Deck 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

According to Piaget,which of the following is true about the life of a newborn?

A)There is no differentiation between the self and the world.
B)The ability to use primitive symbols is completely developed in newborns.
C)Newborns understand that objects have a separate and permanent existence.
D)The newborn is aware of the existence of its mother when she disappears.

Answer 1

A
Explanation: According to Piaget,infants cannot differentiate between the self and world;for infants,objects have no separate,permanent existence.

Question 2

In Piaget's theory,_____ is defined as the tendency of children to adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

A)assimilation
B)accommodation
C)evolution
D)externalization

Answer 2

B
Explanation: Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

Question 3

Wayne's father hung a bright yellow tennis ball over his crib and dangled it whenever he stood by him.Within a day or two of doing this,Wayne was seen kicking his legs in the air to reach the ball successfully.Wayne's action is an example of the _____ substage given by Piaget.

A)simple reflexes
B)tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)internalization of schemes

Answer 3

C
Explanation: Coordination of secondary circular reactions substage involves the coordination of vision and touch-hand-eye coordination;coordination of schemes and intentionality.

Question 4

On Dora's first birthday,one her aunts brought a set of lego basic bricks that she absolutely loves.Dora spends hours building,breaking,and rebuilding towers from the blocks and smiles widely whenever she discovers something new she can do with them.Dora's preoccupation with manipulating the building blocks in different ways reflects a function of the sensorimotor substage of _____.

A)secondary circular reactions
B)tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
C)first habits and primary circular reactions
D)simple reflexes

Question 5

For Piaget,an internal search for equilibrium is most likely to result in:

A)the child retaining old and dysfunctional schemes permanently.
B)the child displaying delays in learning language and social behavior.
C)the child failing to develop new schemes after a point.
D)the child experiencing renewed motivation to change and adapt.

Question 6

In trying to understand the world,the child is constantly faced with inconsistencies and counterexamples to his or her existing schemes.This phenomenon is defined as _____.

A)disequilibrium
B)deconstruction
C)reactance
D)disruption

Question 7

Ruella and Raymond are amazed at the range of new things their six month old daughter seems to be learning every day.Recently,while playing with a toy,Anna,their daughter,tossed it out of the crib.Immediately,Ruella picked it up and placed it in Anna's hand and talked to her for a bit.Ever since this incident,Anna keeps throwing her toys out of the crib expecting one of her parents to give her toy back to her and to cuddle her a bit.From the scenario,we can say that Anna is in the sensorimotor substage of _____.

A)internalization of schemes
B)tertiary circular reactions
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)secondary circular reactions

Question 8

In the context of Piaget's theory,_____ is the process of adjusting to new environmental demands.

A)adaptation
B)evolution
C)involution
D)attention

Question 9

_____ is defined as the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen,heard,or touched.

A)Concept formation
B)Object orientation
C)Deferred imitation
D)Object permanence

Question 10

In Piaget's theory,mental schemes first develop in _____.

A)infancy
B)childhood
C)adolescence
D)adulthood

Question 11

Assimilation occurs when children:

A)adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
B)develop one scheme that applies to all information and experiences they encounter.
C)prevent the incorporation of new environmental experiences and information.
D)use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Question 12

In Piaget's theory,_____ are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

A)schemes
B)engrams
C)modes
D)morphemes

Question 13

Piaget stressed that:

A)children are passive recipients of information from the environment.
B)the sole determinant of a child's cognitive development is the culture in which he is born.
C)children actively construct their own cognitive worlds.
D)the cognitive development of children has a purely biological basis.

Question 14

In the context of Piaget's sensorimotor development,a _____ is a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance.

A)secondary circular reaction
B)simple reflex
C)tertiary circular reaction
D)primary circular reaction

Question 15

Which of the following is true with regard to Piaget's theory of infant development?

A)Piaget's theory represents a biologically based understanding of cognition in infants and toddlers.
B)Piaget's theory strengthens the view that one's genetic material is the primary determinant of one's cognitive abilities.
C)Piaget's theory posits the view that biology and experience sculpt cognitive development in children.
D)Piaget's theory takes a purely ecological approach to understand cognitive development in infants and children.

Question 16

Samantha,a two-week-old infant,sucks instinctively when her lips are touched or stroked.She achieves this by:

A)moving beyond self-preoccupation.
B)coordinating schemes for vision and touch with intentionality.
C)coordinating sensation and action through reflexive behavior.
D)experimenting with new behavior.

Question 17

Richard is a five-month old baby.His parents frequently sit by his side to cuddle him or to speak to him in loud and affectionate tones.Richard seems to enjoy this attention very much and makes cooing sounds in response to his parents' warm interactions with him.Richard's act of cooing to obtain parental attention is a function of the _____ substage given by Piaget.

A)secondary circular reactions
B)simple reflexes
C)internalization of schemes
D)first habits and primary circular reactions

Question 18

_____ in Piaget's theory is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

A)Clustering
B)Screening
C)Organization
D)Natural selection

Question 19

A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next is known as _____.

A)vocalization
B)equilibration
C)conceptualization
D)causation

Question 20

A baby's schemes are structured by _____ that can be performed on objects,such as sucking,looking,and grasping.

A)complex behavior
B)diverse actions
C)mental strategies
D)simple actions

Question 21

Which of the following is a critique of the core knowledge approach?

A)Infants come into the world with knowledge systems for space,number sense,object permanence,and language.
B)Infants come into the world with "soft biases to perceive and attend to different aspects of the environment,and to learn about the world in particular ways."
C)Infants have an innate sense of the world when they are born that is independent of environmental experiences.
D)The core domains provide a foundation from which infants manifest their genetically hardwired manner of understanding the world and develop more mature cognitive functioning and learning.

Question 22

Which of the following is a prerequisite condition for joint attention to occur?

A)Reciprocal interaction
B)Multiple caregivers
C)Infant's ability to use abstract thought
D)Infant's ability to use two-word utterances

Question 23

Research by Renée Baillargeon found that infants as young as 3 to 4 months expect objects to be _____.

A)substantial
B)temporary
C)intangible
D)transient

Question 24

Which of the following would come under the domain of explicit memory?

A)Ability to play a musical instrument
B)Ability to do type with high speed and accuracy
C)Ability to play soccer
D)Ability to name the people present at a recent party

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of an A-not-B error?

A)Dora had a fall while climbing a chair and complained to her mother that the chair is "bad" and began hitting it.
B)Dennis cannot comprehend that a ball made out of his clay modelling set can also be used to make a box or a tower.
C)Devon's mother taught him to say "Dad" and he now uses the term to refer to any male he comes across irrespective of age or familiarity.
D)Daniel always looks below the bed when he cannot find his toy because that was the first place where his father had hidden his toy.

Question 26

Which of the following mistakes is common in infants who are in the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage?

A)Type I error
B)A-not-B error
C)Equilibration
D)Type II error

Question 27

_____ is a central feature of cognitive development,involving the retention of information over time.

A)Emotion
B)Memory
C)Consciousness
D)Intuition

Question 28

Which of the following refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?

A)Non-declarative memory
B)Procedural memory
C)Implicit memory
D)Explicit memory

Question 29

Which of the following would come under the domain of implicit memory?

A)Ability to drive a car
B)Ability to recite a poem
C)Ability to name the President
D)Ability to recall complex formulas

Question 30

_____ allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar.

A)Investigative process
B)Orienting attention
C)Sustained attention
D)Divided attention

Question 31

Research on habituation has shown that:

A)continual stimulation over extended periods of time using the same object is the best way to elicit a child's attention.
B)the extent to which infants can see,hear,smell,taste,and experience touch cannot be empirically studied.
C)it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infant stops responding.
D)habituation is inadequate as a variable to study an infant's maturity and well-being.

Question 32

Which of the following situations testifies that the infant has developed a sense of object permanence?

A)If the infant assumes that an object that is out of sight does not exist
B)If the infant shows no reaction when an interesting object is taken away
C)If the infant searches for an interesting object when it disappears
D)If the infant tries to grab an interesting object with his whole hand

Question 33

Which of the following states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems?

A)The epigenetic approach
B)The constructivist approach
C)The generalized knowledge approach
D)The core knowledge approach

Question 34

Attention plays an important role in memory as part of a process called _____,which is the process by which information gets into memory.

A)encoding
B)maintaining
C)filtering
D)inhibiting

Question 35

Infants' attention to objects is strongly governed by the _____ and habituation.

A)obscurity of the object
B)frequency of interactions with the object
C)familiarity with the object
D)novelty of the object

Question 36

_____ occurs when individuals focus on the same object or event and are able to track each other's behavior;one individual directs another's attention,and reciprocal interaction is present.

A)Orienting attention
B)Joint attention
C)Investigative attention
D)Covert attention

Question 37

_____ is defined as the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A)Orientation
B)Investigation
C)Habituation
D)Imitation

Question 38

From about 6 to 12 months of age,_____ make the emergence of explicit memory possible.

A)the maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex
B)the maturation of the olfactory bulb and the ventral areas of the frontal lobe
C)the maturation of the pons and the surrounding areas of the brainstem
D)the maturation of the medulla oblongata and the surrounding areas of the brainstem

Question 39

_____ is defined as the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.

A)Dishabituation
B)Generalization
C)Inhibition
D)Introspection

Question 40

The focusing of mental resources on select information that improves cognitive processing on many tasks is defined as _____.

A)sensation
B)attention
C)perception
D)transduction

Question 41

Which of the following is defined as the sound system of the language?

A)Morphology
B)Phonology
C)Semiotics
D)Grammar

Question 42

Which of the following is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a fixed set of words and rules?

A)Parsing
B)Chunking
C)Universal language acquisition
D)Infinite generativity

Question 43

Infants who classify birds as animals and airplanes as vehicles even though the objects are perceptually similar are engaging in:

A)conceptual categorization.
B)perceptual categorization.
C)surface-level categorization.
D)superficial categorization.

Question 44

In English,the sound represented by the letter p,as in the words pot and spot,is a _____.

A)scheme
B)word
C)morpheme
D)phoneme

Question 45

_____ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

A)Morphology
B)Phonology
C)Graphology
D)Philology

Question 46

According to Andrew Meltzoff,the infant's imitative abilities are _____.

A)indiscriminate and generalized
B)inflexible and rigid
C)biologically based
D)unseen till two years after birth

Question 47

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were developed in order to:

A)evaluate the child's heart and lung functioning at birth.
B)assess infant behavior and predict later development.
C)differentiate potentially normal babies from abnormal ones.
D)combine the height and weight of the infant into a singular metric.

Question 48

_____ are defined as cognitive groupings of similar objects,events,people,or ideas.

A)Data
B)Scripts
C)Concepts
D)Records

Question 49

The _____ is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children.

A)Apgar Scale
B)Gesell test
C)Fagan test
D)Bayley scale

Question 50

_____ is a form of communication that is based on a system of spoken,written or signed symbols.

A)Proprioception
B)Haptics
C)Telepathy
D)Language

Question 51

In the context of concept formation,which of the following is likely to be the subject of intense interest among girls?

A)Dinosaurs
B)Trucks
C)Books/readings
D)Balls

Question 52

Most adults can remember little if anything from the first three years of their life.This reflects the operation of _____.

A)infantile amnesia
B)infantile psychosis
C)juvenile dementia
D)infantile neurosis

Question 53

One reason older children and adults have difficulty recalling events from their infancy and early childhood years is that:

A)during these early years,the primary somatosensory cortex is undeveloped.
B)during these early years,the occipital lobe of the brain is in the process of developing.
C)during these early years,the sensory and motor association areas are immature.
D)during these early years,the prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature.

Question 54

In the context of testing and assessment of infant development,the most important early contributor was _____.

A)A S Kaufman
B)Patricia Kuhl
C)Nancy Bayley
D)Arnold Gesell

Question 55

When compared to intelligence tests of older children,tests for infants are characterized by:

A)greater emphasis on measures of verbal intelligence.
B)lesser emphasis on perceptual-motor development.
C)greater emphasis on social interaction in infants.
D)lesser emphasis on relationship with the infant's caregiver(s).

Question 56

_____ involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

A)Semiotics
B)Syllable
C)Syntax
D)Haptics

Question 57

The appropriate use of language in different contexts is known as _____.

A)haptics
B)pragmatics
C)semiotics
D)generativity

Question 58

Carol was about a year and a half old when her father,who was babysitting her for the day,noticed that she was brushing her hair with a rattle just the way his wife brushed her hair before she left about three hours back.Carol's father was sure this was something new she had learnt.This is an example of _____.

A)concept formation
B)deferred imitation
C)centration
D)perceptual organization

Question 59

Lillian gave her class of twelve students a sentence making exercise in her English class.She provided the students with seven words and instructed them to create as many sentences as they could with this set of words only.Lillian's exercise tests _____.

A)infinite generativity
B)perceptual organization
C)emotional intelligence
D)postconventional reasoning

Question 60

An overall score that combines the subscores in the four domains of Gesell assessment of infants is known as the _____.

A)deviation quotient
B)developmental quotient
C)clinical quotient
D)intelligence quotient

Question 61

_____ is a strategy used to increase children's acquisition of language by restating the telegraphic speech of a child in a linguistically sophisticated form.

A)Screening
B)Labelling
C)Expanding
D)Identifying

Question 62

Receptive vocabulary comprises of:

A)the words that the child speaks but does not understand.
B)the first words a child uses to speak as a sentence.
C)the words that the child understands but cannot speak.
D)the first words that the child babbles to his caregivers.

Question 63

_____ is defined as the use of content words without grammatical markers such as articles,auxiliary verbs,and other connectives.

A)Gesture
B)Elaborative speech
C)Receptive speech
D)Telegraphic speech

Question 64

Patricia Kuhl's research has demonstrated that from birth up to about 6 months of age,infants are "citizens of the world".In the context of Kuhl's research,what does this expression convey?

A)Infants recognize when sounds change most of the time irrespective of the language being spoken.
B)Infants are exclusively sensitive to the language their parents speak between birth and six months of age.
C)Long before infants speak recognizable words,they produce a number of vocalizations in order to specifically imitate the language their parents speak.
D)Infants respond quickly to polite speech in their native language between birth and six months of age.

Question 65

_____ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words.

A)Zona incerta
B)Broca's area
C)Reticular formation
D)Wernicke's area

Question 66

_____ is a term devised by Noam Chomsky that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language,including phonology,syntax,and semantics.

A)Language acquisition device
B)Linguistic relativity tendency
C)Infinite generativity potential
D)Genetic imprinting potential

Question 67

The strings of consonant-vowel combinations produced by babies in the middle of the first year is called _____.

A)crying
B)labeling
C)cooing
D)babbling

Question 68

Jason fell of his bicyle and hit his head against the pavement when he was six years old. Though the doctors did their best to repair any brain damage he incurred,Jason sustained severe injuries that left him unable to understand language.Jason is able to speak but his sentences make no sense and do not aid communication.From the information provided in the scenario,we can infer that the brain damage Jason suffered affected his _____.

A)reticular formation
B)Broca's area
C)Wernicke's area
D)tegmentum

Question 69

Rachel looks at their neighbour walking their dog and exclaims "not monkey" in a loud and urgent tone.This is an example of:

A)two-word utterances.
B)word of mouth.
C)babbling.
D)pragmatics.

Question 70

Which of the following statements reflects the views of Noam Chomsky on language?

A)The LAD is a physical part of the brain and not a theoretical construct.
B)Children do not have an innate ability to detect the sounds of language.
C)Children are born with an innate device to learn language.
D)Language acquisition in humans is an environmentally conditioned process that starts at birth.

Question 71

Which of the following represents a rapid increase in the number of words children know that begins at approximately 18 months?

A)Overextension
B)Spontaneous vocalization
C)First words
D)Vocabulary spurt

Question 72

Lily was five when a car accident damaged a crucial portion of her brain that controlled language functioning.Following the accident,Lily was unable to speak though she could understand the meaning of the words being spoken to her.From the information provided in the scenario,we can infer that the brain damage Lily suffered affected her _____.

A)Wernicke's area
B)limbic system
C)Broca's area
D)amygdala

Question 73

The gurgling sound made in the back of the throat by babies usually to express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver is known as _____.

A)cooing
B)crying
C)babbling
D)murmuring

Question 74

When an individual experiences brain damage affecting his Broca's area or Wernicke's area,it leads to specific language deficiencies that are collectively referred to as _____.

A)anoxia
B)ataxia
C)aphasia
D)amnesia

Question 75

_____ a strategy used to increase children's acquisition of language by identifying the names of objects.

A)Rephrasing
B)Labelling
C)Expanding
D)Restating

Question 76

An interactionist view emphasizes that both _____ and experience contribute to language development.

A)culture
B)parenting style
C)ecological context
D)biology

Question 77

Which of the following actions is desirable for parents to encourage language development in children?

A)Parents should help infants and toddlers by supplying them with words and thoughts they cannot communicate.
B)Parents should speak to infants and toddlers in abstract and high-level ways.
C)Parents should understand that different children acquire language at different speeds.
D)Parents should actively discourage any idiosyncrasies the child shows while communicating.

Question 78

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal,with simple words and sentences to communicate meaningfully and clearly is known as _____.

A)elaborative speech
B)abstract speech
C)telegraphic speech
D)child-directed speech

Question 79

Which of the following is an important function of child-directed speech?

A)It captures the infant's attention and maintains communication.
B)It reduces the occurrence of infantile amnesia for the earliest memories of infancy.
C)It reduces the need for reciprocal interaction between caregivers and children.
D)It assists in prolonging REM sleep in infants.

Question 80

_____ is rephrasing something the child has said by turning it into a question or restating the child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence.

A)Recasting
B)Relearning
C)Labeling
D)Overextending