Deck 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal: CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests

Question 1

Which of the following computes the exact probability of outcomes in a 2 × 2 table?

A)Wilcoxon rank test
B)Fisher's exact test
C)the sign test
D)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare two independent samples?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random?

A)McNemar
B)Fisher's exact
C)chi-square one-sample test
D)Spearman rank

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is the most commonly used nonparametric test?

A)t-test
B)ANOVA
C)chi-square
D)Mann-Whitney U

Question 5

The obtained value must be compared against which of the following?

A)test value
B)critical value
C)expected value
D)observed value

Question 6

Statistics that are not governed by distributions are referred to as _______ statistics.

A)parametric
B)nonparametric
C)population
D)nondistribution

Question 7

In order to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics, how many subjects do you need?

A)20
B)30
C)50
D)100

Question 8

If you have 100 respondents identifying their region of residence (i.e., North, South, Midwest, or West), what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A)33
B)50
C)25
D)100

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the degrees of freedom for a one-sample chi-square?

A)n − 1
B)n − 3
C)r − 1
D)r − 3

Question 10

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if scores from a sample came from a specified population?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)Spearman rank

Question 11

If you have 100 respondents identifying their gender, what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 12

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact

Question 13

A two-sample chi-square is also known as a _______.

A)goodness-of-fit test
B)test of independence
C)Wilcoxon rank
D)Mann-Whitney U

Question 14

What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called?

A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)Type III error
D)power

Question 15

Which of the following is used to compare the medians from two samples?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank test
C)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
D)the sign test

Question 16

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples?

A)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
B)the sign test
C)Wilcoxon rank test
D)Mann-Whitney U

Question 17

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact

Question 18

If you have 100 respondents identifying their political affiliation (i.e.Democrat, Republican, or independent), what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A)33
B)50
C)25
D)100

Question 19

A one-sample chi-square is also known as a _______.

A)goodness-of-fit test
B)test of independence
C)Wilcoxon rank
D)Mann-Whitney U

Question 20

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples on more than one dimension?

A)Wilcoxon rank test
B)The sign test
C)Friedman two-way ANOVA
D)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

Question 21

Nonparametric statistics are known as _______.

A)non-normal statistics
B)distribution-free statistics
C)skewed-distribution statistics
D)parametric statistics

Question 22

In the result , what is 3?

A)the observed value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 23

In the result , what is ?

A)the observed value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the chi-square statistic

Question 24

When conducting a chi-square test, the categories of your variable(s) must be _______.

A)mutually exclusive
B)dependent
C)less than five in total
D)more than three in total

Question 25

The critical value must be compared against which of the following?

A)test value
B)obtained value
C)expected value
D)observed value

Question 26

The P in the null hypothesis represents the _______ of occurrences in any one category.

A)multiplication
B)subtraction
C)percentage
D)addition

Question 27

If there is no difference between what is observed and what is expected, your chi-square value will be _______.

A)0
B)1
C)−1
D)impossible to determine

Question 28

In calculating a one-sample chi-square test, if you had 7 degrees of freedom, your variable would have _______ categories.

A)8
B)9
C)7
D)6

Question 29

If there are five categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square, what are the degrees of freedom?

A)2
B)5
C)4
D)1

Question 30

In a one-sample chi-square test, if your respondents are distributed very unequally across the levels of your variable, your chi-square value will be _______.

A)high
B)low
C)0
D)1

Question 31

Statisticians have found that it takes a sample size of about _____ to fulfill the assumption of parametric statistics that the sample is large enough to represent the population.

A)60
B)30
C)25
D)20

Question 32

If there are three categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square, what are the degrees of freedom?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3

Question 33

In the result , what is 8.4?

A)the obtained value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 34

A chi-square is calculated by dividing the total number of _______ by the number of _______.

A)occurrences; observations
B)observations; occurrences
C)occurrences; categories
D)categories; occurrences

Question 35

Dr.Moo would like to compute the exact probability of male or female students passing or failing on the comprehensive agricultural exam.What kind of test should she use?

A)Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
B)Friedman two-way ANOVA
C)Spearman correlation
D)Fisher's exact test

Question 36

A chi-square test involves a comparison between what is observed and what would be expected by _______.

A)observation
B)reason
C)chance
D)estimation

Question 37

What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called?

A)p < .05
B)p< .10
C)p< .15
D)power

Question 38

In calculating a one sample chi-square test, if you had 4 degrees of freedom, your variable would have _______ categories.

A)4
B)3
C)5
D)2

Question 39

Dr.Moo would like to examine the relationship between employee performance ratings between 2014 and 2015.Which of the following would be the most appropriate test statistic to use?

A)Pearson's correlation
B)Spearman correlation
C)McNemar test
D)Mann-Whitney U test

Question 40

In the result , what is .05?

A)the value of the observed value
B)the value of the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 41

In the result , what is 5?

A)the degrees of freedom
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the observed value

Question 42

In the result , what is 9.4?

A)the observed value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 43

The exact level of significance is .118.It means that _________.

A)The results are significant.
B)The results are not significant.
C)It can not be determined.
D)It is hard to know.

Question 44

Nonparametric statistics incorporate fewer assumptions.

Question 45

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to answer the following research question: "What is the exact likelihood of getting six heads on a toss of six coins?"

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)the median test

Question 46

Parametric statistics are preferred when you are analyzing categorical variables.

Question 47

In calculating a one sample chi-square test, if you had 3 degrees of freedom, your variable would have _______ categories.

A)4
B)3
C)5
D)2

Question 48

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to answer the following research question: "Is preschool twice as effective as no preschool experience for helping develop children's language skills?"

A)McNemar
B)Fisher's exact
C)Chi-square one-sample test
D)Wilcoxon rank test

Question 49

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine "before and after" changes?

A)McNemar
B)Fisher's exact
C)chi-square one-sample test
D)Wilcoxon rank test

Question 50

If there are six categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square, what are the degrees of freedom?

A)2
B)5
C)4
D)1

Question 51

The one-sample chi-square is used to determine whether the distribution of a single categorical variable is significantly different from that which would be expected by chance.

Question 52

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to answer the following research question: "Did the transfer of learning, measured by number correct, occur faster for group A than for Group B?"

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)the sign test

Question 53

In the result , what is .05?

A)the value of the observed value
B)the value of the critical value
C)the Type I error
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 54

In calculating a one-sample chi-square test, if you had 8 degrees of freedom, your variable would have _______ categories.

A)8
B)9
C)7
D)6

Question 55

Nonparametric statistics can be preferred when you have sample sizes that are very small (less than 30).

Question 56

If there is almost no difference between what is observed and what is expected, your chi-square value will be _______.

A)close to 0
B)close to 1
C)close to −1
D)impossible to determine

Question 57

In a one-sample chi-square test, if your respondents are distributed very close to each other across the levels of your variable, your chi-square value will be _______.

A)high
B)low
C)very high
D)medium

Question 58

In the result , what is ?

A)the chi-square statistic
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the observed value

Question 59

The one-sample chi-square focuses on the distribution of a single variable.

Question 60

If there are four categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square, what are the degrees of freedom?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3

Question 61

The one-sample chi-square test is also called goodness of fit.

Question 62

What is the difference between a one-sample and a two-sample chi-square test?

Question 63

How do you interpret = 18.9, p < .05?

Question 64

In the chi-square test for independence, expected values and observed values are used, just like in the chi-square goodness-of-fit test.The difference is that in the test of independence, there are three dimensions involved, instead of one.

Question 65

The chi-square statistic measures the difference between the observed data and what would be expected by chance alone.

Question 66

What does the one-sample chi-square test determine?

Question 67

Write a sample research question where the Fisher's exact test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.

Question 68

Chi-square is a nonparametric statistical test.

Question 69

Write an equation for a null hypothesis and research hypothesis for a one-sample chi-square test involving four groups.

Question 70

A two-sample chi-square focuses on whether two or more variables are significantly related, or dependent.

Question 71

How do nonparametric statistics differ from parametric statistics?

Question 72

Write an equation for a null hypothesis and research hypothesis for a one-sample chi-square test involving three groups.

Question 73

Write a sample research question where the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.

Question 74

Give an example of a research situation where the one-sample chi-square test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.

Question 75

Write a sample research question where the McNemar test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.