Deck 5: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom is known as the _____ pattern.

A)proximodistal
B)encephalic
C)cephalocaudal
D)lateralization

Answer 1

C
Explanation: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

Question 2

The sensory and motor developments in infants generally proceed according to the _____ principle.

A)lateralization
B)proximodistal
C)endarch
D)cephalocaudal

Answer 2

D
Explanation: Sensory and motor development generally proceed according to the cephalocaudal principle.

Question 3

Natalie had random hand movements when she was two-months old.When she was six months old,she used to grab a block with her whole hand.Now at the age of ten months,she can grasp the same block with her thumb and forefinger.This sequence of growth in her hand and finger movements is according to the _____ pattern.

A)lateralization
B)proximodistal
C)endarch
D)cephalocaudal

Answer 3

B
Explanation: The proximodistal pattern is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.For example,infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers,and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers.

Question 4

Which of the following functions is lateralized to the left hemisphere of the cortex in most human brains?

A)Humor
B)Speech and grammar
C)Use of metaphors
D)Facial perception

Question 5

A _____ is a nerve cell that handles information processing.

A)tendon
B)neuron
C)axon
D)collagen

Question 6

Scarlett learnt to stare at mobile objects before trying to move her limbs to reach for objects.This growth pattern in Scarlett is according to which of the following principles?

A)lateralization
B)cephalocaudal
C)endarch
D)proximodistal

Question 7

Proximodistal pattern of growth refers to:

A)sequence in which the growth and development occurs in a way that parts which are being used more frequently grow faster than less used parts of the body.
B)sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
C)the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
D)the sequence in which growth and development occurs in a way that certain parts are more developed and highly specialized compared to other parts of the body.

Question 8

The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex function in vision.

A)parietal
B)frontal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of proximodistal pattern of growth?

A)Abbey learning to sit first before learning to stand or crawl
B)Alex learning to move his eyes before learning his first words
C)Colin learning to stare at moving objects before trying to touch them with his hands
D)Polly learning to grab the objects with her whole hands before learning to pick them up with her fingers

Question 10

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has an active role in hearing,language processing and memory?

A)Frontal lobe
B)Temporal lobe
C)Occipital lobe
D)Parietal lobe

Question 11

In a new born baby,the size of the head is approximately _____ the proportion of the total body length.

A)half
B)one-third
C)one-fourth
D)three-forth

Question 12

The tissue that covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap and includes two halves or hemispheres is called the _____.

A)myelin sheath
B)prefrontal cortex
C)cerebellum
D)cerebral cortex

Question 13

During pregnancy,the size of the head is half the size of the total body length when the fetus is:

A)two-months old.
B)six-months old.
C)eight-months old.
D)nine-months old.

Question 14

Which of the following functions is an outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain in normal people?

A)Use of metaphors
B)Speech and grammar
C)Performing music
D)Humor

Question 15

The parietal lobes play an important role in:

A)hearing,language processing,and memory.
B)vision.
C)voluntary movement,thinking,personality,emotion,memory,sustained attention,and intentionality or purpose.
D)registering spatial location,maintaining attention,and administering motor control.

Question 16

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called _____.

A)lateralization
B)dominance
C)ambidexterity
D)asymmetry

Question 17

The newborn's brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight by birth;by the second birthday,the brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight.

A)75
B)25
C)30
D)50

Question 18

Which of the following areas of the brain is farthest from the spinal cord and includes cerebral cortex?

A)Hindbrain
B)Midbrain
C)Forebrain
D)Hypothalamus

Question 19

Which of the following brain imaging techniques has been successfully used by researchers to learn about the brain's development in infancy?

A)Computed axial tomography
B)Positron emission tomography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Electroencephalogram

Question 20

Which of the following is a syndrome that affects large number of babies in the United States,causes severe brain damage,and includes symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging?

A)Tay-Sachs syndrome
B)Shaken baby syndrome
C)Shy Drager syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 21

A _____ is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon in neurons.

A)adipose tissue
B)myelin sheath
C)hypodermis
D)subcutaneous layer

Question 22

The nutrient need for infants recommended by nutritionists is approximately _____ calories per day for each pound they weigh.

A)25
B)100
C)75
D)50

Question 23

The _____ region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region,with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood.

A)orbital
B)auditory
C)prefrontal
D)lateral

Question 24

Which of the following is a dramatic change in the brain in infants in the first two years of life?

A)Demyelination
B)Dendritic connectivity
C)Slowing of neural transmissions
D)Increase in density of synapses

Question 25

Which of the following is a high-risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A)Early introduction of solid foods
B)Breastfeeding
C)Prone sleeping
D)Use of pacifier

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding the REM sleep is true?

A)Infants often begin their sleep cycle with non-REM sleep rather than REM sleep.
B)In adults,REM sleep usually appears after non-REM sleep.
C)REM sleep begins the sleep cycle of infants after 3 months of age.
D)The amount of time taken up by the REM sleep is much lesser in infancy than at any other point in the entire life span.

Question 27

Myelination for visual pathways:

A)is completed in the first six months after birth.
B)is completed after eight months of birth.
C)is not completed till the first year.
D)is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.

Question 28

Which of the following parts of a neuron carries signals toward the cell body?

A)Terminal buttons
B)Myelin sheath
C)Axons
D)Dendrites

Question 29

Which of the following conclusions is true based on the research conducted on benefits of breast feeding for the child?

A)It prevents asthma in older children.
B)It reduces the risk of allergies in children.
C)It promotes cognitive development in children.
D)It reduces gastrointestinal infections in infants.

Question 30

_____ is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing,usually during the night,and die abruptly without an apparent cause.

A)Sudden infant death syndrome
B)Shaken baby syndrome
C)Marfan syndrome
D)Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 31

Based on the studies conducted on infant sleep-related problems,which of the following factors will be linked to fewer infant sleep problems?

A)Infant TV viewing
B)Non-involvement of fathers in infant care
C)Mother's emotional availability
D)Early introduction of solid foods to infants

Question 32

Who among the following infants is more likely to suffer from SIDS?

A)Noah,who uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep
B)Ethan,who is suffering from sleep apnea
C)Austin,who does not share the bed with his parents
D)Kevin,who sleeps in a bedroom with a fan

Question 33

The evidence obtained from the studies conducted on maternal benefits of breast feeding for mothers indicates that breast feeding:

A)reduces the occurrence of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
B)helps women to return to prepregnancy weight.
C)reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
D)helps to overcome postpartum depression.

Question 34

The unused synaptic connections will be replaced by other pathways or they disappear.In the language of neuroscience,these connections are said to be _____.

A)bloomed
B)strengthened
C)pruned
D)cropped

Question 35

The process of encasing axons with fat cells,which is involved in providing energy to neurons and speeding up neural transmissions,is known as _____.

A)lateralization
B)neurotransmission
C)myelination
D)metacognition

Question 36

The chemicals released by the terminal buttons that connect axons and dendrites of successive neurons and help in the passing of information from neuron to neuron across the synapse are called _____.

A)neurotransmitters
B)pheromones
C)cytokines
D)synomones

Question 37

The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex are involved in voluntary movement,thinking,personality,emotion,memory,sustained attention,and intentionality or purpose.

A)occipital
B)frontal
C)temporal
D)parietal

Question 38

In infants,in which of the following areas of brain,the peak of synaptic overproduction occurs at about the fourth postnatal month?

A)Prefrontal cortex
B)Neo cortex
C)Auditory cortex
D)Visual cortex

Question 39

In adulthood,individuals spend about _____ of their night in REM sleep.

A)half
B)one-eighth
C)one-third
D)one-fifth

Question 40

Infants of 0 to 2 years of age sleep an average of _____ hours a day.

A)7.9
B)9.4
C)11.6
D)12.8

Question 41

According to the "_____ theory," to develop motor skills,infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

A)psychosocial
B)cognitive developmental
C)dynamic systems
D)sociocultural cognitive

Question 42

The first dose of vaccination for influenza is given to infants at the age of _____.

A)one year
B)six months
C)four months
D)two months

Question 43

Ana,a two-year old baby girl appears to be well-fed but is deficient of certain important proteins.Her hair is thin,colorless,and brittle.Based on these symptoms,the doctor examining Ana,is likely to relate her condition to the disorder of _____.

A)marasmus
B)kwashiorkor
C)otitis media
D)anemia

Question 44

The perceptual system used by infants to coordinate grasping varies with age.Four-month old infants rely greatly on _____ to determine how they will grip an object.

A)vision
B)color
C)touch
D)depth

Question 45

Which of the following conditions resulting from malnutrition can cause a child's vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them?

A)Marasmus
B)Kwashiorkor
C)Otitis media
D)Anemia

Question 46

The "dynamic systems theory" was proposed by _____.

A)Esther Thelen
B)Jean Piaget
C)Eleanor Gibson
D)Richard Walk

Question 47

Which of the following vaccinations is given to infants at birth?

A)Diptheria
B)Measles
C)Rubella
D)Hepatitis B

Question 48

When an infant is placed on back,it forms fists with both hands and usually turns head to the right.This reflex is known as the _____ reflex.

A)Babinski
B)tonic neck
C)rooting
D)grasping

Question 49

_____ reflex occurs when the sole of the foot of an infant is stroked and the infant responds by fanning out the toes and twisting the foot in.

A)Moro
B)Rooting
C)Babinski
D)Swimming

Question 50

Which of the following reflexes has a survival value for newborns as it enables them to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food?

A)Babinski reflex
B)Sucking reflex
C)Moro reflex
D)Rooting reflex

Question 51

The rays of light focused on the eyes are converted into electrical impulses by the _____.

A)cochlea
B)retina
C)iris
D)cornea

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill in infants?

A)Walking
B)Grasping
C)Crawling
D)Creeping

Question 53

The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and conducted through the bones of the inner ear and the _____,where mechanical vibrations are converted into electrical impulses.

A)dura mater
B)cochlea
C)retina
D)pinna

Question 54

John,a two-month old baby boy,turns his head toward the side,when his cheek is stroked in an effort to find something to suck.The type of reflex exhibited by John is known as the _____ reflex.

A)Moro
B)grasping
C)sucking
D)rooting

Question 55

A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden,intense noise or movement is called the _____ reflex.

A)Moro
B)grasping
C)stepping
D)sucking

Question 56

The electrical impulses from the retina are transmitted to the visual centers of the brain by the _____ nerve.

A)auditory
B)spinal
C)optic
D)cochlear

Question 57

Which of the following motor skills is achieved in the second year of life in infants?

A)Climbing the steps
B)Walking alone easily
C)Using arms for support
D)Standing with support

Question 58

The immunization for polio is given till the age of:

A)15 months.
B)4 to 6 years.
C)8 to 1o years.
D)11 to 14 years.

Question 59

_____ is a condition caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Otitis media
C)Marasmus
D)Kwashiorkor

Question 60

Nathan,who is 10 months old,picks up small blocks using his thumb and forefinger.The type of grasp used by Nathan is called the _____ grip.

A)pencil
B)tripod
C)palmer
D)pincer

Question 61

Donna would perceive the chair as a different object,each time when the distance or the orientation of the chair was changed.This shows that Donna has not developed:

A)perception of occluded objects.
B)perceptual constancy.
C)orienting response.
D)generalized response.

Question 62

_____ is the perception of the frequency of a sound.

A)Loudness
B)Pitch
C)Rhythm
D)Localization

Question 63

A boy is able to understand that a bicycle is smaller than a car even when a bicycle parked in front of him is creating a larger retinal image to him than the car which is parked at a distance across the street.This shows that the boy has achieved:

A)shape constancy.
B)dishabituation.
C)size constancy.
D)depth perception.

Question 64

In the field of perceptual development,nature proponents are referred to as _____.

A)nativists
B)a HYPERLINK "http://www.morewords.com/word/adoptionist/" doptionists
C)empiricists
D)boundary spanners

Question 65

"_____" is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A)Generalization
B)Habituation
C)Operant conditioning
D)Cognitive discrimination

Question 66

Ethan was able to recognize the ice-cream cone to be cone shaped even when the orientation of the cone was changed a number of times.This shows that Ethan has achieved _____.

A)size constancy
B)habituation
C)orientation response
D)shape constancy

Question 67

The Gibsons' ecological view is different from nativist view of perceptual development,as the ecological view argues that:

A)perception is direct and does not depend on the cognitive development of the infant.
B)the ability to perceive the world in a competent,organized way is inborn or innate.
C)perceptual development does not involve distinctive features developed at different ages.
D)how infants learn to generate,differentiate and discriminate the information that is available to them in their environment is important for perception.

Question 68

Alex was being a shown a sequence of objects which were of the same size and they all resembled a square.After sometime Alex lost interest in those objects.When they showed him a triangular object it suddenly caught his attention and he started looking at those objects again.This change in response in Alex is referred to as _____.

A)sustained attention
B)orientation
C)dishabituation
D)visual preference

Question 69

The constructivist view of Piaget is said to reflect the empiricist approach of explaining perceptual development as it states that:

A)perceptual development in infancy must await the development of a sequence of cognitive stages in infants.
B)the ability to perceive the world in a competent manner is innate.
C)perceptual development does not depend on the development of distinctive features.
D)the ability to perceive size and shape constancy,a three-dimensional world,and intermodal perception are all dependent on the genetics of the infant.

Question 70

Which of the following tendencies,when developed by infants helps them recognize that an object remains the same even when the retinal image of the object changes when they move toward or away from the object?

A)Shape constancy
B)Orientation response
C)Distance perception
D)Size constancy

Question 71

The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is known as _____.

A)operant conditioning
B)prolonged interest
C)stimulus generalization
D)dishabituation

Question 72

The method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is known as the _____ method.

A)stimulus generalization
B)orienting response
C)visual preference
D)high-amplitude sucking

Question 73

Which of the following views states that perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it?

A)The ecological view
B)The nativist view
C)The dynamic systems view
D)The constructivist view

Question 74

Which of the following views states that perceptual development in infants is dependent on the development of a sequence of cognitive stages to construct more complex perceptual tasks?

A)The ecological view
B)The nativist view
C)The constructivist view
D)The dynamic systems view

Question 75

Which of the following methods uses a sound generating system to assess an infant's attention to sound?

A)Magnetic resonance imaging method
B)Orienting response method
C)Visual preference method
D)High-amplitude sucking method

Question 76

Which of the following perceptions involves integrating information from two or more senses like vision and hearing?

A)Auditory perception
B)Visual perception
C)Depth perception
D)Intermodal perception

Question 77

According to the nativist view on perceptual development:

A)the ability to perceive is not innate and is achieved with learning and experience.
B)the ability to perceive the world in a competent,organized way is inborn or innate.
C)the ability to perceive involves development of distinctive features that are detected at different ages.
D)the ability to perceive is dependent on the cognitive development of infants.

Question 78

_____ is a tendency in which sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.

A)Stimulus generalization
B)Operant conditioning
C)Orientation response
D)Perceptual constancy

Question 79

In the field of perceptual development people who emphasize on learning and experience are called _____.

A)a HYPERLINK "http://www.morewords.com/word/adoptionist/" doptionists
B)nativists
C)empiricists
D)boundary spanners

Question 80

Ogden,a child psychologist,has an empiricist approach toward perceptual development.Ogden would agree with which of the following statements?

A)The ability of perception in infants is not innate but develops with learning and experience.
B)The infants' ability to perceive the world is inborn and is influenced by their genes.
C)The infants' ability to perceive is present at birth and involves the development of distinctive features that are detected at later ages
D)The infants' ability to perceive is present at birth and develops with the cognitive development in infants.