Deck 11: Self and Personality

Question 1

Your identity consists of

A) your characteristic adaptations and self-esteem, but not your self-concept.
B) your self-concept and self-esteem, but not your characteristic adaptations.
C) your characteristic adaptations and self-concept, but not your self-esteem.
D) your characteristic adaptations, self-esteem, and self-concept.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Who would be most likely to argue that the vast majority of personality is formed between birth and age six?

A) Fred, who is a psychodynamic theorist
B) Barney, who is a psychometric theorist
C) Wilma, who is a social learning theorist
D) Betty, who is a behavioral theorist

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Characteristic adaptations are _____ ways of adapting to one's environment.

A) situation-specific and changeable
B) situation-specific and unchangeable
C) unrelated to situation and changeable
D) unrelated to situation and unchangeable

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Fonzie's statement, "I am a fairly incompetent motorcycle rider," provides a good example of his

A) self-concept.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-recognition.
D) ideal self.

Question 5

Which concept is best associated with an individual's unique "life story"?

A) Dispositional trait
B) Characteristic adaptation
C) Narrative identity
D) Temperament

Question 6

Both Freud and Erikson believed that

A) a person's personality is primarily genetically determined.
B) there are four stages in the development of personality.
C) while personality develops gradually over the first 15 to 20 years of life, people change very little throughout the years of adulthood.
D) people in every culture progress through stages of personality development.

Question 7

According to researchers McAdams and Pals, we all share the same

A) human nature.
B) self-concept.
C) characteristics adaptations.
D) narrative identities.

Question 8

The personality principle of _____ concerns situation-specific ways in which people adapt to their roles.

A) narrative identities
B) self-evaluations
C) dispositional traits
D) characteristic adaptations

Question 9

_____ is defined as an organized combination of an individual's unique attributes, motives, and behaviors.

A) Sociability
B) Generativity
C) Personality
D) Integrity

Question 10

Introversion is best classified as a

A) narrative identity.
B) self-esteem.
C) dispositional trait.
D) characteristic adaptation.

Question 11

The psychometric approach to personality has led researchers to believe that personality

A) is best thought of in terms of a set of dispositional traits.
B) develops through a series of stages.
C) cannot be measured.
D) is not affected by biological factors.

Question 12

Around the holidays, Holly feels motivated to change her ways and become a more generous individual. This goal is best characterized as a

A) narrative identity.
B) self-evaluation.
C) dispositional trait.
D) characteristic adaptation.

Question 13

In comparing the views of Freud and Erikson with regard to personality development, it is most accurate to say that Erikson placed more emphasis on _____ than did Freud.

A) the impact of early life experiences
B) social influences and the rational ego
C) the impact of harsh parenting practices
D) sexual urges

Question 14

Which statement best exemplifies the concept of self-esteem?

A) "I am white, 52 years old, and live in Wisconsin."
B) "All in all, I am a worthless individual."
C) "Women find me highly physically attractive."
D) "I can recognize my own voice when I hear it on tape."

Question 15

Which is best described as the overall sense of who you are?

A) Identity
B) Self-efficacy
C) Looking-glass self
D) Temperament

Question 16

Which of Tela's statements best exemplifies a narrative identity?

A) "I like who I am."
B) "Whenever I go to a party, I have to remember not to drink too much."
C) "I am introverted."
D) "Given my past failures in school, graduating from college will make my life meaningful."

Question 17

Personality traits are assumed to be

A) consistent across both time and situation.
B) consistent across time but inconsistent across situation.
C) inconsistent across time but consistent across situation.
D) inconsistent across both time and situation.

Question 18

An overall evaluation of your own self-worth best defines your

A) self-recognition.
B) self-concept.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 19

Self-concept is best defined as

A) positive or negative perceptions of your unique attributes.
B) the ability to recognize one's self in a mirror.
C) an overall evaluation of your self-worth.
D) the goodness-of-fit between self and environment.

Question 20

The most accurate description of a dispositional trait is that it is

A) a unique life event.
B) a situation-specific way of acting.
C) the cultural in which we live.
D) a broad and relatively stable dimension of personality.

Question 21

Krusty's mother paints his face like a clown for Halloween and holds him up to look at himself in the mirror. Krusty laughs, and rubs his hands all over his own cheeks making a mess of the paint job! Given his behavior, the YOUNGEST you should expect Jimmy to be is

A) 6 months.
B) 12 months.
C) 18 months.
D) 2 years.

Question 22

What are the key characteristics of someone scoring high on the personality dimension of neuroticism?

A) open to fantasy and interested in variety
B) hostile and anxious
C) trustworthy and compliant
D) a high achiever and a person with self-discipline

Question 23

When Carmello is playing basketball, he is very aggressive. When he is playing at his house with his young daughter, he is very passive. These situations best exemplify the concept of

A) same context, different personality.
B) different context, different personality.
C) different context, same personality.
D) same context, same personality.

Question 24

Nine-month-old Elmer sees a rabbit in the yard. He then looks at his father, Fudd, and tries to direct Fudd's focus toward the bunny by pointing at the hopping rabbit. Elmer's behavior illustrates the process of _____ as an indicator of an emerging self-awareness.

A) joint attention
B) industry
C) temperament
D) behavioral inhibition

Question 25

Rave is a blast at parties. She seems to love the spotlight and craves excitement. A psychometric theorist would most likely describe Rave as being

A) conscientious.
B) extraverted.
C) agreeable.
D) neurotic.

Question 26

Albright is a self-described "Big Five" advocate when it comes to personality. Given this self-description, Albright would be best described as a _____ theorist.

A) social learning
B) psychodynamic
C) trait
D) classical conditioning

Question 27

The social learning perspective assumes that

A) there are universal stages in the development of personality.
B) personality is best described in terms of trait dimensions.
C) personality traits have a strong genetic basis.
D) personality development is highly influenced by environmental experience.

Question 28

When Bao looks in a mirror and remarks, "Hey, that's me!" she is demonstrating

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-recognition.
D) a sense of categorical self.

Question 29

With regard to personality development, what belief is shared by Albert Bandura and Erik Erikson?

A) There are universal, age-related changes in personality development.
B) Biological factors are critical in the development of personality.
C) Humans are best described in terms of five critical core personality traits.
D) Personality has the potential to change during adulthood.

Question 30

What are the key characteristics of someone with the personality dimension of high agreeableness?

A) open to fantasy and interested in variety
B) hostile and anxious
C) trustworthy and compliant
D) a high achiever and a person with self-discipline

Question 31

Which of the following utterances clearly demonstrates that an infant has developed a categorical sense of self?

A) "My car"
B) "I big girl"
C) "Pick me up"
D) "Daddy's book"

Question 32

The Big Five traits

A) are expressed only in individuals in Western societies.
B) are genetically influenced.
C) emerge late in life.
D) are not considered to be dispositional traits.

Question 33

Social learning theorists argue that

A) personality does not change with age.
B) personality always changes with age.
C) personality can change with age if individuals experience different environments.
D) personality can change with age if individuals experience changes to their genes due to exposure to chemicals or radiation.

Question 34

Which word can be used as a mnemonic cue for recalling the Big Five traits that is based on the first letter in each trait?

A) OCEAN
B) HOMES
C) LINKS
D) PSYCH

Question 35

Cleo has received a high score on the conscientiousness scale of a personality test. This indicates that she would most likely be

A) curious and interested in a variety of experiences.
B) extremely outgoing.
C) emotional, unstable, and hostile.
D) well-organized and highly self-disciplined.

Question 36

Vicki was reserved as a baby, shy as a child, and shy as an adult. Social learning theorists would say that Vicki

A) was genetically predisposed to be shy.
B) is a product of environments that consistently fostered the same personality trait.
C) was unable to resolve psychosocial crises in positive ways.
D) identified with her shy mother and drove her id to adopt this as a permanent personality characteristic.

Question 37

Oscar is conducting a factor analysis on a set of personality traits; this means that he is most likely attempting to

A) assess the degree of difficulty for each trait.
B) determine which items tap into similar traits.
C) identify the age-group for which the traits are most appropriate.
D) create a test of intelligence.

Question 38

Who is accurately associated with the social learning perspective of personality?

A) Skinner
B) Erikson
C) Freud
D) Mischel

Question 39

The average newborn appears to have

A) no sense of self.
B) self-awareness but not self-recognition.
C) self-recognition but not self-awareness.
D) both self-awareness and self-recognition.

Question 40

Which is NOT one of Big Five traits?

A) Openness to experience
B) Conscientiousness
C) Extraversion
D) Inferiority

Question 41

Infant Marisa cries and throws tantrums when she doesn't get her way. Moreover, she becomes very upset when her parents attempt to change her diaper. With regard to temperament, Marisa is best classified as

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow-to-warm-up.
D) secure.

Question 42

Difficult temperament is characterized by

A) low irritability and negative reactions to change in routine.
B) high irritability and negative reactions to change in routine.
C) low irritability and positive reactions to change in routine.
D) high irritability and positive reactions to change in routine.

Question 43

Which best illustrates the actions of a behaviorally inhibited individual?

A) Being extremely fearful in a room full of strangers
B) Being the talkative kid who "won't shut up"
C) Being the smartest kid in the class
D) Being wild at the beach and quite in home

Question 44

When talking to his grandmother on the phone, Riley says, "I am four years old, I am a boy, and I have red hair." This statement best illustrates the concept of

A) a looking-glass self.
B) self-esteem.
C) diffusion status.
D) categorical self.

Question 45

While she does not scream when her parents attempt to cuddle with her, Inga does tend to look away and demonstrate some discomfort with this activity. With regard to temperament, Inga is best classified as

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow-to-warm-up.
D) secure.

Question 46

Which statement would indicate that an individual has a high level of surgency?

A) "Paying attention to boring people is hard."
B) "I am always excited, in a good way, to meet people."
C) "Meeting people makes me nervous."
D) "I hate people."

Question 47

Which of the following accomplishments is typically the LAST to occur?

A) Recognition of self-image in the mirror
B) Engaging in joint attention with an adult
C) Recognition of self as physically distinct from others
D) The influence of social feedback on the sense of self

Question 48

In Thomas and Chess's longitudinal study of temperament, the largest percent of infants were

A) classified as easy.
B) classified as difficult.
C) classified as slow-to-warm-up.
D) unclassifiable.

Question 49

One-year-old Barker has some trouble dealing with new situations. In addition, he tends to be relatively inactive and moody. With regard to temperament, Barker is best classified as

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow-to-warm-up.
D) secure.

Question 50

The tendency to actively approach a new situation in a positive way is referred to as

A) surgency.
B) negative affectivity.
C) behavioral inhibition.
D) neuroticism.

Question 51

Easy temperament is characterized by

A) dysphoria and fear of new experiences.
B) happiness and fear of new experiences.
C) dysphoria and openness to new experiences.
D) happiness and openness to new experiences.

Question 52

One-year-old Markus loves interacting with his peers. A developmental theorist would most likely describe Markus as being high on the _____ dimension of temperament.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) effortful control
C) negative affectivity
D) surgency

Question 53

Slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by

A) relative inactivity and mild reactions to change in routine.
B) relative inactivity and intense reactions to change in routine.
C) high levels of activity and mild reactions to change in routine.
D) high levels of activity and intense reactions to change in routine.

Question 54

Three-month-old Gerber is eating strained peas for the very first time. Despite the fact that this is a new experience, Gerber appears quite happy with her meal. With regard to temperament, Gerber is best classified as

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow-to-warm-up.
D) resistant.

Question 55

The observation that children with intellectual disabilities are slower at developing self-awareness illustrates the role of _____ in the process of the acquisition of self.

A) genetics
B) cognitive development
C) social experience
D) temperament

Question 56

Temperament is best described as

A) a genetically based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in early infancy.
B) a genetically based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in late infancy.
C) a social experience based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in early infancy.
D) a social experience based tendency to respond in a predictable way that is first seen in later infancy.

Question 57

Research by Kagan and his colleagues concluded that behavioral inhibition is _____ rooted.

A) biologically
B) socially
C) subconsciously
D) cognitively

Question 58

While normally calm, 10-year-old Gretta becomes very shy and highly distressed when she is in an unfamiliar setting with people she does not know. Gretta would best be categorized as

A) extraverted.
B) conscientious.
C) open to new experiences.
D) behaviorally inhibited.

Question 59

How does the concept of an infant as a "blank slate" fit with the concept of infant temperament?

A) They are incompatible notions.
B) They are the identical concept.
C) They are similar and complimentary concepts.
D) They are unrelated as one is based on psychometric theory and the other on psychoanalytic theory.

Question 60

Children who are behaviorally inhibited are

A) high in extraversion and openness to new experience.
B) low in emotionality and extraversion.
C) high in neuroticism and low in extraversion.
D) low in sociability and neuroticism.

Question 61

When considering himself, Shaggy thinks, "While I am not any of these things, I should be smarter, less afraid, and good at detective work." These thoughts best represent Shaggy's

A) ideal self.
B) temperament.
C) self-recognition.
D) joint attention.

Question 62

Harter's self-perception research with older children indicated that self-esteem

A) emerges as a single entity and remains unchanged after this.
B) is unidimensional, consisting of a global sense of self.
C) becomes less realistic as children enter adolescence.
D) is multidimensional, consisting of several distinct domains.

Question 63

When asked to describe his sister Maggie, Jake says, "It's like she is afraid all of the time." If accurate, this statement indicates that Maggie would likely score high on a measure of

A) extraversion.
B) conscientiousness.
C) effortful control.
D) negative affectivity.

Question 64

A person high in negative affectivity would most likely be described as

A) psychotic.
B) affable.
C) irritable.
D) energetic.

Question 65

As a typical three-year-old, when asked about his self-concept, Talisker's answer would most likely be,

A) "I am smart."
B) "I am funny."
C) "I am small."
D) "I am excitable."

Question 66

The temperament dimension of _____ control is defined as the tendency to sustain attention.

A) behavioral inhibition
B) negative affectivity
C) effortful control
D) surgency

Question 67

A significant change in self-description that appears at about age eight is a shift from descriptions focusing on

A) physical characteristics to descriptions focusing on social qualities.
B) inner qualities to descriptions focusing on action statements.
C) subjective to objective self-evaluations.
D) action statements to physical characteristics.

Question 68

The fact that parents who are taught to interpret and respond more effectively to their child's cues can produce calmer infants who cry less best illustrates the concept of

A) slow-to-warm-up temperament.
B) goodness-of-fit.
C) individualistic culture.
D) big-fish-little-pond effect.

Question 69

Damon's (1994) and others' complaint against American educators and parents is that many tend to

A) underestimate the significance of self-esteem.
B) provide children with an inflated sense of self-worth.
C) underestimate the importance of telling children how great they are (even if it is false praise).
D) provide feedback that is too harsh.

Question 70

While Ginger has always thought of herself as the best dancer in the world, she has just begun to notice that some of the other kids in her class are better than her. This realization indicates that Ginger has begun to engage in

A) behavioral inhibition.
B) social comparison.
C) disengagement.
D) joint attention.

Question 71

Goodness-of-fit is best defined as

A) the extent to which the child's temperament is compatible with the social world to which the child must adapt.
B) a child's ability to distinguish himself from his environment.
C) the amount of impact genetic factors has on the development of personality.
D) the extent to which a child develops an attachment to a caregiver.

Question 72

Ideal self is best defined as what a person

A) is like.
B) is not.
C) senses they should be like.
D) sees in others.

Question 73

Which behavior would indicate that Manny has a high level of effortful control?

A) He is very easily frustrated.
B) He can quickly shift his attention from one topic to another.
C) He makes friends very easily.
D) He likes taking on new challenges.

Question 74

Which statement between temperament and later personality is FALSE?

A) Well-adjusted three-year-olds tend to be well-adjusted adults
B) Highly emotional and difficult to control three-year-olds tend to be impulsive teens
C) Behavioral inhibition in preschool is predictive of low extraversion in middle childhood
D) An infant's high ability to exhibit effortful control predicts a lack of conscientiousness in later life

Question 75

Research on early temperament and later development suggests that

A) temperament and personality are developmentally unrelated concepts.
B) there is a meaningful relationship between early childhood temperament and later adult personality.
C) behavioral inhibitions in early life are related to extraversion in later life.
D) "easy" children may turn out to be maladjusted adults, but "difficult" children are certain to do so.

Question 76

Children who are high in self-esteem have parents who

A) have few rules and generally let children decide for themselves what is best.
B) make decisions for their children so they are not burdened with making choices.
C) have a "warm" and democratic parenting style.
D) do not discipline their children.

Question 77

In most settings, an easy temperament is associated with more positive adaptation. However, in times of famine, infants with "difficult" temperaments in the Masai tribe have been known to outlive babies with "easy" temperaments. This finding is used to illustrate the important effect that ____ has on developmental outcomes.

A) goodness-of-fit
B) parenting style
C) self-esteem
D) life review

Question 78

Which statement about the self-conception of typically preschoolers is FALSE?

A) They tend to see themselves as "the greatest" at doing things.
B) They may be devastated if they are outdone by a member of the opposite sex.
C) They are very poor at making comparisons between their skill level and the skill level of others.
D) They tend to not include aspects of physical and cognitive competence in their assessment of self-esteem.

Question 79

The self-concept of most preschoolers is based on _____ traits.

A) psychological
B) temperamental
C) physical
D) surgency

Question 80

The temperament dimension of _____ is defined as the tendency to be sad or easily frustrated.

A) surgency
B) negative affectivity
C) behavioral inhibition
D) extraversion