Deck 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age,the most rapid growth takes place in:

A)the temporal lobe areas controlling olfaction.
B)the parietal lobe areas controlling somatosensory functions of the body.
C)the reticular formation controlling sleep and alertness.
D)the frontal lobe areas controlling planning and organization of new actions.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age,the most rapid growth takes place in the frontal lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions,and in maintaining attention to tasks.

Question 2

Which of the following is dependent on the maturation of the prefrontal cortex?

A)Height
B)Weight
C)Stamina
D)Attention

Answer 2

D
Explanation: The maturation of the prefrontal cortex is important in the development of a number of cognitive and socioemotional skills,including attention,memory,and self-regulation.

Question 3

Growth hormone deficiency is the absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the _____ to stimulate the body to grow.

A)pituitary gland
B)thymus gland
C)sebaceous gland
D)pineal gland

Answer 3

A
Explanation: Growth hormone deficiency is the absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

Question 4

Which of the following factors is associated with short height in children?

A)Somnambulism
B)XYY Syndrome
C)Maternal smoking during pregnancy
D)Obesity and excessive weight gain in childhood

Question 5

Which of the following gross motor skills is expected from a three-year-old child?

A)Skipping a rope
B)Riding a bicycle
C)Stepping on footprint pattern
D)Carrying a 16-pound object

Question 6

Communication in the brain is characterized by the transmission of information between _____.

A)schemes
B)DNA
C)genes
D)neurons

Question 7

Researchers have discovered that from age 6 through puberty,the most rapid growth takes place in the temporal and parietal lobes,especially areas that play major roles in:

A)cognition and information processing.
B)language and spatial relations.
C)attention and planning.
D)judgment and problem solving.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding changes in height and weight in early childhood?

A)As the preschool child grows older,the percentage of increase in height and weight increases with each additional year.
B)Girls are substantially smaller in build and weight than boys throughout the preschool years.
C)No significant changes in height are seen in boys and girls during the period of early childhood.
D)Body fat shows a slow,steady decline during the preschool years with girls having more fatty tissue and boys having more muscle tissue.

Question 9

Neurons communicate with each other through _____.

A)erythrocytes
B)neurotransmitters
C)mucous glands
D)HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" \o "Triglyceride" triglycerides

Question 10

Which of the following effects does myelination have on the nervous system?

A)It increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system.
B)It increases blood-flow to the brain,spinal cord and surrounding areas.
C)It improves the quality of sleep in children.
D)It aids the functioning of connective tissues in the bodies of infants and young children.

Question 11

Research has shown that developmental delay of motor and cognitive milestones in children is related to:

A)increased count of white blood cells.
B)decreased intake of lead and other minerals.
C)increased levels of the growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.
D)decreased levels of myelination.

Question 12

Neurons communicate with each other through chemical substances that carry information between the neurons across _____.

A)synapses
B)karyotypes
C)phenotypes
D)erythrocytes

Question 13

_____ is the process in which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells,which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.

A)Lateralization
B)Habituation
C)Myelination
D)Localization

Question 14

As the preschool child grows older,the percentage of increase in height and weight _____ with each additional year.

A)doubles
B)remains constant
C)increases
D)decreases

Question 15

During the infant's second year,the growth rate:

A)becomes rapid.
B)begins to slow down.
C)is characterized by frequent spurts.
D)is marked by rapid deceleration.

Question 16

A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that the two most important contributors to height differences are _____ and nutrition.

A)ethnic origin
B)cultural variation
C)obesity
D)activity levels

Question 17

Which of the following is true with regard to growth hormone deficiency?

A)Growth hormone deficiency typically occurs in the pubertal years and later.
B)Growth hormone deficiency results from a pineal gland dysfunction.
C)Growth hormone deficiency,like XYY syndrome,results in very high stature.
D)Growth hormone deficiency can be treated by daily or weekly hormone therapy.

Question 18

By the end of the preschool years,most children:

A)put on more body fat.
B)put on more fat only on their limbs.
C)lose their top-heavy look.
D)lose their lean appearance.

Question 19

Which of the following is a neuronal change which occurs in early childhood?

A)Decreased dopamine production
B)Increased myelination
C)Increased decay of healthy brain tissue
D)Decreased localization of executive functions

Question 20

Which of the following is true with regard to structural changes in the brain in the 3-to-15-year age range?

A)Dramatic change in local patterns within the brain
B)Rapid increase in the overall size of the brain
C)Lack of any major anatomical changes in the brain
D)Significant changes in the brain's structure occur only after puberty

Question 21

_____ is a test used to diagnose developmental delay in children from birth to 6 years of age through separate assessments of gross and fine motor skills,language,and personal-social ability.

A)Raven's Progressive Matrices
B)Symptom Checklist-90-R
C)Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale
D)Denver Development Screening Test II

Question 22

According to Kellogg,_____ represent the earliest form of drawing in children.

A)sketches
B)shapes
C)designs
D)scribbles

Question 23

Kylie often brings home her crayon drawings and clay models of animals from art class.Recently,her art teacher added a remark on one of her drawings saying that Kylie has an eye for detail and displays good coordination and control when drawing or modelling clay.Which of the following is true regarding Kylie?

A)Kylie is in Kellogg's shape stage.
B)Kylie is likely to be between four and five years of age.
C)Kylie is likely to be between five and six years of age.
D)Kylie is moving into placement stage.

Question 24

Which of the following is true with regard to the Denver Development Screening Test II?

A)The test requires sophisticated imaging technologies making it an expensive assessment tool.
B)It can be used for children in the age range of 3 to 9 years.
C)The test is an individually administered test of developmental functioning.
D)The test evaluates fine and gross motor skills and excludes language and adaptive functioning.

Question 25

Jim is 55 months old.Which of the following fine motor skills is he most likely to develop?

A)Copying two short words
B)Stringing shoelace
C)Cutting interior pieces from paper
D)Tracing around hand

Question 26

Which of the following,according to Kellogg,succeeds the stage of basic scribbles?

A)Placement stage
B)Design stage
C)Shape stage
D)Pictorial stage

Question 27

Golomb disagrees with Kellogg's view that:

A)children's artistic productions are orderly,meaningful,and structured.
B)unintended irregularities of children's drawings suggest spontaneity,freedom,and directness.
C)children go through four fixed and distinguishable age-related stages as they learn to draw.
D)children's artistic ability is dependent of talent,motivation,family support,and cultural values.

Question 28

_____ before bedtime often contributes to less resistance in going to bed.

A)Encouraging the child to watch television
B)Playing outdoor games with the child
C)Encouraging the child to engage in vigorous activity
D)Playing quietly with the child in the bath

Question 29

Charlie,a 4-year-old boy,fills his sketchbook with drawings that mostly consist of a circle within a triangle,a square within a circle,and other complex patterns he can make by using pairs of shapes.From this information,we can infer that Charlie is in the _____ stage of artistic drawings devised by Rhoda Kellogg.

A)placement
B)pictorial
C)design
D)shape

Question 30

Design stage is Kellogg's term for 3- to 4-year-olds' drawings that:

A)consist of two or more basic scribbles.
B)combine two basic shapes into more complex patterns.
C)combine complex designs to form basic shapes and scribbles.
D)consist of simple pictorial designs recognizable by adults.

Question 31

Nancy is an extremely athletic child and she excels in roller-skating,bicycling,and skipping.Nancy is likely to be in the age group of _____.

A)28-36 months
B)61-72 months
C)49-60 months
D)37-48 months

Question 32

According to Claire Golomb,children's art is:

A)a reflection of conceptual immaturity.
B)a manifestation of their inventive problem solving ability.
C)a collection of random and meaningless scribbles.
D)independent of their fine and gross motor skills and abilities.

Question 33

Which of the following is true with regard to Kellogg's views on young children's artistic drawings?

A)Young children's art at the preschool level comprises of meaningless scribbles.
B)By two years of age,children can create twenty basic scribbles that are integral to all forms of graphic art.
C)As young children progress from scribbling to picture making,they go through four distinguishable stages: pictorial,shape,design,and placement.
D)A vast majority of children reach the shape stage at six years and the pictorial stage at eight years of age.

Question 34

Clara is a 5-year-old girl.Her drawings consist of cats,houses,and cars which her parents applaud and post on their refrigerator.Recently,one of their guests remarked that Clara's drawings were extremely realistic.Clara is in the _____ stage of artistic drawings formulated by Rhoda Kellogg.

A)design
B)shape
C)placement
D)pictorial

Question 35

Which of the following fine motor skills is characteristic of children in the 37 to 48 months age group?

A)Folding papers into halves and quarters
B)Making clay objects with two small parts
C)Using crayons appropriately
D)Approximating a circle in drawing

Question 36

A 4-year-old is likely to be able to:

A)copy two short words.
B)pour a glass of water without spilling.
C)create pictorial designs recognizable by adults.
D)reproduce words from memory.

Question 37

Ben,a 3-year old boy,fills his sketchbook with drawings of circles,squares,rectangles,triangles,and cross signs.From this information,we can infer that Ben is in the _____ stage of artistic drawings devised by Rhoda Kellogg?

A)shape
B)pictorial
C)design
D)placement

Question 38

Noah has strung together a necklace of a dozen colourful beads as a birthday present for his mother.Which of the following is most likely to be true with regard to Noah?

A)Noah is between two and three years of age.
B)Noah is in the placement described by Kellogg.
C)Noah's ability to string beads is typical of children between four and five years of age.
D)Noah's ability to string beads is typical of children in the shape stage of Kellogg's four stages of children's drawings.

Question 39

Dora is three and a half years old.She is likely to be able to:

A)roller skate successfully.
B)skip rope by alternating feet.
C)carry a 16-pound object.
D)hop thrice with both feet.

Question 40

Which of the following,according to Kellogg,precedes the design stage of young children's artistic drawings?

A)Placement stage
B)Design stage
C)Shape stage
D)Pictorial stage

Question 41

Children and adolescents whose BMI is at or above the _____ are classified as obese.

A)85th percentile
B)80th percentile
C)97th percentile
D)95th percentile

Question 42

Which of the following is desirable with regard to prevention of obesity among children?

A)A restrictive feeding style
B)Parental perception of food as a reward for good behavior
C)Parental perception of their children's appropriate weight and body mass index
D)Parental perception of giving in to children's food preference as a proof of love

Question 43

Children and adolescents whose BMI is at or above the _____ are classified as being at risk of becoming overweight.

A)85th percentile
B)80th percentile
C)97th percentile
D)95th percentile

Question 44

_____ is another name for somnambulism which occurs in the deepest stage of sleep.

A)Chronic fatigue syndrome
B)Sleep paralysis
C)Sleep apnea
D)Sleep walking

Question 45

In the United States,_____ are the leading cause of death in young children.

A)motor vehicle accidents
B)cardiovascular diseases
C)cancer
D)contagious diseases

Question 46

Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by the:

A)excess accumulation of phenylalanine in the body.
B)experience of chronic fatigue.
C)excess consumption of quality meats
D)increased metabolic activity in the body.

Question 47

Children and adolescents whose BMI is at or above the _____ are classified as overweight.

A)85th percentile
B)80th percentile
C)97th percentile
D)95th percentile

Question 48

Young children's eating behavior improves:

A)when caregivers encourage children to play outdoor games while eating.
B)when caregivers allow children to eat while watching television programs.
C)when caregivers eat with children and eliminate competing activities.
D)when caregivers permit children to follow a flexible mealtime schedule.

Question 49

Which of the following is a feature of a good feeding style used by parents?

A)An exclusive focus on eating during mealtimes
B)An ability to combine eating with recreation like television
C)A restrictive caregiver behavior at mealtimes
D)A tendency to schedule flexible mealtimes based on parental convenience

Question 50

Which of the following is true with regard to sleep patterns and problems in early childhood?

A)Experts recommend that young children get 6 to 8 hours of a sleep each night.
B)Daytime naps are an undesirable practice for young children.
C)Sleep problems are associated with deficits in attention that sometimes persist into early adolescence.
D)Children's sleep problems are not associated with any long-term negative developmental outcomes.

Question 51

_____ are frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper,more often toward the morning than just after the child has gone to bed at night.

A)Nocturnal enuresis attacks
B)Night terrors
C)Nightmares
D)Panic attacks

Question 52

Helen is a busy working mother and she often does not have the time to prepare lunches for her three young children.On most days she gives her children money so they can have lunch at a Taco Bell outlet close to their school.Mealtimes are extremely stressful for Helen because despite the trouble she takes to cook dinners,her children throw tantrums until she gives in to ordering food from KFC or Taco Bell for dinner.Which of the following is true with regard to Helen's situation?

A)Helen has been able to minimize their family's dependence on fast food meals.
B)Helen ensures that her children receive appropriate nutrition through a balanced diet.
C)Helen's children are likely to have high levels of fat and sugar consumption.
D)Helen's children are yet to develop their personal taste and appetite or food that she has as an adult.

Question 53

Which of the following key dietary shifts took place in U.S.children from the late 1970s through the late 1990s?

A)Decreased dependence on fast-food meals
B)Decreased consumption of soft drinks
C)Greater away-from-home consumption
D)Decreased energy obtained from salty snacks

Question 54

A leading cause of childhood death in impoverished countries is _____.

A)obesity
B)availability of firearms
C)dehydration caused by diarrhea
D)motor accidents

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true with regard to obesity among children in the United States?

A)The number of children who were obese has dropped steeply in the recent decades.
B)Obesity has psychological implications and it is associated with lower levels of self-esteem.
C)Obesity among young children is primarily genetic and lifestyle changes cannot be used as an effective intervention for this problem.
D)Overweight children are most likely to lose the extra weight as they grow because obesity does not continue into adulthood.

Question 56

Which of the following actions is associated with greater incidence of asthma and wheezing problems among children?

A)Exposure to tobacco smoke
B)Availability of firearms
C)Availability of a balanced diet
D)Presence of home safety equipment

Question 57

Which of the following characteristics can enhance young children's safety in school?

A)Knowledge of parenting skills
B)Development of social skills and ability to regulate emotions
C)Injury prevention and safety promotion policies and programs
D)Impulse control

Question 58

_____ are characterized by a sudden arousal from sleep and an intense fear,usually accompanied by a number of physiological reactions,such as rapid heart rate and breathing,loud screams,heavy perspiration,and physical movement.

A)Lucid dreams
B)Night terrors
C)REM sleep periods
D)Delusions

Question 59

Which of the following is associated with a high consumption of saturated and trans fat?

A)Increase in cholesterol level
B)Strengthening of the cardiac muscles
C)Increased blood platelet count
D)Decreased BMI counts

Question 60

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011)has established categories for obesity,overweight,and at risk for being overweight.These categories are determined by the _____.

A)glycemic index
B)body mass index
C)homeostatic index
D)body volume index

Question 61

What is the significance of a developmentally appropriate movement curriculum?

Question 62

List the development of some fine motor skills expected in a child who is five years old.

Question 63

Describe growth hormone deficiency along with its features and treatment options.

Question 64

List some of the gross motor skills that children in the age group of 37 to 48 months can exercise.

Question 65

Name the stages of young children's artistic drawings as formulated by Rhoda Kellogg.

Question 66

What are the factors that contribute to the variation in growth patterns seen in young children?

Question 67

Why is the maturation of the prefrontal cortex crucial to development in early childhood?

Question 68

How can caregivers enhance the likelihood that children will be safe and healthy?

Question 69

Why are some children unusually short?

Question 70

How can caregivers positively influence the eating behavior of young children?

Question 71

List a few instances of fatal non-vehicle-related deaths in young children.

Question 72

Describe the Denver Developmental Screening Test II?

Question 73

Describe three characteristics that enhance children's safety at the community level?

Question 74

List some differences between night terrors and nightmares.

Question 75

Describe iron deficiency anemia along with its causes and consequences.

Question 76

What are the various ways through which parents can provide a context for artistic exploration to children?

Question 77

What are some of the key dietary shifts that took place among U.S.children from the late 1970s through the late 1990s?

Question 78

Briefly explain any two factors that influence the increase in the size of the brain during early childhood.

Question 79

What effect does increased myelination have on the child's abilities?

Question 80

Describe the pattern of physical growth in early childhood.