Deck 14: Emotions, Attachment, and Social Relationships

Question 1

The ethological perspective asserts that the sensitive period for human attachment relationships typically lasts for just the first three _____ after birth.

A) hours
B) days
C) months
D) years

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is true of emotions?

A) The character of emotions changes as we develop cognitively.
B) Basic emotions are culturally- and developmentally-based.
C) A neurologically-intact baby can show at least six distinct emotions at birth.
D) In general, adults cannot interpret infant emotions until the infants are 10 to 12 months old.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_____ has been referred to as the "love hormone" due to its potential role in attachments.

A) Oxytocin
B) Testosterone
C) Adrenaline
D) Estrogen

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Bonding is

A) an alternative term used for an attachment.
B) a biologically-based connection between infant and parent.
C) the result of skin-to-skin contact between infant and caregiver.
D) absolutely essential for later development.

Question 5

Which theory did the text identify as today's most influential theory of parent-child and other close relationships?

A) Social learning theory
B) Humanistic theory
C) Attachment theory
D) Cognitive developmental

Question 6

As a securely attached infant, Janeway is most likely to hold an internal working model that she is

A) lovable.
B) unreliable.
C) amoral.
D) part of a clique.

Question 7

Which statement best reflects the ethological perspective regarding parent/child attachments?

A) Attachments form automatically as a result of biological programming.
B) Human infants and caregivers have biological tendencies to form attachments.
C) The key to forming close attachments lies in the principles of conditioning and reinforcement.
D) Learning plays no significant role in the process of developing parent/child attachments.

Question 8

Who is most likely to be experiencing bonding?

A) Five-hour-old Derek and his mother Bo, who are cuddling.
B) Five-month-old Demi, who is watching her son Moore take his first step.
C) Five-year-old Scarlett, who is playing catch with her new adoptive dad Johansson.
D) Fifteen-year-old Penelope, who is on a first date with a boy that she really likes named Cruz.

Question 9

Internal working models

A) are formed during a critical period when an infant first sees a moving object.
B) are constructed through early interactions with caregivers and influence future social relationships.
C) depend largely on the broad cultural context in which they are formed.
D) develop during the first few hours and days following birth.

Question 10

An attachment is best defined as a strong affectional tie that binds a person to a(n)

A) intimate companion.
B) peer.
C) friend.
D) acquaintance.

Question 11

Attachments

A) occur exclusively in infancy.
B) are expressed behaviorally in the same manner across the lifespan.
C) serve the same function in infancy, adolescence, and old age.
D) are, throughout the lifespan, aimed at individuals from whom we derive a sense of security.

Question 12

How many of the following dyads (a father and his son, two kindergarten classmates, a preteen girl and her track coach) represent peer relationships?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 13

Why are internal working models important in the attachment process?

A) They are one of the few known genetic components of attachments.
B) They are the only anti-conformity element of an attachment.
C) They are the key behavioral component of attachments.
D) They are a key mechanism that allows early experience to impact later behavior.

Question 14

Imprinting refers to

A) an innate tendency to follow moving objects.
B) the ability of parents to instill their values into their children.
C) severing ties from a social convoy.
D) becoming attached to whomever provides oral gratification.

Question 15

Based on research on imprinting, a newly hatched duck is most likely to innately become attached to

A) its biological mother, even if the mother is not present.
B) its biological mother, but only if she remains perfectly still.
C) a human, but only if that person moves around.
D) a human, but only if that person stays perfectly still.

Question 16

Bowlby argued that in humans, imprinting

A) is solely due to an infant responding to the sight, sound, and touch of a caregiver.
B) is solely due to a caregiver's biologically driven response to an infant's signals.
C) is due to a combination of interactions between the infant and caregiver.
D) is impossible (as it is only found in lesser species).

Question 17

A peer is best defined as someone of

A) the same chronological age.
B) equal social status.
C) the same ethnic or racial group.
D) greater social importance.

Question 18

Freud's opinions on social relationships were clear; the most important first bond was between an infant and his or her

A) father.
B) mother.
C) sibling(s).
D) peers.

Question 19

Which two theorists are best associated with attachment theory?

A) Craik and Lockhart
B) Freud and Erikson
C) Piaget and Kohlberg
D) Bowlby and Ainsworth

Question 20

How does oxytocin appear to impact relationships?

A) Excess levels of it are associated with uncontrolled aggression.
B) It primes us to affiliate with others.
C) If released by mothers shortly after birth, it will result in the infant failing to imprint/bond with the mother.
D) Adults with similar levels of it (whether high or low) make the best romantic partners.

Question 21

Two-year-old Babs is asked by her mother to sing a song in front of her relatives. For the first time in her life, Babs experiences the emotion of embarrassment. Developmentalists refer to this type of emotion as a(n) _____ emotion.

A) amoral
B) primary
C) imprinting
D) self-conscious

Question 22

Research on emotional development indicates that when interacting with moms, infant's display

A) a limited number of positive emotions, which they change at a very slow rate.
B) a wide range of emotions (positive and negative), which they change at a very slow rate.
C) a limited number of positive emotions, which they change at a rapid rate.
D) a wide range of emotions (positive and negative), which they change at a rapid rate.

Question 23

Which scenario is the best example of a synchronized routine?

A) A baby and a mother who are taking turns sticking out their tongues at each other
B) A ducking following around a mother hen
C) Dealing with the deaths of a social convoy of relatives as you age
D) Two best friends watching a hockey game together

Question 24

Displaying _____ would indicate the LEAST advanced level of social-cognitive ability.

A) goal-corrected partnership
B) undiscriminating social responsiveness
C) active proximity-seeking/true attachment
D) discriminating social responsiveness

Question 25

The most likely outcome of an infant and parent who are in synchrony is a(n) _____ infant attachment.

A) secure
B) insecure avoidant
C) insecure resistant
D) undifferentiated

Question 26

Which scenario best illustrates chumship?

A) Seventy-year-olds Kate and Nate, who have been happily married for 40 years
B) Forty-somethings Bill and Jill, who are really enjoying their first date
C) Five-year-old Mary, who is on a great camping trip with her dad Larry
D) Third-graders Ray and Jay, who are best friends.

Question 27

Assuming that these children are all developing normally, who would be most likely to have just begun to display self-conscious emotions?

A) Bob, who is 2 months old
B) Ted, who is 18 months old
C) Carol, who is 24 months old
D) Alice, who is 4 years old

Question 28

Sullivan used the term _____ to describe close childhood friendships.

A) bonding mates
B) peers
C) chumships
D) confidants

Question 29

It is most accurate to say that a parent's attachment relationship with his or her child

A) becomes firmly established before the child is born.
B) is formed during the few hours immediately following the child's birth.
C) will be seriously impaired if there are no opportunities for prolonged and immediate contact following the child's birth.
D) builds gradually over a period of many months.

Question 30

_____ is best defined as the process of initiating, maintaining, and altering emotions.

A) Power assertion
B) Emotion regulation
C) Joint attention
D) Empathy

Question 31

Tabitha is at the zoo with her dad, Darwin. How could Tabitha demonstrate social referencing?

A) She could refer to the tiger as a "big kitty."
B) She could watch her dad's hesitation at touching the snake and recoil her hand when a snake is handed to her.
C) She could pick up an ant and tell her dad that if the ant were bigger, it could be in the zoo.
D) She could find it funny when she feeds the goat her ice cream cone.

Question 32

From birth to 2 to 3 months of age, infant attachments are best described as

A) undiscriminating social responsiveness.
B) discriminating social responsiveness.
C) active proximity seeking.
D) goal-corrected partnerships.

Question 33

Which emotion would be considered the most advanced for an infant to exhibit?

A) Fear
B) Interest
C) Guilt
D) Sadness

Question 34

A game of peek-a-boo between a mother and her infant daughter best exemplifies the concept of

A) imprinting.
B) synchronized routine.
C) false belief.
D) induction.

Question 35

When a child has begun to monitor the reaction of someone else in order to decide how to react to an ambiguous situation, he or she is demonstrating

A) self-awareness.
B) chumship.
C) imprinting.
D) social referencing.

Question 36

In order to calm herself after she hears a loud noise, Tanya keeps repeating, "Dad says noises are funny." This behavior best illustrates the concept of

A) imprinting.
B) separation anxiety.
C) emotion regulation.
D) conformity.

Question 37

Self-conscious emotions require

A) postformal operational thought.
B) postconventional thought.
C) self-awareness.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 38

Amanda shows a clear interest in listening to voices of humans but shows no particular preference for one person over another. Amanda is best classified as being in the _____ phase.

A) goal-corrected partnership
B) undiscriminating social responsiveness
C) active proximity-seeking/true attachment
D) discriminating social responsiveness

Question 39

At what age do infants typically first begin to express a preference for one familiar person over another?

A) 2-6 weeks old
B) 2-3 months old
C) 7-8 months old
D) 11-12 months or older

Question 40

Two-month-old Holmes has learned that whenever he is around his mother, Katie, it is best not to show any fear because she does not react well when confronted by a fearful child. Holmes' behavior best illustrates the concept of

A) chumship.
B) emotion regulation.
C) imprinting.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 41

Regarding stranger anxiety, which statement is FALSE?

A) Stranger anxiety is less likely to occur when mom is close by.
B) Children are most wary of strangers when they are encountered in familiar surroundings.
C) Stranger anxiety is lessened when the caregiver responds positively to the stranger.
D) Stranger anxiety is affected by the appearance of the stranger.

Question 42

Displaying _____ would indicate the most advanced level of social-cognitive ability.

A) goal-corrected partnership
B) undiscriminating social responsiveness
C) active proximity-seeking/true attachment
D) discriminating social responsiveness

Question 43

Which behavior best exemplifies the concept of proximity maintenance with a secure attachment?

A) Becoming distressed when not near mommy
B) Attempting to keep track of mommy's location
C) Exploring away from mommy when she is present
D) Moving toward mommy if comfort is needed

Question 44

Greg and his infant daughter Dharma recently participated in a research study at the local college campus. Greg's simplified description of the study is "dad and baby together, baby by itself, someone else with baby, and then dad back with baby." Based on this description, you would be correct in assuming that Greg had participated in a studying using the _____ procedure.

A) habituation
B) dichotomous listening
C) incidental learning
D) strange situation

Question 45

Pam loves to play with other children. As she plays in the sandbox at the park, she frequently climbs out to run over to her mommy, gives her a hug, and then runs back to the sandbox. When her mother walks a short distance away to get a drink at a fountain, Pam begins to cry and runs after her. After they both get a drink, they head back toward the sandbox, with Pam running ahead to join the other children in play. Pam's attachment relationship with her mother is best described as

A) secure.
B) resistant.
C) avoidant.
D) disorganized-disoriented.

Question 46

Which behavior best exemplifies a goal-correct partnership?

A) An infant who knows that when mommy puts on her shoes she goes out running; so when the infant sees mommy put on her shoes, she follows her and plans to go with her
B) An infant who cries whenever mommy leaves
C) An infant who smiles broadly whenever she sees her mommy enter a room
D) An infant who, when at the store, gets excited when anyone (family or stranger) picks up a toy that she finds interesting

Question 47

Separation anxiety

A) only occurs as a result of unresponsive parenting.
B) is an important sign of attachment.
C) occurs mainly in children who attend preschool.
D) is a sign of an unhealthy attachment.

Question 48

Most infants develop a(n) _____ attachment relationship with their caregiver(s).

A) secure
B) disorganized-disoriented
C) resistant
D) avoidant

Question 49

Two-year-old Floss is going to the dentist for the first time. She is sitting on her dad's lap when she first sees the dentist dressed in a long white coat. Floss reacts by turning and hugging her dad while she begins sobbing. Floss's reaction is best explained as involving _____ anxiety.

A) stranger
B) separation
C) goal
D) relationship

Question 50

Sven has just realized that before his daddy goes to work in the morning, he first eats breakfast in the kitchen. As a result of this realization, he now goes to the kitchen as soon as he hears his dad get up so that he can be near dad. This behavior best exemplifies

A) goal-corrected partnership.
B) undiscriminating social responsiveness.
C) active proximity-seeking/true attachment.
D) discriminating social responsiveness.

Question 51

According to Ainsworth, an attachment figure is best defined as serving as a(n) _____ for an attached child.

A) secure base
B) id replacement
C) chum
D) conscience

Question 52

In which type of attachment does a child use a caregiver as a base, becomes somewhat upset when separated from the caregiver, and is fairly outgoing with a stranger if the caregiver is present?

A) Secure
B) Disorganized-disoriented
C) Resistant
D) Avoidant

Question 53

A college student becomes homesick during her first semester on campus. This response is most related to

A) stranger anxiety.
B) resistant attachment.
C) separation anxiety.
D) avoidant attachment.

Question 54

What is the paradox concerning independent behavior in infants?

A) It appears to happen in boys whose mothers are unresponsive.
B) It appears to only occur in infants who are insecure resistant rather than securely attached.
C) It appears to require another person acting as a secure base for an infant to feel confident about acting indepenently and exploring the world.
D) The independence of infancy comes before the extremely high desire for dependence on parents seen in the teenage years.

Question 55

_____ anxiety peaks first and is followed by _____anxiety.

A) Stranger; separation
B) Separation; stranger
C) Goal; separation
D) Relationship; social

Question 56

Which research technique is best associated with the study of the quality of an attachment?

A) Habituation paradigm
B) Dichotomous listening task
C) Incidental learning paradigm
D) Strange situation procedure

Question 57

Separation anxiety generally appears

A) at the time when infants begin to prefer human to nonhuman stimuli.
B) at the time when infants begin to express a preference for familiar people.
C) when the child forms his or her first genuine attachment.
D) toward the end of the preoperational period.

Question 58

In which type of attachment does a child show clear distress when the caregiver to whom he is attached leaves, but ambivalence when the caregiver returns?

A) Secure
B) Disorganized-disoriented
C) Resistant
D) Avoidant

Question 59

Separation anxiety is best associated with the emotion of

A) trust.
B) euphoria.
C) indigence.
D) fear.

Question 60

Kono takes her one-year-old son, Chin Ho, to visit an infant-toddler program that he will soon join. Chin Ho appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with toys, even though Kono is close by. When Kono leaves the room, Chin Ho becomes extremely upset and remains that way all the time his mother is gone. When Kono returns, Chin Ho stays close to his mother, but makes it clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. He appears angry with Kono. This best demonstrates which sort of attachment relationship?

A) Disorganized
B) Resistant
C) Avoidant
D) Secure

Question 61

German parents tend to encourage _____ in their children while Japanese parents encourage _____.

A) dependence; independence
B) independence; dependence
C) violence; passivity
D) passivity; violence

Question 62

Which type of infant attachment is best associated with having a mother who is abusing drugs?

A) Disorganized-disoriented
B) Resistant
C) Avoidant
D) Secure

Question 63

Which of the following has been shown in cross-cultural studies of attachment?

A) Parental sensitivity and responsiveness are the critical factors across cultures.
B) Although supported in individualistic cultures, attachment theory does not appear useful in collectivist cultures.
C) Infant factors are critical in individualistic cultures and parental factors are critical in collectivist cultures.
D) There is no evidence that individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in parenting styles.

Question 64

Which infant attachment type is most highly associated with later emotional problems?

A) Resistant
B) Avoidant
C) Reliant
D) Disorganized-disoriented

Question 65

Odin is attached to his dad, Thor. The most interesting feature is Odin's seeming confusion about whether to approach or avoid his dad. Odin also seems unable to handle the negative emotions he feels following separation from Thor. Given this description, Odin is best classified as having a(n) _____ attachment with Thor.

A) disorganized-disoriented
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 66

Harlow and Zimmerman's classic research regarding Freud's views of feeding practices and the attachment process indicated that

A) Freud was correct in assuming that the feeding process plays the central role in establishing parent/child attachments.
B) breast feeding is far superior to bottle feeding with regard to promoting parent/child attachments.
C) contact with a soft, cuddly caregiver is more important than specific feeding practices with regard to the establishment of parent/child attachments.
D) attachments are biologically programmed, therefore feeding becomes irrelevant in the attachment process.

Question 67

As Winston has been a victim of physical abuse as an infant, he has the greatest chance of developing a(n) _____ attachment style.

A) disorganized-disoriented
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 68

Babita believes that her nursing relationship with her baby is absolutely essential to her child's well-being, and that it will have a powerful impact on her overall relationship with her child. Based on this outlook, Babita's views with regard to the attachment process are most similar to those of

A) Harlow.
B) Bandura.
C) Freud.
D) Ainsworth.

Question 69

A sensitive parent can do _____ to convert a "difficult" baby into an infant who can regulate emotions and who is socially competent.

A) nothing
B) a little
C) a fair amount
D) a lot

Question 70

Lisa is a very high-strung, active mom. Her baby, Marie, is very laid back and calm. When Lisa bounces Marie on her knee, tickles her, and talks to her in a loud and excited voice, Marie turns away. Lisa turns Marie back toward her, bounces her more rigorously, and continues to talk and sing more loudly than before. Based on this pattern of behavior, it is most likely that Marie will develop a(n) _____ to her mother.

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) Oedipal complex

Question 71

While researching attachment behavior, Professor Plumb notes that infants are most likely to securely attach to caregivers who wear soft and "cuddly" sweaters and who hold the infants a lot while they are wearing these sweaters. This discovery best fits with research demonstrating the importance of

A) a social convoy.
B) contact comfort.
C) imprinting.
D) chumship.

Question 72

Freud believed that the attachment relationship between parent and child occurs as a result of

A) conditioning and reinforcement.
B) an innate tendency to engage in proximity-seeking behaviors.
C) advances in the infant's cognition that enable the child to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar companions.
D) early feeding experiences.

Question 73

Frieda (18 months) and her mother are visiting at a friend's house. Although there are lots of toys to play with, Frieda seems disinterested. When Frieda's mother and her friend go to the kitchen for tea, Frieda appears undisturbed. Twenty minutes later, her mother emerges from the kitchen and tries to pick Frieda up. Frieda is unresponsive and wants to get down. When put down, Frieda ignores her mother and wanders around. This best demonstrates a(n) _____ attachment relationship between Frieda and her mom.

A) disorganized-disoriented
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 74

When disorganized-disoriented infants are reunited with their parent, they tend to

A) not remember prior experiences.
B) act dazed or seek attention (but move away if attention appears to be on its way).
C) always scream in terror.
D) sleep to escape the situation.

Question 75

Which statement concerning the role of culture on infant attachment is true?

A) Attachment styles are universal and unaffected by culture.
B) In collectivist cultures, infants are more likely to develop autonomous behaviors.
C) Most infants raised in individualistic cultures are insecurely attached to their primary caregiver.
D) A secure attachment is best defined by cultural standards that can vary from country to country.

Question 76

When Billie takes her son, Joel, to the park one day, he demands to be held and does not want to get down to play on the equipment. When another young mother comes over and strikes up a conversation with Billie, Joel hides his head in his mother's skirt, and refuses to play with the other woman's child. Eventually, Billie leaves Joel with the other woman briefly so she can buy drinks for all of them at the concession stand. Joel screams and cries, and is inconsolable. Joel's attachment relationship with his mother is best characterized as

A) secure.
B) resistant.
C) avoidant.
D) disorganized-disoriented.

Question 77

Harlow and Zimmerman's classic research on feeding and attachment utilized _____ as research participants.

A) rats
B) monkeys
C) pigeons
D) humans

Question 78

A(n) _____ attachment is characterized by a lack of interest in exploring, little distress when separated from the attached caregiver, and lack of contact when the caregiver returns from separation.

A) secure
B) disorganized-disoriented
C) resistant
D) avoidant

Question 79

Which saying was used to summarize research on infants raised in deprived institutional settings?

A) An apple does not fall far from the tree.
B) Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
C) Experience is overrated.
D) It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.

Question 80

Contact comfort is pleasurable _____ sensations.

A) auditory
B) visual
C) olfactory
D) tactile