Deck 8: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism and Social Criticism

Question 1

The Descent of Man argues that human beings

A) had been made beast-like by the ills of industrial society.
B) are at the bottom of the great chain of being.
C) were a special creation of God and naturally superior to all other organic forms.
D) had a "lowly origin."
E) none of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following was NOTa Russian realist writer?

A) Chekhov
B) Dostoyevsky
C) Tolstoy
D) Tchaikovsky
E) Turgenev

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The second half of the nineteenth century brought

A) a profound religious reawakening and the rejection of thesecularization of culture.
B) limitedprogress in science.
C) a lessening of criticism of society.
D) an expansion of Enlightenment ideals.
E) an elimination of social ills and depressing realities.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen focused in his work on the lives of

A) factory workers.
B) the commercial and professional classes.
C) farmers.
D) the urban poor.
E) the aristocracy.

Question 5

Flaubert's novel,Madame Bovary is about a

A) middle class wife who is rejected by her husband for taking out a loan without his permission.
B) respectable provincial wife who, bored with her life and her husband, commits adultery and dies of poisoning.
C) young factory worker who is forced into a life of prostitution.
D) governess who falls in love with her noble employer but is treated as a leper by his family and peers.
E) bourgeois wife who out of a sense of duty never reveals to her husband that she never loved him.

Question 6

Writers and artists in the dominant realist movement modeled themselves on

A) the great romantics.
B) scientists.
C) the writers and artists of classical Antiquity.
D) on scholastics and medieval artists.
E) common individuals and their simple, hard lives.

Question 7

Which of the following represented a reaction against romantic,religious,and metaphysical interpretations of nature and society?

A) Darwinism
B) realism
C) positivism
D) Marxism
E) all of the above

Question 8

Whose A Tale of Two Cities issues a warning to elites to address the need for social reform or face revolution?

A) Charles Dickens.
B) Jane Austen.
C) Gustave Flaubert.
D) Emile Brontë.
E) Thomas Hardy.

Question 9

The father of positivism,Auguste Comte,believed in all the following EXCEPT

A) contemporary society was in a state of intellectual anarchy.
B) the laws of human behavior can be discovered just as the law of gravity has been; one such law is the "law of three stages" to describe the development of human knowledge.
C) in the most primitive stage of human knowledge, natural phenomena was explained by the supernatural.
D) the metaphysical stage was a transitional stage in which phenomena were explained through abstractions.
E) in the final stage, which included the Enlightenment and Comte's own time, all illusions are dispelled and the mind is convinced only by observation and verifiable information.

Question 10

Social Darwinists in the nineteenth century argued

A) the same laws of nature that result in evolution as described by Darwin apply to human societies.
B) the fittest were the hardworking factory laborers, whose efforts showed their biological superiority.
C) economic failure was the result of the environment, not wickedness or biological weakness.
D) more advanced people have a natural duty to care for less advanced people.
E) the natural evolution of humanity has made cooperation and compassion into characteristics that increase the species' chances of survival.

Question 11

The periodic table,which helped make chemistry more systematic and mathematical,was created by

A) Faraday.
B) Helmhotz.
C) Mendeleev.
D) Pasteur.
E) Hertz.

Question 12

Realist writers and artists

A) focused on common people, laborers, and the downtrodden.
B) sought to minimize the emotions of their subjects.
C) focused on the natural world rather than on people.
D) valued emotional involvement with the subjects of their work.
E) sought the reality behind the deceptive physical world.

Question 13

By the middle of the nineteenth century,it seems that science had fundamentally changing humanity's position in the universe because

A) Copernicus had moved humanity from the center of the universe.
B) Newton had made the universe into a mechanism.
C) Science appeared to be saying that humanity is not the focus of God's creation.
D) Darwin's theory seemed to show that humanity is not as special as once thought.
E) all of the above

Question 14

At the heart of naturalism in literature was a/an

A) concern for the unspoiled natural environment that was becoming scarce amidst rapid urbanization.
B) more relaxed style sacrificing detail for clarity of plot.
C) attempt to show the connection between a person's character and the socialenvironment.
D) revival of romantic sensitivities.
E) none of the above

Question 15

Émile Zola used his work to expose the conditions of

A) cabarets.
B) slums.
C) brothels.
D) mining villages.
E) all of the above

Question 16

Positivism included

A) a faith in empiricism.
B) the belief that science was the highest achievement of the human mind.
C) the conviction that metaphysics is a mistaken and futile endeavor.
D) the requirement that data must be systematically gathered in order to find regularities in nature.
E) all of the above

Question 17

Gustave Courbet's genius was expressed as

A) court painter of the French Empire.
B) landscape artist for rural nobility.
C) an artist of everyday life.
D) an innovator in pigmentation and color.
E) a practitioner of the "living art" of high society and the intellectual elite.

Question 18

Which of the following ideas was offered in the nineteenth century controversy over Darwin's theory of evolution?

A) If the theory is true, the Genesis story must be false.
B) Many believed that if the Genesis creation story was not the literal word of God, nothing in the Bible can be trusted.
C) If the Bible is not the literal word of God, even in matters of science, then the fundamentals of Christianity are put in doubt.
D) The theory of evolution could be reconciled with Christianity if God were seen to have created and directed the evolutionary process.
E) all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is NOTa part of Darwin's theory of evolution?

A) Living beings reproduce faster than the food supply.
B) Since there is a scarcity of food, there is a struggle for survival.
C) Living beings are not identical. Those individuals who happen to have characteristics that give them an edge in the struggle for survival have a higher likelihood to survive.
D) Over time, this natural selection in the struggle for survival creates new species and kills old ones off.
E) The theory of evolution proves that God does not exist.

Question 20

The preeminent literary genre for realist writers was

A) lyrical poetry.
B) epic poetry.
C) the novel.
D) the short story.
E) the newspaper article.

Question 21

Social Darwinist thought was generally

A) confined to continental Europe.
B) confined to Germany and Great Britain.
C) confined to Russia.
D) widespread in Germany, the United States, and Great Britain.
E) widespread in Asia and Africa.

Question 22

Marx's views on religion were closest to those of

A) Kierkegaard.
B) the Catholic modernists.
C) Feuerbach.
D) David Friedrich Strauss.
E) Alfred Fermin Loiry.

Question 23

Søren Kierkegaard would agree with the statement that

A) true Christians embrace absurdity.
B) Christian doctrines are reconcilable with modern science.
C) the most basic questions of human existence can be resolved by logic and experience.
D) life is too precious to be risked on a leap of faith.
E) reason guides the universe, thus, the irrational should be avoided.

Question 24

Ludwig Feuerbach believed that humanity liberates itself when it

A) surrenders to the belief of an all-powerful God.
B) rejects God's existence.
C) embraces religion's claim to universal truth.
D) comes to know Jesus as both God and man.
E) invests its finest achievements and qualities in God.

Question 25

Who co-authored the Communist Manifesto with Marx?

A) David Ricardo
B) Friedrich Engels
C) John Stuart Mill
D) Vladimir Lenin
E) Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Question 26

According to Marx,the engine of historical change is

A) class struggle.
B) the Absolute Spirit.
C) the masses' envy of the wealthy.
D) long-term fluctuations in the price of basic foods.
E) God's plan for humankind's salvation.

Question 27

According to Marx,a society's social and political systems,as well as culture,are all determined by

A) the spirit of the age.
B) the will of great individuals.
C) material technology.
D) the profit motive.
E) the will to power.

Question 28

Historians would agree that Social Darwinism

A) led some to believe that the extinction of so-called "inferior races" was a good thing.
B) contended that through evolution, states would eventually eliminate war.
C) applauded the cosmopolitanism of the philosophes.
D) continued Enlightenment traditions.
E) had very limited consequences.

Question 29

Marx believed all of the following about classes and class struggle EXCEPT

A) a person's class is based on that person's role in the economy.
B) class struggle is between those who own the means of production and those who do not.
C) though people believe a society's dominant ideas may be universally valid, they actually only reflect the ruling class' economic interests.
D) the state acts as an impartial mediator between classes.
E) class struggle will eventually end.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about Marx is NOTaccurate?

A) Marx's family belonged to the industrial working class.
B) Marx's father had converted to Protestantism from Judaism.
C) Marx briefly edited a newspaper that was shut down by the Prussian government.
D) According to Marx, philosophers wanted to interpret the world, but it is more important to change it.
E) Marx produced extremely influential scholarly works while living in great poverty.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT accurate? In the late nineteenth century,scholarly examination of the Bible called "higher criticism"

A) utilized anthropological and psychological research.
B) placed the Bible and early Christianity in a historical context.
C) was pursued mainly by Catholic theologians.
D) questioned the authenticity of the Bible.
E) was in the Enlightenment tradition.

Question 32

In the nineteenth century,Marxists and liberals shared the belief that

A) human beings are fundamentally good and should fully utilize their talents.
B) people should, and can, be freed from superstition, ignorance, and prejudices.
C) social progress is possible.
D) a rational and harmonious society is possible.
E) all of the above

Question 33

Which of the following,according to Marx,demonstrated the existence of class struggle throughout history?

A) the struggle between master and slave
B) the struggle between patrician and plebeian
C) the struggle between lord and serf
D) the struggle between capitalists and the proletariat
E) all of the above

Question 34

"The Syllabus of Errors" issued in 1864 contained a criticism of modern society written by

A) Karl Marx.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) Pope Pius IX.
D) Auguste Comte.
E) Mikhail Bakunin.

Question 35

Marx said that work

A) should be a source of fulfillment for people.
B) was a necessary evil because it was required by natural laws.
C) provided a vital means of socialization for young children.
D) had no role in developing human sensibilities.
E) gave factory workers a sense of pride, even though they were poorly paid for their labors.

Question 36

Søren Kierkegaard wrote that truth is

A) objective and verifiable.
B) subjective and personal, achieved through passion and commitment.
C) not the question.
D) the mind's projection of order onto a chaotic world.
E) reached though critical thinking.

Question 37

Marx agreed with Hegel that

A) history is a random succession of events.
B) historical development was subjective and irrational.
C) history advances through a clash of opposing forces.
D) history should be concerned with timeless theories, rather than the current moment and its problems.
E) the goal of history is the ultimate unfolding of Absolute Spirit.

Question 38

David Friedrich Strauss's Life of Jesus argued that the Gospels

A) contained much myth but little history.
B) embellished Jesus' life.
C) reflected the messianism and myths of their authors.
D) added the story of the virgin birth and the resurrection to Jesus' life.
E) all of the above

Question 39

Marxists and liberals disagreed on all the following EXCEPT whether

A) class struggle is the engine of history.
B) capitalism should be destroyed.
C) human nature was perfectible.
D) society can be fundamentally changed by individual action.
E) a transformation of the economic system is essential for true human progress.

Question 40

Marx believed that capitalism

A) dehumanizes the workers by making them into commodities.
B) alienates workers from human nature which is naturally creative.
C) dehumanizes the capitalists themselves by making them into slaves of greed and competitiveness.
D) will destroy itself.
E) all of the above

Question 41

Traditional liberals like Herbert Spencer believed all the following EXCEPT

A) government is an evil and oppressive institution.
B) government aid advocated by the new liberals would make the working class into "grown-up babies."
C) the poor are incompetent, lazy, weak, and deserving of their poverty.
D) governments should limit their activities to functions such as defense and a postal system.
E) once kings needed to be restrained, now parliaments needed restraint.

Question 42

Consistent with the emerging,new liberalism,John Stuart Mill believed the state should be able to do all the following EXCEPT

A) regulating the length of the workday.
B) compelling an individual to abandon a foolish or dangerous idea.
C) providing workers' compensation and old-age insurance.
D) requiring that children attend school.
E) promoting public health.

Question 43

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
higher criticism

Question 44

Which pairing of author and book is NOT correct?

A) John Stuart Mill and On Liberty
B) Karl Marx and Capital
C) Thomas Hill Green and Considerations on Representative Government
D) David Friederich Strauss and The Life of Jesus
E) Mary Wollstonecraft and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 45

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
naturalism

Question 46

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Social Darwinism

Question 47

Marx predicted that society after the socialist revolution will

A) become classless.
B) no longer need a state and the state will wither away.
C) know true economic justice.
D) become cooperative because human nature will be regenerated and altruistic.
E) all of the above

Question 48

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
realism

Question 49

Mikhail Bakunin's revolutionary tactics involved

A) the organization of the workers into mass political parties.
B) the revolt of all oppressed people, including peasants.
C) revolution "from above" through seizure of the central state apparatus.
D) nonviolent protests and civil disobedience.
E) massive petition drives.

Question 50

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
positivism

Question 51

Anarchism and Marxism in the nineteenth century shared all of the following ideas EXCEPT

A) the belief that revolutions should be fought by secret societies.
B) the desire to create a stateless society.
C) a denunciation of the treatment of workers.
D) the criticism of contemporary government as coercive.
E) an identification of capitalism as the source of oppression and corruption.

Question 52

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"living art"

Question 53

Critics of Marx point out that

A) economic explanations fall flat in seeking to explain the emergence of modern nationalism.
B) Western workers actually enjoy the highest standard of living in history.
C) the middle class of professional, civil service, employees, and small-business owners defy Marx's prediction that capitalist society would create only the very rich and the very poor.
D) the state in Communist lands grew more powerful and oppressive in the twentieth century, rather than withering away.
E) all of the above

Question 54

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
natural selection

Question 55

Which of the following is the best summary of Proudhon's views?

A) Hebelieved in an economy controlled by the central government.
B) He advocated the abolition of private property.
C) He believed that a society should return to its preindustrial stage.
D) He argued that government should be organized around labor unions.
E) He believed that only a religious revival could solve society's problems.

Question 56

New liberals such as Thomas Hill Green believed that

A) the government was an ethical institution that need not threaten individuals' freedoms.
B) the government had a moral obligation to create conditions favorable for the self-development of the majority.
C) property rights mean little to people who have no property.
D) laissez-faire policies favored the economically powerful and ignored the poor.
E) all of the above

Question 57

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
evolution

Question 58

What was the most important change in liberalism by the beginning of the twentieth century?

A) Greater respectability attracted more supporters from the old, aristocratic elite.
B) Liberalism totally converged with socialism.
C) Protection of individual rights was no longer important.
D) Traditional laissez-faire liberalism developed into a more socially conscious and democratic liberalism.
E) Liberalism abandoned its Enlightenment roots.

Question 59

With regard to women in Western society during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

A) Enlightenment thinkers made women's equality possible though most philosophes were against it.
B) some prominent men did support equal rights for women.
C) there persisted a very strong sentiment that women by nature should be subordinated to men and that their profession was married life.
D) the movement for women's equality increasing developed a political element: the fight to grant women the vote.
E) all of the above

Question 60

Who wrote The Subjection of Women and argued against the male domination of women as an abuse of power?

A) Jean Jaques
B) John Stuart Mill
C) Mary Wollstonecraft
D) Olympe de Gouge
E) Harriet Taylor

Question 61

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Designate with arrows where each of the following persons' revolutionary theories originated: Mikhail Bakunin,Karl Marx,and Pierre Proudhon.

Question 62

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Which nineteenth-century philosophies contended that there was an underlying meaning to the movement of history? Explain each of them.

Question 63

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

The two major revolutionary movements discussed in this chapter are Marxism and anarchism.What do the two share,and how are they different?

Question 64

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

How did thinkers in the second half of the nineteenth century understand historical change and progress?

Question 65

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Briefly define realism and naturalism.Referring to specific writers and their works,comment on the nature of the impact of these movementsand demonstrate how they differed from romanticism.

Question 66

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

How would you describe the relationship of Social Darwinism to Enlightenment thought?

Question 67

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Communist Manifesto

Question 68

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


-How did Marxist and liberal thought differ? How did Marx also represent a departure from the ideals and practices of early socialists?

Question 69

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Provide an overview of the principalintellectual movements in the second half of the nineteenth century.In what ways did they represent the rejection or expansion of preexisting ideals and movements?

Question 70

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
modernism

Question 71

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Index of Forbidden Books

Question 72

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What is Darwinism? Trace the sources of Darwin's major concepts.Why were his ideas considered potentially injurious to the religious establishment?

Question 73

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Explain Marxism and its popularity in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Question 74

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
dialectical materialism

Question 75

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Designate with arrows where the work of each of the following was undertaken: Charles Darwin,Heinrich Hertz,Hermann von Helmholtz,Thomas Hill Green,Charles Lyell,Dmitri Mendeleev,John Stuart Mill,Louis Pasteur,D.G.Ritchie.Next to each grouping,place a heading showing with what type of endeavor the individual was associated.

Question 76

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

It could be said that European elites in the second half of the nineteenth century were "discovering the masses" in a way that previous elites had not.Elites saw "the masses" as a problem,perhaps because of their increased political mobilization.Discuss the various "solutions" proposed by the thinkers described in this chapter.

Question 77

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
feminism

Question 78

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
new liberalism

Question 79

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
anarchism

Question 80

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Describe the basic viewpoint of anarchists of the nineteenth century and refer specifically to two major leaders of the movement.