question 8

Crosses in which F₁ plants heterozygous for a given allele are crossed to generate a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F₂ generation are known as

A)replicate crosses.
B)reciprocal crosses.
C)test crosses.
D)monohybrid crosses.
E)dihybrid crosses.

Question 9

A couple has four children.What is the probability that they would have four boys?

A)1/2
B)1/4
C)1/8
D)1/16
E)1/32

Question 10

The law of independent assortment would predict that the F₂ progeny of F₁ heterozygous plants will exhibit a

A)3:1 phenotypic ratio.
B)9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
C)1:2:1 genotypic ratio.
D)9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio.
E)3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio.

Question 11

How many possible gametes can be produced by a short plant with yellow,round peas with a heterozygous genotype (YyRrSs)?

A)3
B)6
C)8
D)10
E)12

Question 12

In peas,axial (A)flower position is dominant to terminal (a),and tall (L)is dominant to short (l).If a plant that is heterozygous for both traits is allowed to self-fertilize,how many of the offspring would also be heterozygous for both traits?

A)9/16
B)4/16
C)3/16
D)2/16
E)1/16

Question 13

By convention,when the difference between the observed experimental outcomes and the expected outcome is less than 5 percent (< 0.05),the experimental results are considered to be

A)within normal expected range.
B)statistically significantly and different from the expected outcome.
C)not significant.
D)less than one standard deviation from the mean.
E)equal to the mean.

Question 14

The statistical interpretation of a chi-square value is determined by identifying the

A)mean.
B)degrees of freedom.
C)average.
D)P value.
E)joint probability.

Question 15

Assuming independent assortment,what phenotypic ratio would you expect to see if an individual with the genotype RrGg is self-crossed?

A)1:3
B)9:3:3:1
C)1:2:1
D)1:3:2:1
E)3:1

Question 16

In peas,axial (A)flower position is dominant to terminal (a),tall (L)is dominant to short (l),and yellow (Y)is dominant to green (y).If a plant that is heterozygous for all three traits is allowed to self-fertilize,how many of the offspring would be dominant for all three traits?

A)3/64
B)9/64
C)27/64
D)32/64
E)64/64

Question 17

What genotypic ratio would you expect to see among the progeny of a monohybrid cross?

A)1:3
B)9:3:3:1
C)1:2:1
D)1:3:2:1
E)3:1

Question 18

In peas,the round allele is dominant over the wrinkled allele.If a plant with round peas is crossed to a plant with wrinkled peas,all of the resulting plants have round peas.What is the genotype of the parents in this cross?

A)RR × rr
B)RR × Rr
C)Rr × rr
D)Rr × Rr
E)rr × rr

Question 19

The law of segregation states that the F₂ progeny of F₁ heterozygous plants will exhibit

A)a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
B)a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
C)a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio.
D)a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio.
E)both a 3:1 phenotypic ratio and a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio.

Question 20

What phenotypic ratio would you expect as a result of a test cross between a dihybrid organism and one that is homozygous recessive for alleles at two independent loci?

A)3:1
B)1:2:1
C)1:1:1:1
D)9:3:3:1
E)9:4:2:1

Question 21

What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining an odd number on at least one die?

Question 22

What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining at least one 3?

Question 23

The statistical value obtained from the chi-square analysis refers to the probability that the deviations of between the observed numbers and the expected numbers are caused by what?

Question 24

What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining two 4s?

Question 25

In a test cross,a pure-breeding plant is crossed with a plant suspected to be heterozygous (Aa).What is the genotype of the pure-breeding plant?

Question 26

In a dihybrid cross,you want to calculate the probability that an F₂ progeny of the cross will inherit both dominant phenotypes.Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the probability of obtaining that combination of alleles?

Question 27

What simple type of cross that looks at the inheritance of only one trait could be used to illustrate Mendel's law of segregation?

Question 28

Mendel performed numerous controlled genetic crosses to obtain strains that consistently produced a single phenotype without variation.What are these strains that consistently produce the same phenotype called?

Question 29

The probability of experimental outcomes gets smaller toward the farthest left and right portions of the curve.The probability of a given observation compared to all possible outcomes is known as what?

Question 30

What is the probability of rolling one six-sided die and obtaining any number but 6?

Question 31

A normal distribution curve contains all the possible experimental outcomes in graph form.The tall central segment of the curve represents the outcomes with the highest probability of occurrence.The average outcome,represented by the center of the data distribution,is known as what?

Question 32

Geneticists must be able to compare the outcomes they obtain in their experiments to the outcomes that might be expected to occur.Which test would they use to confirm that the difference between observed and expected can be attributed to chance?

Question 33

A cross between a short pea plant and a tall pea plant results in a 1:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio in the offspring.What are the genotypes of the parent plants?

Question 34

Why did Mendel cut off the nascent anthers during the process of artificial cross-fertilization?

Question 35

If an affected individual is born to parents who are unaffected,what is the likely mode of inheritance?

Question 36

When calculating the probability of a given genotype in a trihybrid cross,you can generate a Punnett square.Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the joint probability of simultaneous inheritance of multiple alleles?

Question 37

In a cross between individuals who are both heterozygous (carriers)for a recessive disease such as albinism,you would like to determine the risk of one or more children to inherit the recessive phenotype.Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the probability of a particular combination of events that each have two alternative outcomes?

Question 38

You have self-fertilized a plant with round seed that is heterozygous,and you want to determine what proportion of the offspring will be not only dominant,but true-breeding.Which of the rules of probability can be used to calculate the probability of obtaining a particular outcome when specific information about that outcome modifies the probability calculation?

Question 39

What is the probability of rolling one six-sided die and obtaining a 1 or a 2?

Question 40

What type of cross would be used to illustrate Mendel's law of independent assortment?

Question 41

Describe the blending theory of heredity and how Mendel's results help to reject this theory.

Question 42

A ratio of 9:3:3:1 is expected among the F₂ progeny of a dihybrid cross as a result of ________ of alleles at two loci.

Question 43

One key to Mendel's success was choosing to observe ________ traits,which exhibit one of two possible phenotypes.

Question 44

The hereditary particles that are passed from one generation are called alleles in modern terminology.This term had not been invented in Mendel's time;instead,he determined that two "________" (alleles)were present for each trait in a plant and together determined the phenotype of the trait.

Question 45

Binomial expansion is a complex genetic calculation requiring repetition and precision in the use of the product rule and the sum rule.A shortcut called ________ eliminates the need for these repetitive calculations and can be used for any number of expansions between 0 and the nth power to yield the size of each possible class and the total number of classes possible.

Question 46

What are Mendel's first and second laws,and what do they state?

Question 47

Describe the traits that make Pisum sativum an ideal organism for genetic studies.Why did Mendel ultimately decide not to include exterior seed coat color (gray vs.white)as one of the traits he analyzed?

Question 48

How did the study of physics with Professors Doppler and Ettinghausen influence Mendel's understanding of genetics?

Question 49

The P value is dependent on the number of ________,which is equal to the number of independent variables in an experiment.

Question 50

In Guinea pigs,short hair (S)is dominant over long hair (s),rough coat (R)is dominant over smooth coat (r),and black hair (B)is dominant over white hair (b).List the possible gametes that can be produced by each of the individuals below.