Deck 16: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Jodi,a 15-year-old female,has been experimenting with different sexual orientations.According to James Marcia,Jodi is experiencing identity:

A)crisis.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)commitment.

Answer 1

A
Explanation: Marcia classifies individuals based on the existence or extent of their crisis or commitment.Crisis is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

Question 2

Erik Erikson's fifth developmental stage,which individuals experience during adolescence,is:

A)intimacy versus isolation.
B)identity versus identity confusion.
C)integrity versus despair.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Answer 2

B
Explanation: Erik Erikson's fifth developmental stage,which individuals experience during adolescence,is identity versus identity confusion.

Question 3

_____ is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity moratorium
C)Identity diffusion
D)Identity foreclosure

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Identity moratorium is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a
crisis but whose commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined.

Question 4

"Hey,what can I say-my college major is undeclared.I just don't know what I want to do yet.I'm not going to pressure myself into making a decision when what I really want to do is have fun." What is the identity status of this college student according to James Marcia?

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity inquisition
C)Identity diffusion
D)Identity foreclosure

Question 5

Erik Erikson defines _____ as the gap between the security of childhood and the autonomy of adulthood.

A)identity confusion
B)identity moratorium
C)psychosocial confusion
D)psychosocial moratorium

Question 6

_____ is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity inquisition
C)Identity diffusion
D)Identity foreclosure

Question 7

Latoya is 15 years old.She is in which of the following developmental stages,according to Erik Erikson?

A)Intimacy versus isolation
B)Identity versus identity confusion
C)Integrity versus despair
D)Industry versus inferiority

Question 8

_____ is a self-portrait composed of many pieces.

A)Self-esteem
B)Identity
C)Self-concept
D)Morality

Question 9

James Marcia defines crisis as a period of identity development when adolescents:

A)struggle toward academic excellence.
B)lose their self-confidence.
C)experience an emotional trauma.
D)explore meaningful alternatives.

Question 10

_____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity moratorium
C)Identity diffusion
D)Identity foreclosure

Question 11

Erik Erikson would say that an adolescent who becomes withdrawn and isolated from his or her peers and family,or who loses his or her identity in the crowd,is suffering from identity:

A)foreclosure.
B)confusion.
C)moratorium.
D)diffusion.

Question 12

The career and work path the person wants to follow defines the individual's _____ identity.

A)intellectual
B)vocational
C)political
D)ethnic

Question 13

Harry has not been able to successfully resolve his identity crisis.He has immersed himself in the world of his peers and lost his identity in the crowd.Erik Erikson would say that Harry is suffering from identity:

A)foreclosure.
B)confusion.
C)moratorium.
D)diffusion.

Question 14

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer what Erikson calls identity:

A)foreclosure.
B)confusion.
C)moratorium.
D)diffusion.

Question 15

In which of the following identity statuses,proposed by James Marcia,both crisis and commitment are absent?

A)Identity foreclosure
B)Identity achievement
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity diffusion

Question 16

Which part of the world or country a person is from and how intensely the person identifies with his or her heritage defines a person's _____ identity.

A)intellectual
B)vocational
C)political
D)ethnic

Question 17

James Marcia defines commitment as a period of identity development when adolescents:

A)personally invest in identity.
B)gain self-confidence.
C)find a support system of significant others.
D)develop inferiority complex.

Question 18

Most researchers now use the term _____ in place of James Marcia's term crisis.

A)exploration
B)confusion
C)turbulence
D)inquisition

Question 19

_____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity inquisition
C)Identity diffusion
D)Identity foreclosure

Question 20

Whether the person is conservative,liberal,or middle-of-the-road defines the person's _____ identity.

A)intellectual
B)vocational
C)political
D)ethnic

Question 21

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia argues that Erikson's theory of identity development contains four statuses of identity.Which of the following is one of these four statuses?

A)Identity inquisition
B)Identity stagnation
C)Identity evolution
D)Identity diffusion

Question 22

When connectedness is strong and individuation weak,adolescents often have an identity _____ status.

A)achievement
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)diffusion

Question 23

A family atmosphere that promotes both _____ is important in an adolescent's identity development.

A)exploration and foreclosure
B)individuality and connectedness
C)exploration and connectedness
D)individuality and foreclosure

Question 24

_____ involves openness to others' views.

A)Mutuality
B)Self-assertion
C)Separateness
D)Permeability

Question 25

According to James Marcia,adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined are in the status of identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 26

Which of the following is a positive developmental function of the everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships?

A)They teach adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B)They help adolescents' transition toward autonomy.
C)They convince adolescents that their parents are usually right.
D)They help adolescents achieve identity foreclosure.

Question 27

Tara has decided from an early age to follow in her mother's footsteps and become a family physician.She has neither experienced any conflict regarding her career choice nor considered other possible careers.What is the identity status of Tara according to James Marcia?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity achievement

Question 28

Mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of:

A)identity diffusion.
B)self-concept.
C)individuality.
D)connectedness.

Question 29

Which of the following is a dimension of individuality that refers to the ability to have and communicate a point of view?

A)Self-assertion
B)Mutuality
C)Separateness
D)Permeability

Question 30

Jason was confused about whether to get married or not.He finally decided to propose.After his fiancée accepted,he felt great and knew he had done the right thing.As the wedding date approached,however,he became doubtful.He considered calling off the wedding,but did not.Today he is happily married and glad he stayed with his decision.Jason's experience is an example of the _____ cycle in identity development.

A)social referencing
B)YOYO
C)MAMA
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 31

Marie and her parents frequently engage in prolonged,intense,repeated,and unhealthy conflict.They seem to fight about almost everything.Compared to other adolescents,Marie is:

A)less likely to marry early.
B)more likely to drop out of school.
C)more likely to live at home beyond age 25.
D)less likely to abuse drugs.

Question 32

According to James Marcia,individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment are in the status of identity _____.

A)foreclosure
B)diffusion
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 33

According to James Marcia,an adolescent who is in the status of identity achievement is one who:

A)has not gone through an identity crisis and shows little interest in such matters.
B)has made a commitment but has not gone through an identity crisis.
C)is in the midst of an identity crisis but has not yet made any commitments.
D)has already gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment.

Question 34

Conflict between parents and children often escalates during:

A)late adulthood.
B)early adolescence.
C)late adolescence.
D)early childhood.

Question 35

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in the state college near their hometown.Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself,and he will probably do what they advise.What is the identity status of Ramon,according to James Marcia?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity achievement

Question 36

Rachel is a high school junior who has explored several employment and education alternatives.She has chosen to attend the community college near home to become a diesel mechanic.What is the identity status of Rachel according to James Marcia?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)Identity achievement

Question 37

Self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of:

A)self-concept.
B)identity achievement.
C)individuality.
D)self-esteem.

Question 38

Lisa has a close friend who is gay.Although Lisa does not approve of homosexual behavior,she still relates warmly to her friend.Lisa is demonstrating:

A)group identity.
B)individuality.
C)connectedness.
D)identity assimilation.

Question 39

Reginald,a teenager,gets into a lot of arguments with his parents.If these arguments are typical of normal parent-adolescent conflicts,they are most likely to be about:

A)whether Reginald uses drugs or alcohol.
B)Reginald's delinquent behavior.
C)what Reginald will do with his life.
D)Reginald's everyday life.

Question 40

In James Marcia's theory,an adolescent who has not experienced a crisis but has made a commitment is experiencing identity:

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 41

Six individuals of the same sex and same age who hang around together would be known as a:

A)clique.
B)crowd.
C)club.
D)cluster.

Question 42

Which of the following is a characteristic of crowds?

A)Crowds are smaller than cliques.
B)Members of a crowd always spend a lot of time together.
C)Members of a crowd have a common ethnic origin.
D)Crowds are less personal than cliques.

Question 43

According to the study conducted by Brown & Lohr,members of which of the following crowds are most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)Jocks (athletically oriented)
B)Normals (middle-of-the-road students who made up the masses)
C)Druggies (known for illicit drug use)
D)Nobodies (low in social skills or intellectual abilities)

Question 44

Conformity to peers-especially to their antisocial standards-peaks around the:

A)first and second grades.
B)fifth and sixth grades.
C)eighth and ninth grades.
D)eleventh and twelfth grades.

Question 45

Aaron is in the eighth grade.Some of his close friends have recently started engaging in vandalism and writing graffiti on the walls at school.What is Aaron most likely to do?

A)He is likely to stop spending time with these friends and join a more positive peer group.
B)He is more likely to discuss such behavior with his parents than with his other friends.
C)He is likely report his friends behavior to the principal of the school.
D)He is more likely to join his friends in these behaviors than when he was in fifth grade.

Question 46

Adolescents are more likely to confirm to peers when:

A)they are sure about their social identity.
B)they have high self-esteem.
C)they are in the presence of someone they perceive to have higher status than themselves.
D)they experience low levels of social anxiety.

Question 47

In contrast to other psychoanalytic theorists who focused almost exclusively on parent-child relationships,_____ argued that friends are also important in shaping the development of children and adolescents.

A)Erik Erikson
B)Lawrence Kohlberg
C)James Marcia
D)Harry Stack Sullivan

Question 48

Dating and romantic relationships at an unusually early age are most likely to be linked with:

A)high academic achievement.
B)more participation in class discussions.
C)less popularity with peers.
D)adolescent pregnancy.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about cultural variations in adolescent experiences is true?

A)Two-thirds of Asian Indian adolescents accept their parents' choice of a marital partner for them.
B)Youth in the United States are marrying at younger ages than in past generations.
C)Youth in Russia are marrying at older ages than in past generations.
D)In the Middle East,most adolescents interact freely with the opposite sex in school.

Question 50

Harry Stack Sullivan believed that one's need for intimacy with peers shows a dramatic increase during:

A)early adolescence.
B)early childhood.
C)late adolescence.
D)late childhood.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding a crowd?

A)Adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation.
B)Cliques are bigger than crowds and less personal.
C)It is a small group that ranges from two to about twelve individuals.
D)Adolescents in a crowd share ideas and hang out together.

Question 52

The first stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence happens at about 11 to 13 years of age.Which of the following is a characteristic of that stage?

A)Romantic relationships formed now typically last one year or more.
B)Casual dating emerges between individuals who are mutually attracted.
C)Serious romantic relationships develop involving strong emotional bonds.
D)Infatuations are common and are often shared with a same-sex friend.

Question 53

The new model of parent-adolescent relationship differs from the old one in that the new model:

A)suggests that the adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds are isolated.
B)emphasizes that the parents are important support systems and attachment figures.
C)suggests that intense,stressful parent-adolescent conflict occurs throughout adolescence.
D)emphasizes that as adolescents mature,they detach themselves from parents.

Question 54

According to the study conducted by Brown & Lohr,members of which of the following crowds are most likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

A)Jocks (athletically oriented)
B)Normals (middle-of-the-road students who made up the masses)
C)Populars (well-known students who led social activities)
D)Nobodies (lacking in social skills or intellectual abilities)

Question 55

The old model of parent-adolescent relationship differs from the new one in that the old model:

A)suggests that parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
B)emphasizes that the parents are important support systems and attachment figures.
C)suggests that the adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds have some important connections.
D)suggests that parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.

Question 56

Adolescents are usually members of a _____ based on reputation,and they may or may not spend much time together.

A)cluster
B)clique
C)clan
D)crowd

Question 57

_____ are small groups that range from two to about twelve individuals and average about five to six individuals.Its members are usually of the same sex and about the same age.

A)Clusters
B)Cliques
C)Clans
D)Crowds

Question 58

In a school,a group of people who are good at sports is referred to as "Jocks." In this case,"Jocks" is an example of a _____.

A)cluster
B)cartel
C)clan
D)crowd

Question 59

A reputation-based group of adolescents who engage in a similar activity,like sports,is known as a:

A)clan.
B)crowd.
C)cartel.
D)cluster.

Question 60

Which of the following statements best characterizes a clique?

A)Typically,members of a clique belong to different age groups.
B)Cliques are bigger than crowds and less personal.
C)It is a small group that ranges from two to about twelve individuals.
D)Generally,members of a clique do not spend much time together.

Question 61

Freshmen joining a school group called the Shifters undergo a week-long initiation involving learning the group's history,wearing group-specific items,and participating in special ceremonies that last all night long.This experience most resembles:

A)a test of identity.
B)a gang moratorium.
C)a rite of passage.
D)a diffusion of acceptance.

Question 62

Suicidal behavior is most likely to occur in:

A)middle childhood.
B)late childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)emerging adulthood.

Question 63

A _____ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another.

A)rite of passage
B)test of identity
C)rite of image
D)test of achievement

Question 64

Who among the following is most likely to be depressed?

A)Marie,a 10-year-old female
B)Tony,an 11-year-old male
C)Lashay,a 16-year-old female
D)Dave,a 15-year-old male

Question 65

Which of the following groups of adolescents is most likely to report that they have attempted suicide?

A)Native American/Alaska Native females
B)African American males
C)Latino females
D)Asian/American males

Question 66

Who among the following is most likely to succeed in committing suicide?

A)Marie,a 10-year-old female
B)Tony,an 11-year-old male
C)Lashay,a 16-year-old female
D)Dave,a 15-year-old male

Question 67

Who among the following is most likely to attempt suicide?

A)Marie,a 10-year-old female
B)Tony,an 11-year-old male
C)Lashay,a 16-year-old female
D)Dave,a 15-year-old male

Question 68

Who among the following is least likely to be depressed?

A)Mike,a 12-year-old male
B)Tony,a 15-year-old male
C)Harry,a 21-year-old male
D)Dave,an 18-year-old male

Question 69

If Jodi and Jerry,parents of three teens,would like to decrease the likelihood of juvenile delinquency among their children,they should:

A)monitor their children's routines and behavioral patterns.
B)sometimes be tough and sometimes be lenient with their children.
C)give their children complete freedom to learn to behave independently.
D)harshly discipline their kids at 8 to 10 years of age.

Question 70

As compared to late-onset (after 11 years)antisocial behavior,early-onset (before 11 years)antisocial behavior is _____.

A)associated with less negative developmental outcomes
B)more frequently associated with mental health problems
C)less likely to persist into emerging adulthood
D)less frequently associated with relationship problems

Question 71

Krista is an adolescent who is depressed and is considering suicide.She is:

A)likely to use a gun as a method of attempting suicide.
B)likely to take an overdose of pills as a method of attempting suicide.
C)more likely to actually commit suicide than an adolescent boy.
D)more likely to actually commit suicide than attempt it unsuccessfully.

Question 72

Which of the following groups of adolescents is least likely to report that they have attempted suicide?

A)Native American/Alaska Native females
B)African American males
C)Latino females
D)Asian American males

Question 73

Which of the following statements about juvenile delinquency is accurate?

A)In the last two decades,there has been a greater increase in male delinquency than in female delinquency.
B)Official records have traditionally overestimated the number of illegal acts juvenile delinquents commit.
C)Arrest rates of adolescent males for delinquency are much higher than arrest rates among adolescent females.
D)Juvenile delinquency rates for property offenses are usually lower than rates for other offenses.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about cultural variations in adolescent experiences is true?

A)In the Philippines,many female adolescents sacrifi ce their own futures by migrating to the city to earn money that they send home to their families.
B)Youth in the United States are marrying at younger ages than in past generations.
C)Youth in Russia are marrying at older ages than in past generations.
D)In the Middle East,most adolescents interact freely with the opposite sex in school.

Question 75

Researchers too often have given ethnic explanations for aspects of adolescent development that were largely due instead to:

A)race.
B)genetics.
C)cultural mores.
D)socioeconomic status.

Question 76

Which of the following terms refers to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal?

A)Early adopter
B)Juvenile delinquent
C)Boundary spanner
D)Naive preparator

Question 77

In most cultures,the rite of passage is designed to:

A)provide adolescents an entry into their profession of choice.
B)test whether adolescents have completed the stage of puberty.
C)test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.
D)mark the adolescent's transition to maturity and achievement of adult status.

Question 78

Which of the following has been suggested as a reason why adolescent females are depressed more often than adolescent males?

A)Puberty comes later for girls and that makes them feel more stressed.
B)Females have a more negative view of their own body than do males.
C)Males face more discrimination at school than females.
D)Females are not good at ruminating about their problems.

Question 79

Who among the following is most likely to engage in suicidal behavior?

A)Mike,a 12-year-old male
B)Tony,a 15-year-old male
C)Harry,a 21-year-old male
D)Dave,an 18-year-old male

Question 80

The closest thing to a universal rite of passage in the United States is the:

A)first date.
B)college initiation ritual.
C)high school graduation ceremony.
D)eighteenth birthday.