Deck 12: Gender Roles and Sexuality

Question 1

The defining element of gender-role stereotypes is that they are

A) uncommon.
B) largely inaccurate.
C) genetically-based.
D) highly desirable traits.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Agency is to communality as

A) masculine is to feminine.
B) sex is to gender.
C) heterosexual is to homosexual.
D) attitude is to behavior.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Each society generally has a set of expectations regarding the behaviors and traits that are considered appropriate for males as compared to females. These sets of expectations are

A) gender roles.
B) gender-role stereotypes.
C) gender types.
D) gender identities.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Overgeneralizations about attributes for each sex are called

A) sex differences.
B) androgyny.
C) gender-role norms.
D) gender-role stereotypes.

Question 5

The key element of gender-role norms is that within a society, they are viewed as

A) stereotypes.
B) desirable characteristics.
C) genetically-based.
D) destructive.

Question 6

Which chromosome pattern is most common for a female?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XO

Question 7

_____ includes all behavioral characteristics that a society considers appropriate for men or women.

A) Biological sex
B) Genetic sex
C) Hormonal sex
D) Gender

Question 8

Mr. and Mrs. Hill have two children, Jack and Jill. They make no bones about telling Jack that he should be an engineer, because men are good at math, and that Jill should be a nurse, because women are good at taking care of other people. Given the fact that male-female differences in math and nurturing are questionable, the Hill's message best reflects a(n)

A) Electra complex.
B) gender-role stereotype.
C) sexual orientation.
D) sex difference.

Question 9

"Agency" is defined as the

A) central aspect of the masculine gender role.
B) acquisition of one's sexual orientation.
C) confusion felt when one encounters a gender-role stereotype.
D) desire for a sexual relationship with a parent.

Question 10

Which is the best example of a communality role in American society?

A) Telling off a bad waiter
B) Working on a project by one's self
C) Caring for a sick child
D) Winning a tennis tournament

Question 11

A brain "hardwired" for _____ would always show a high level of sensitivity toward others.

A) communality
B) agency
C) systemize
D) gender identity

Question 12

Communality roles are designed to prepare someone to be

A) aggressive.
B) independent.
C) connected to others.
D) achievement oriented.

Question 13

In the hypothetical country of Whoville, only females are allowed to cook roast beast. This best exemplifies a _____ difference.

A) gender
B) biological sex
C) psychosomatic
D) prenatal

Question 14

In the hypothetical country called Ozland, females drive trucks and males drive cars. This indicates that Ozland has

A) androgyny.
B) joint attention.
C) gender roles.
D) behavioral inhibition.

Question 15

While Charlotte is growing up, she is socialized into believing that a woman should stay home and take care of the children while men go off to work and "bring home the bacon." This message best reflects a

A) gender-role stereotype.
B) gender type.
C) gender identity.
D) gender-role norm.

Question 16

The goal of the gender role aspect called "agency" is to prepare a person for

A) the acquisition of sexist language.
B) individual achievement.
C) developing a "nurturing side."
D) the onset of sexual urges in puberty .

Question 17

Baron-Cohen claims that a man's tendency to systemize is the result of

A) gender training.
B) a double standard.
C) the androgyny shift.
D) having a male brain.

Question 18

Which chromosome pattern is most common for a male?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XO

Question 19

Which trait is best associated with the tendency to systemize?

A) Exploration of how things work
B) Worry about how others treat you
C) Depression over academic failure
D) Joy over having lots of friends

Question 20

Which is the best example of an agency aspect of gender?

A) Emotionality
B) Dominance
C) Connectedness to others
D) Linguistic skills

Question 21

Research on gender-role stereotypes has shown that in the United States during the past few decades, gender-role stereotypes have

A) remained the same as in the past.
B) virtually disappeared.
C) become even stronger.
D) changed slightly.

Question 22

Which of the following tends to be found at higher levels in males?

A) Anxiety over the little things
B) Empathy towards colleagues
C) Being tactful in confrontations
D) Confidence in computer use

Question 23

Research on gender differences in math ability has shown that

A) males have superior computational skills.
B) females obtain slightly higher grades in math classes.
C) males score higher on math tests in all countries.
D) females express more negative attitudes about math.

Question 24

If Kirsten believes in the saying, "Boys and girls are more alike than different," she is clearly a fan of

A) psychodynamic theory.
B) a double standard.
C) the gender similarity hypothesis.
D) gender segregation.

Question 25

The best summary concerning differences in verbal abilities is that

A) males appear to have a large advantage.
B) males appear to have a small advantage.
C) females appear to have a small advantage.
D) females appear to have a large advantage.

Question 26

Males out-perform females on tests of mental rotation

A) only until about 10 years of age.
B) only during adolescence.
C) only during adulthood.
D) throughout the lifespan.

Question 27

In what area of mathematics do females show a slight edge?

A) Grades in math class
B) Understanding math concepts
C) Problem-solving skills
D) Scores on standardized math tests

Question 28

What is the best conclusion about psychological differences between the sexes?

A) Males and females are far more similar than different.
B) Gender stereotypes that are not supported by research can have no effect on actual behavioral or psychological differences between males and females.
C) Most gender-role stereotypes have been eliminated in our society.
D) When differences are found between males and females, it means that nearly all members of one gender perform better or worse than nearly all members of the other gender.

Question 29

The gender similarity hypothesis proposes that males and females are similar on

A) all psychological variables.
B) most psychological variables.
C) most physical variables.
D) all physical variables.

Question 30

With regard to actual psychological differences between males and females, research has consistently found that, on average,

A) females have poorer memory skills.
B) females are more physically aggressive.
C) males perform better on verbal tasks.
D) males are more physically active.

Question 31

Which is true regarding common gender stereotypes?

A) There is solid research evidence that females generally have better visual/spatial skills than males.
B) There is consistent research support for the fact that males are more aggressive than females.
C) Females are more vulnerable to diseases and disorders than males.
D) There are no gender stereotypes that are consistently supported by research.

Question 32

If we identified 100 typical males and 100 typical females and assessed them across a variety of psychological attributes, chances are that about _____ of the observed differences could be attributed to whether the person was male or female.

A) 0%
B) 5%
C) 25%
D) 50%

Question 33

The social-role hypothesis predicts that

A) once formed, gender differences cannot be changed.
B) men and women adopt different roles in society because they differ in basic traits and abilities.
C) gender differences vary from culture to culture depending on the roles men and women hold in each society.
D) gender differences are fairly universal because they originate in biological differences.

Question 34

Research on gender differences suggests that girls are

A) more compliant than boys in all situations.
B) more demanding than boys.
C) more compliant than boys with authority figures but not with peers.
D) more likely than boys to engage in risky behavior.

Question 35

Which statement about sex differences is true?

A) Although actual psychological gender differences are small, they make a major difference in a society.
B) Although actual psychological gender differences are large, they make little difference in a society.
C) Actual gender psychological differences are small, and they make little difference in a society.
D) Actual gender psychological differences are large, and they make a major difference in a society.

Question 36

If you believe in the social-role hypothesis, then you would be most likely to argue that the most effective way to change the stereotype of men as dominant would be to

A) reduce the average amount of testosterone in the male body.
B) tell men that it is okay to display their "feminine side."
C) ban the use of the terms masculine and feminine.
D) put women in charge of every major business.

Question 37

The statement, "Girls are more _____," has received the most empirical research support.

A) vulnerable to prenatal disorders
B) empathic
C) likely to develop antisocial behaviors
D) likely to use a computer

Question 38

If American children Nicholas (a boy) and Alexandra (a girl) are typical of other members of their sex, then you would predict that

A) Nicholas would likely be more cooperative.
B) Alexandra would show more interest in caring for an infant.
C) Nicholas would be more cautious.
D) Alexandra would be more likely to be learning disabled.

Question 39

Eagly's social-role hypothesis argues that gender-role stereotypes

A) result from biological differences between males and females.
B) are driven by the social context in which males and females find themselves.
C) are seldom unfounded.
D) tend to be more negatively biased against males.

Question 40

With regard to gender stereotypes in the 1990s vs. today,

A) more males now view themselves as having no communality traits.
B) more women now view themselves as having more agentic traits.
C) more boys who reject communality traits are developing homosexual or bisexual orientations.
D) more girls who reject agentic traits are experiencing teen pregnancy.

Question 41

Which best illustrates gender segregation?

A) The fact that boys are better at spatial abilities than girls.
B) Seeing one group consisting of all girls playing at one end of a gym and an all-boy group playing at the other end.
C) The fact that girls are more emotional than boys.
D) Seeing a sign that says both boys and girls can try out for the dance team.

Question 42

The process by which children become aware of the fact that they are either male or female and that there are different cultural expectations concerning the pattern of behavior for the two sexes is called

A) androgenizing.
B) gender-role stereotyping.
C) sexual orienting.
D) gender typing.

Question 43

Adults are asked to interact with an unknown infant. Half of the adults are told that the infant is "Steve" and the other half are told that the infant is "Stacy." What are you likely to observe of these interactions?

A) At such a young age, there are not likely to be any differences in how adults treat the infant in the two conditions.
B) Adults will treat the infant similarly until it begins to act in stereotypical ways, and then there will be differences in the adults' reactions to the infant.
C) Adults will be able to detect the real biological sex of the infant, regardless of whether they are told the infant is "Steve" or "Stacy."
D) Adults are likely to rate "Steve" as strong and brave and "Stacy" as soft and cuddly.

Question 44

Who would a typical five-year-old in the U.S. believe to be most competent at their job?

A) A female construction worker
B) A male nurse
C) A female assistant
D) A male stay-at-home dad

Question 45

When asked if it is okay for a boy to play with dolls, Geoffery says, "Absolutely not, it's a rule that only girls can play with dolls." Based on research on gender roles and stereotypes, what age is Geoffery's most likely age?

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Question 46

What effect does the establishment of a firm sense of gender identity tend to have on children?

A) They develop more rigid rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.
B) They develop more flexible rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.
C) They abandon all rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.
D) They initially identify rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.

Question 47

With regard to children's views of gender stereotypes, research has indicated that

A) nine-year-olds are more bothered than five-year-olds when kids engage in activities that violate gender-role stereotypes.
B) five-year-olds are more upset by violations of gender-role stereotypes than are nine-year-olds.
C) concern about violations of gender stereotypes is very high throughout childhood (age four through nine).
D) concern about violations of gender stereotypes is nonexistent until the teenage years.

Question 48

Through her mother's efforts, Olive has just come to realize that she is a girl and has also begun to acquire behaviors expected of girls. This process is best classified as

A) gender typing.
B) androgenizing.
C) sexual orienting.
D) the double standard.

Question 49

Spanky, Alfalfa, and the rest of the boys in the first-grade class have decided that from now on, boys will only play with boys and never with girls. This decision provides a nice example of the concept of

A) gender stereotyping.
B) gender typing.
C) gender segregation.
D) gender stability.

Question 50

Which statement concerning toddlers' understanding of gender roles is true?

A) Females appear to understand gender-based activities much earlier than males.
B) Males appear to understand gender-based activities much earlier than females.
C) Females and males appear to understand gender-based activities at the same age.
D) Neither males nor female toddlers show any understanding of gender-based
Activities.

Question 51

At what age do infants first appear to demonstrate cross-modal associations concerning gender information by looking longer at a female face when a female voice is heard vs. when a male voice is heard?

A) one hour
B) one week
C) one month
D) one year

Question 52

The establishment of a preference for same-sexed friendships is first apparent by around age

A) 12 months.
B) 30 months.
C) 48 months.
D) 60 months.

Question 53

The initial awareness that you are either a boy or girl is referred to as

A) gender identity.
B) gender segregation.
C) gender intensification.
D) gender stability.

Question 54

Children appear to learn gender stereotypes

A) at about the time they understand that they cannot change their sex.
B) during the first few months after birth.
C) around the point that they become aware of their basic gender identities.
D) around the end of the elementary school years.

Question 55

Non-anatomical differences between newborn females and males are best described as

A) small yet significant.
B) large and significant.
C) large yet insignificant.
D) small and insignificant.

Question 56

Which best illustrates the concept of gender segregation?

A) A "girls only" scout troop
B) The statement "I am a boy and I will always be a boy"
C) The belief that males are more aggressive
D) The initial realization of the existence of two sexes (males and females)

Question 57

Most children clearly demonstrate basic gender identity by

A) 1 to 1½ years of age.
B) 2½ to 3 years of age.
C) 3½ to 4 years of age.
D) 5 to 6 years of age.

Question 58

For the first time in her life, little Glenda looks at her mom and says, "Glenda is a girl." This statement indicates that Glenda has just achieved

A) gender intensification.
B) gender segregation.
C) gender identity.
D) gender stability.

Question 59

Shawn and Dawn are a typical U.S. couple. What makes them a little unusual is that Dawn works outside the home while Shawn is a stay-at-home dad. Research has indicated that Shawn and Dawn most likely

A) divide their at-home labor responsibilities along traditional lines.
B) divide their at-home labor responsibilities along gender-neutral lines.
C) divide their at-home labor responsibilities in direct opposition traditional lines.
D) do not divide their at-home labor responsibilities.

Question 60

A list of the most common occupations held by women in the U.S., would be least likely to include 

A) "assistant."
B) "teacher."
C) "doctor."
D) "cashier."

Question 61

Androgenized females are girls who

A) have been exposed prenatally to male hormones.
B) are born with only a single X sex-chromosome.
C) fail to develop any external genitalia.
D) are best characterized as "excessively feminine."

Question 62

Which statement concerning the development of genitalia and internal reproductive structures is true?

A) A fertilized egg can acquire the anatomical and physiological features of either sex.
B) Only an XY chromosome fetus can develop a penis.
C) Only an XY chromosome fetus can develop testes.
D) While both XY and XX chromosome fetuses can develop a penis, only the XX chromosome fetus can develop the internal reproductive system of a female.

Question 63

Gender intensification involves an increased

A) desire to be viewed as androgynous.
B) intolerance of any deviation from proscribed gender roles.
C) drive to have sex with one's parent.
D) experimentation with sexual orientation.

Question 64

_____ females have external genitalia that resemble those of a boy.

A) Androgynous
B) Gender typed
C) Androgenized
D) Gender consistent

Question 65

In the U.S., which eight-year-old would be most likely to be ridiculed and teased by his or her classmates?

A) A male who identifies himself as masculine
B) A female who identifies herself as feminine
C) A male who identifies himself as a "sissy"
D) A female who identifies herself as a "tomboy"

Question 66

Biosocial theory views the sex chromosome pattern of an infant (e.g., XX) as

A) irrelevant to gender-role development.
B) a starting point for biological differentiation of the sexes.
C) the determinant one's gender.
D) the after effect of gender-identification.

Question 67

Some individuals inherit an XX chromosome pattern but are exposed prenatally to drugs that are converted to male hormones once in the body. These individuals are likely to

A) physically resemble females but behaviorally act like males.
B) look and act no differently as a result of this prenatal exposure.
C) have masculinized genitalia at birth but lose this appearance at puberty and become indistinguishable from others.
D) have masculinized genitalia and behave in more "masculine ways."

Question 68

Which biological event directly results in the growth of a penis in a male fetus?

A) Receiving a Y chromosome at conception
B) Secretion of testosterone by the testes
C) Absence of the release of female hormones
D) The presence of a gene on the X chromosome

Question 69

A baby with an XY chromosome pattern

A) can only develop the internal and external sex system of a male.
B) can develop the internal system of a male or female, but can only develop the external genitalia of a male.
C) can develop the external system of a male or female, but can only develop the internal reproductive system of a male.
D) can develop the internal or external sex and reproductive system of either sex .

Question 70

Gender intensification appears to be driven by

A) the desire to have sex with one's parent.
B) prenatal hormones and social experiences in infancy.
C) the need to experiment with one's gender role.
D) hormonal changes at puberty and peer pressure to conform to gender roles.

Question 71

Based on research by Stoddart and Turiel, which two people would you expect to hold the most negative attitudes concerning the violation of gender roles (e.g., a boy wearing nail polish)?

A) A 5-year-old and a 7-year-old
B) A 5-year-old and a 13-year-old
C) A 7-year-old and a 9-year-old
D) A 9-year-old and a 13-year-old

Question 72

It was proposed that young children initially segregate themselves into same-sex peer groups because

A) their play styles are different from one another, making it difficult for the two groups to play together.
B) the physical differences between boys and girls make it unlikely that they could find common interests.
C) biological predispositions lead children to interact with others who are most like them.
D) children are reinforced for playing with opposite-sex children by adults.

Question 73

An example of gender intensification would involve

A) boys noticing that some girls like romance.
B) a boy asserting his masculinity among his peers.
C) a girl acting like a "tomboy."
D) a boy acting like a "sissy."

Question 74

With regard to biological differentiation of the sexes, which is FALSE?

A) It is possible for a male (XY) fetus to develop a female internal reproductive system.
B) The male hormone testosterone affects the development of the brain and nervous system.
C) External genitalia are fully differentiated by the fourth week after conception.
D) Hormones influence the development of the testes and ovaries.

Question 75

Five-year-old Penny draws clear lines between what types of games boys and girls should play and makes every effort to avoid playing with boys like her neighbor Pee Wee. Research has shown that preschoolers with attitudes like Penny tend to be

A) aggressive.
B) shy.
C) rejected by peers.
D) well adjusted.

Question 76

In general, young adolescents

A) view gender-role violations as a sign of psychological abnormality.
B) are more accepting of peers' cross-sex interests than they are likely to be as adults.
C) make less negative judgments of peers who violate traditional gender roles than do those in middle childhood.
D) show significantly fewer sex difference on tests of cognitive abilities.

Question 77

According to Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender-role development,

A) Freud was correct when he said that "biology is destiny."
B) children begin acting like boys or girls once they acquire gender identity and constancy.
C) several critical biological events set the stage for different social reactions to males and females.
D) pubertal hormones alone account for gender-role development.

Question 78

What is the most likely behavioral outcome of exposing a female rhesus monkey to testosterone during its prenatal time of development?

A) It will be unable to become pregnant.
B) It will show significant improvements in spatial skills.
C) It will attempt to sexually "mount" male partners when it reaches sexual maturity.
D) It will show significant declines in aggressive behavior.

Question 79

Which two groups view violations of gender roles most negatively?

A) Young elementary school-aged children and adolescents
B) Preschoolers and elementary school-aged children
C) Middle-school-aged children and adolescents
D) Preschoolers and adults

Question 80

Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender typing suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

A) gender-role development is strongly influenced by socialization.
B) there are critical periods for the establishment of gender identity.
C) early biological developments influence how parents label and treat a child at birth.
D) fetal chromosomal differences (e.g., XX versus XY) are the most important factors in determining gender-role behavior.