Deck 4: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The three periods of prenatal development are (from earliest to latest)

A)germinal, embryonic, fetal.
B)latency, germinal, embryo.
C)fetus, latency, germinal.
D)embryo, germinal, fetus.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Ovulation tends to occur _____ of the menstrual cycle.

A)on the first day
B)within the first week
C)near the midpoint
D)at the end

Answer 2

C

Question 3

While observing developing cells, Dr. House shouts, "I am seeing actual organogenesis taking place!" In simple terms, Dr. House is viewing

A)meiosis.
B)the formation of a blastula.
C)the initial formation of major body organs.
D)a breech presentation.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which statement concerning ARTs is true?

A)The cost of most IVF pregnancies is comparable to that of a typical pregnancy.
B)Most couples who are unable to become pregnant using ART experience major depression.
C)For women over age 42, the odds of a live birth following ART are about 1 in 10.
D)Fathers of ART infants tend to be less attached to their children.

Question 5

Natalie is six weeks pregnant. At this point, the organism growing inside of her is most properly referred to as a(n)

A)blastula.
B)embryo.
C)fetus.
D)zygote.

Question 6

A fertile male will deposit about 300 _____ sperm during intercourse.

A)thousand
B)million
C)billion
D)trillion

Question 7

During artificial insemination, the sperm

A)can only come from a woman's partner.
B)can only come from a donor.
C)can come from either the woman's partner or a donor.
D)must come from neither the woman's partner nor a donor.

Question 8

Conception results in the immediate creation of a(n)

A)embryo.
B)neonate.
C)fetus.
D)zygote.

Question 9

On average, the germinal period ends about ____ days after conception.

A)4
B)14
C)24
D)48

Question 10

José is quite knowledgeable about ARTs, thus when he is informed that his friend's new baby was conceived in a laboratory dish, he knows that this process had to involve

A)in vitro fertilization.
B)artificial insemination.
C)a donor egg.
D)multiple births.

Question 11

The _____ period of prenatal existence technically begins with implantation into the uterus.

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)zygotic

Question 12

About _____ of all fertilized ova are successfully implanted in the uterus.

A)one fifth
B)one fourth
C)one third
D)one half

Question 13

All major organs initially develop in some fashion during the _____ period.

A)germinal
B)zygotic
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 14

The outer layer of the embryo forms the

A)amnion and chorion.
B)placenta and umbilical cord.
C)brain and spinal cord of the fetus.
D)heart and internal organs.

Question 15

Everett has been informed that his has infertility issues. As he is seeing a competent doctor, what bit of advice should he most likely hear?

A)You need to cut down on your red meat consumption.
B)You need to lose your underwear and go without for a few months.
C)You need to increase your intake of folic acid.
D)You need to start taking your thalidomide prescription.

Question 16

The most common first medical step in assisted reproductive technology is to have a women take a drug that

A)increases the size of her cervix.
B)straightens the lining of her fallopian tubes.
C)decreases her testosterone levels.
D)stimulates the ovaries to ripen and release eggs.

Question 17

About _____ percent of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage, while about _____ percent of unrecognized pregnancies suffer the same fate.

A)20; 80
B)50; 50
C)80; 20
D)20; 50

Question 18

Infertility is defined as inability to become pregnant after

A)being off birth control for two months.
B)previously giving birth.
C)one year of trying.
D)artificial insemination.

Question 19

The germinal period ends when the

A)blastocyst burrows into the lining of the chorion.
B)blastocyst is implanted in the wall of the uterus.
C)zygote divides into two cells through mitosis.
D)zygote travels through the fallopian tube into the uterus.

Question 20

I am the hollow ball of cells formed in the days just after conception. Technically, I am referred to as the

A)blastocyst.
B)embryo.
C)uvula.
D)chorion.

Question 21

The fetal period is best defined as

A)the middle three months of pregnancy.
B)all of the pregnancy that follows the implantation of the blastula in the uterine wall.
C)the part of the pregnancy that extends from the age of viability to birth.
D)the period from the ninth week of pregnancy to birth.

Question 22

Which statement about development in the embryonic stage of development is true?

A)The placental barrier first forms during this stage of development.
B)The eyes and nose take shape at this time of development, but the ears form much later.
C)The heart forms but is not yet beating.
D)At this end of this period, the organism is about 10 inches long.

Question 23

Morgana is now 25 weeks pregnant. At this point, the organism growing inside of her would best be classified as a(n)

A)blastula.
B)embryo.
C)fetus.
D)zygote.

Question 24

In order for an embryo to construct testes, that embryo must have at least _____ at conception.

A)one X chromosome
B)two X chromosomes
C)one Y chromosome
D)two Y chromosomes

Question 25

Due to her accurate knowledge of prenatal physiology, Amber knows that since her unborn child suffers from anencephaly, the child will be born with

A)an exposed spinal cord.
B)a brain protruding from its skull.
C)fluid on the brain.
D)no developed brain above the brain stem.

Question 26

The umbilical cord connects the

A)amnion and chorion.
B)blastula and zygote.
C)heart and lungs.
D)embryo and placenta.

Question 27

The lining of the _____ originates as tissue called the chorion.

A)amnion
B)placenta
C)blastula
D)zygote

Question 28

One of the main roles of glial cells is to

A)provide support for neurons.
B)produce the spinal cord.
C)create a functioning respiratory system.
D)determine the sex of a fetus.

Question 29

The function of the amnion is to

A)connect the placenta to the developing fetus.
B)provide a cushion of protection for the developing embryo.
C)provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing embryo.
D)remove waste products from the developing fetus.

Question 30

_____ occurs when the neural tube fails to close and the spinal cord is not encased in the spinal column.

A)Spinal meningitis
B)Anencephaly
C)Spina bifida
D)Encephalocele

Question 31

Sexual differentiation (due to hormonal activity) first begins during the _____ period of development.

A)conception
B)germinal
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 32

In a normally developing XY-chromosome embryo, the absence of testosterone would

A)result in the complete absence of either a "male" or "female" reproductive system.
B)result in a "male" baby with a "female" internal reproductive system.
C)result in a "female" baby with a "male" internal reproductive system.
D)not have any impact on reproductive development.

Question 33

By secreting the hormone _____, the male embryo stimulates the development of a male reproductive system.

A)estrogen
B)teratogen
C)surfactant
D)testosterone

Question 34

The formation of a primitive heart would take place during the _____ period of development.

A)zygotic
B)germinal
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 35

What is the most important factor in determining what crosses the "placental barrier"?

A)The size of a molecule
B)The age of the fetus
C)The shape of the molecule
D)The age of the mother

Question 36

An embryo is directly nourished by root-like extensions from the

A)amnion.
B)chorionic villi.
C)blastula.
D)zygote.

Question 37

In her human development class, Dr. Ayers shows students several photographs of prenatal development. She points out the placenta and explains that its main purpose is to

A)provide the fetus with carbon dioxide and oxygen.
B)enable the maternal and fetal blood to mix so they will become compatible.
C)provide the fetus with oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the fetus.
D)protect and cushion the fetus from shock.

Question 38

The brain first becomes apparent around four weeks after conception when the neural _____ folds up to form the neural _____.

A)plate; tube
B)tube; cup
C)cup; spike
D)spike; tube

Question 39

Spina bifida is best described as a defect of the _____ of the neural tube, while anencephaly is best described as a defect of the _____ of the neural tube.

A)top; bottom
B)bottom; top
C)inside; outside
D)outside; inside

Question 40

A deficiency in maternal levels of _____ during early pregnancy has been linked to a risk for neural tube disorders.

A)vitamin A
B)calcium
C)folic acid
D)iron

Question 41

Sunny is a 20-week-old fetus. Sol is a 32-week-old fetus. If they were both normally developing fetuses, one would expect that Sol would _____ than Sunny.

A)have a significantly less surfactant
B)spend less time in distinct states of activity
C)have significantly less myelin
D)spend significantly more time in the distinct state of being awake

Question 42

Who has just reached the current "age of viability" for a human?

A)Ben, who has survived 6 weeks past conception
B)Hoss, who has survived 12 weeks past conception
C)Joe, who has survived 23 weeks past conception
D)Adam, who has survived 30 weeks past conception

Question 43

The seventh month of a human pregnancy would fall in the _____ trimester of that pregnancy.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 44

When a brain cell differentiates, it

A)doubles in size.
B)pairs up with a glial cell.
C)takes on a specialized purpose.
D)reaches it age of viability .

Question 45

In the United States, until the 1940s, it was widely believed that _____ was/were able to protect the developing fetus from the effects of viruses and nicotine.

A)teratogens
B)thalidomide
C)maternal exercise
D)the placenta

Question 46

The key to determining the functioning of a new neuron appears to be

A)the shape of the cell.
B)where the cell migrates.
C)the amount of testosterone in the cell.
D)the genetic make-up of the cell.

Question 47

The reason that stem cells hold potential promise for treatment of disorders like Parkinson's and diabetes is that these cells

A)divide uncontrollably.
B)are not yet specialized.
C)have already undergone migration.
D)cannot mutate.

Question 48

A teratogen is best defined as

A)any medication taken during labor and delivery.
B)anything that can cross the placental barrier.
C)any drug, disease, or environmental agent that causes a birth defect.
D)a birth defect caused by genetic abnormalities.

Question 49

Research on infant states shows that

A)these develop soon after birth.
B)there is a marked shift at birth from sleep states to waking states.
C)fetuses who spend a lot of time in active states tend to be active as infants.
D)infants who were born prematurely do not develop predictable states.

Question 50

By the end the fetal period, fetuses spend the majority of their time

A)in no distinct state.
B)snoozing.
C)conserving energy in anticipation of birth.
D)intentionally moving.

Question 51

The term "age of viability" refers to the point at which

A)a child will definitely survive if born.
B)survival outside the uterus might be possible.
C)the embryo no longer requires oxygen from its mother.
D)the heart starts beating.

Question 52

If a cell can be transplanted into any area of the body where it will take on the function of other cells in that area, that cell is most likely a _____ cell.

A)glial
B)myelin
C)stem
D)renal

Question 53

Myelin improves a neuron's ability to transmit by

A)providing an insulating cover to the neuron.
B)increasing the number of neurons.
C)assisting in the migration of neurons to their proper location.
D)organizing neurons into specific areas of the cortex (e.g.. the auditory cortex).

Question 54

Which of the following is true?

A)The quality of a postnatal environment has little impact on the effect of a teratogen.
B)The genetic makeup of a fetus can influence the impact of a teratogen.
C)The effects of a teratogen do not appear to be related to the "dose" received.
D)An organ system is least vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen when it is developing rapidly.

Question 55

Maria, who just found out she is pregnant, wonders at what point her baby will be able to hear. A competent doctor would tell her that her baby's sensory organs

A)begin to function during the embryonic phase.
B)will be functioning by the end of the second trimester.
C)do not function prior to the eighth or ninth month of pregnancy.
D)will not function prior to birth.

Question 56

Which best describes the "fetal position?"

A)Head up, limbs stretched out
B)Head up, limbs curled in
C)Head down, limbs stretched out
D)Head down, limbs curled in

Question 57

As of 2007, the most premature infant to survive weighed _____ when she was born.

A)2 ounces
B)10 ounces
C)20 ounces
D)100 ounces

Question 58

Dominique is told that her unborn child has bones, distinguishable sex organs, and may be turning somersaults. This description indicates that Dominique's unborn child is best classified as a(n)

A)zygote.
B)embryo.
C)fetus.
D)neonate.

Question 59

Your psychology professor asks you to write a paper on the prenatal environment. Which search topic should you use for your Web search?

A)The mother's womb
B)The hospital birthing room
C)The process of birth
D)The newborn's crib

Question 60

Coherent patterns of waking and sleeping are known as infant

A)states.
B)trimesters.
C)protective factors.
D)methods.

Question 61

Virginia smoked heavily throughout her pregnancy. Her husband was very worried about this because of the possible effects on his unborn child. Which of the following is the most likely outcome that he should be concerned about?

A)The child's low birth weight
B)Missing limbs
C)Visual impairment
D)Attention deficit disorder

Question 62

When baby Hughie was put down for his afternoon nap, he seemed in good health. While sleeping, Hughie's breathing stopped and he died. What is the best explanation for Hughie's death?

A)AIDS
B)PKU
C)FAS
D)SIDS

Question 63

The time of rapid growth of an organ system is called its _____ period.

A)critical
B)germinal
C)resilience
D)prenatal

Question 64

Maria frequently used cocaine while she was pregnant. The most likely effect on her baby would be

A)fetal strokes.
B)extreme mental retardation.
C)blindness.
D)a hearing impairment.

Question 65

Which maternal behavior places an infant at risk for sudden infant death syndrome?

A)Smoking cigarettes
B)Alcohol consumption
C)Exposure to rubella
D)Using Thalidomide

Question 66

On an average day, Jenna smokes about 24 cigarettes and has done so throughout her pregnancy. Consequently, she has put her baby at increased risk for all of the following EXCEPT

A)hearing levels.
B)growth retardation.
C)central nervous system impairment.
D)susceptibility to respiratory infection.

Question 67

While under a doctor's care prescription drugs are _____ safe.

A)never
B)sometimes
C)usually
D)always

Question 68

Which teratogen would most likely result in a baby being born with a missing limb?

A)Thalidomide
B)Alcohol
C)Rubella
D)Syphilis

Question 69

Myrna started taking the drug thalidomide in her sixth month of pregnancy. Chances are her baby will

A)be mentally retarded.
B)have heart problems.
C)have deformed or missing limbs.
D)suffer no harmful effects.

Question 70

The main impact of paternal consumption of alcohol (i.e., father's drinking) on a child involves the fact that fathers who drink tend to have

A)no viable sperm.
B)a greater potential to pass along the recessive gene related to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
C)poor parenting skills.
D)genetic defects they pass on to their children.

Question 71

Whose behavior would have the greatest NEGATIVE impact on a baby's brain development?

A)A mother who consumes one bottle of beer a day during the first five days of the infant's embryonic period
B)A mother who consumes five bottles of beer during the first day of the infant's embryonic period
C)A mother who consumes one bottle of beer a day for five days during her seventh month of pregnancy
D)A mother who consumes five bottles of beer a day during the first day of her seventh month of pregnancy

Question 72

Rice, Thapar, and colleagues (2007, 2009) attempted to uncouple the effects of genetics and the effects of smoking while pregnant on birth weight and elevated antisocial behavior. They found that

A)birth weight was unrelated to smoking.
B)antisocial behaviors elevated the risk for smoking.
C)antisocial behavior could be linked to genes but not to smoking.
D)genetic factor appear to cause smoking.

Question 73

One critical factor in determining whether a mother's alcohol consumption will have a negative impact on her fetus concerns the mother's

A)previous exposure to syphilis.
C)surfactant

Question 74

Although it is associated with the development of birth defects, Thalidomide is currently used to treat all of the following EXCEPT

A)leprosy.
B)morning sickness.
C)tuberculosis.
D)forms of cancer.

Question 75

Ruth has just given birth to a baby girl. Right away, it appears that something is wrong-the child looks odd. She has a small head, widely spaced eyes, and a flattened nose. What are the doctors most likely to suspect?

A)Ruth consumed considerable quantities of alcohol during the pregnancy.
B)Ruth had rubella during the second month of her pregnancy.
C)Ruth had syphilis and did not seek treatment for it.
D)Ruth did not eat properly throughout the pregnancy.

Question 76

When compared to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome, a child diagnosed with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder would

A)show more symptoms.
B)be more severely impacted.
C)show fewer symptoms.
D)be much smaller.

Question 77

Which organism is most vulnerable to organ systems damage?

A)The blastula
B)The embryo
C)The fetus
D)The zygote

Question 78

A child with fetal alcohol syndrome will most likely

A)be blind or deaf.
B)have a small head, widely spaced eyes, and a flattened nose.
C)be at risk for SIDS.
D)be born missing limbs.

Question 79

Why would a pregnant woman be most likely to have taken thalidomide?

A)She had morning sickness.
B)She wanted to lose weight.
C)She was having trouble sleeping.
D)To get pregnant (it is a fertility drug).

Question 80

Mineko did not know she was pregnant until she was about three months along. During those first three months, she drank alcoholic beverages quite frequently. While prenatal alcohol consumption can influence the developing embryo and fetus in a number of ways, Mineko should be LEAST concerned about having a newborn who

A)is hyperactivity.
B)has lowered intelligence.
C)has seizures.
D)has a deformed heart.