Deck 7: Quality Assurance

Question 1

After obtaining a scatter diagram,it is reasonable to use statistical methodology to confirm strong correlations so that prescriptions can be made to reduce and/or remove quality problems.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The central limit theorem equation translated into words is sigma square of the sample means (x-bar) on the left side of the equation equals sigma square of the parent population values (x) divided by n on the right side.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

After making a list of causal factors,these variables can be charted using the fishbone construction method developed by Ishikawa.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Method 6,of the seven QC methods,covers the preparation and employment of statistical quality control charts and is the most elaborate and powerful approach of all methods.

Question 5

If the process is stable,the plotted points of the sample means will fall outside control limits that are based on within-group variability.

Question 6

In a power failure example,cause and effect analysis can provide a useful approach in identifying the most frequent types of power failures,probably by region and extent.

Question 7

The p-chart monitors the stability of the range.

Question 8

After the data check sheet is completed,causal analysis begins and it is followed by problem identification.

Question 9

Data check sheets are used for recording and keeping track of data regarding the frequency of events that are considered to be essential for some critical aspect of quality.

Question 10

One goal of Pareto analysis is to determine which problems occur the most frequently.

Question 11

Control chart steps include diagnosing the causes of process instability,removing the causes of process instability,but do not include checking the results.

Question 12

A histogram is created for various datapoints (values of x and y) that have been obtained by experimentation,observation,or survey.It is assumed that these data points are correlated.

Question 13

Process charts play a crucial role in causal analysis.

Question 14

Some problems arise during inspection of the product while it is on or just about to leave the production line.

Question 15

The relationship between the variability of a stable parent distribution and that of the distribution of the sample means is known as the central limit theorem.

Question 16

Between group variability in samples is related to the difference between the grand mean and the successive sample means.

Question 17

Chance causes are unpredictable and unstable in statistical terms.

Question 18

Deming diagrams enumerate and organize the potential causes of various kinds of quality failures.

Question 19

Continuing with casual analysis,after the fishbone diagram is considered complete,it is reasonable to determine what variations of cause and effect should be tested.

Question 20

Imputed cause and effect is a powerhouse for monitoring process conditions and for stabilizing processes.

Question 21

LTPD measures the average percentage of defective items the supplier will ship to the buyer under different conditions of actual percent defectives in the lot.

Question 22

As automated inspection has become more technologically powerful,less expensive,and more reliable than sampling,the balance shifts away from 100 percent technology-based inspection.

Question 23

Process managers working with the SPC charts and 25 initial samples usually can remove assignable causes and stabilize the process.

Question 24

The x-bar and R-charts are best used together because sometimes an assignable cause creates no shift in the process average,or in the average value of the standard deviation,but a change occurs in the distribution of R values.

Question 25

The R-chart shows the percent defective in successive samples.

Question 26

It can be argued that with a p-chart only the upper-control limit really matters.

Question 27

The c-chart shows the number of defectives in successive samples.

Question 28

The limiting value for beta,defined by the buyer,is called the average quality limit (AQL).

Question 29

Type II errors are called errors of commission because a mistaken action follows a misleading test result.For example,the decision is made to launch (commission) a new product.If the market research had been done correctly,it would have indicated a flop.

Question 30

Type I errors occur when a guilty person is found innocent by a jury of peers or when a medical test erroneously declares an ill person to be healthy.

Question 31

The Poisson distribution approximates the binomial distribution when p is small.

Question 32

The Alpha error is the probability of incorrectly accepting bad lots.This is equivalent to making the mistake of launching a new product that fails because the test incorrectly accepted it as a winner.

Question 33

Inspections and inspectors reduce defectives made.They do not reduce defectives shipped.

Question 34

Type II errors occur when an innocent person is found guilty by a jury of peers or when a medical test falsely proclaims cancer in a healthy patient.

Question 35

Acceptance sampling involves trade-offs that balance the cost of sampling against the risk of accepting more defectives than permissible.

Question 36

The basic elements of sampling plans are: N = the lot size,c = the sample size,n = the acceptance number.

Question 37

The double-sampling plan requires two acceptance numbers c₁ and c₂ such that c₁ > c₂.

Question 38

An economic reason to shun 100 percent inspection is that it is often labor intensive.

Question 39

The control chart for single attributes,known as the c-chart,requires the calculation of the standard deviation.

Question 40

For sampling plans,the Poisson result is always more accurate than the binomial.

Question 41

_____ organize the data.

A)Data check sheets
B)Histograms
C)Cause and effect charts
D)Run charts

Question 42

_____ seek to identify the most frequently occurring categories.

A)Cause and effect charts
B)Histograms
C)Bar charts
D)Pareto analyses

Question 43

Defectives can be removed from a shipment that contains errors through a procedure called detailing.

Question 44

The _____ states that twenty percent of the total number of problems and complaints occur eighty percent of the time.Alternatively,a few big dogs eat most of the dog food.

A)inspection law
B)20:80 rule
C)80:20 rule
D)cause and effect rule

Question 45

_____ can help spot the occurrence of an impending problem.

A)Bar charts
B)Histograms
C)Run charts
D)Pareto analyses

Question 46

An often-used graphical method for presenting statistics captured by data check sheets is a

A)fishbone diagram.
B)bar chart.
C)p-chart.
D)control chart.

Question 47

_____ determines the most frequent types of defects and puts them in rank order.

A)Cause and effect charting
B)p-charting
C)Pareto analysis
D)Bar charting

Question 48

_____ is defined as the process of quality attainment that starts with detection of problems.This is followed by diagnosis of causes of problems,prescription of corrective actions to treat problems,and follow-up through observation and evaluation.

A)Quality control
B)Management control
C)Scientific method
D)Operations management

Question 49

_____ represent data graphically.

A)Histograms
B)Bar charts
C)Pareto analyses
D)all of the above

Question 50

_____ is defined as the policy that requires eliminating any and all causes of defects.

A)Zero-error mind-set
B)Zed defects
C)Olympic perspective
D)Compensating for defectives

Question 51

_____ are used for detecting quality problems,much as early warning detection systems.

A)Statistical quality control charts
B)Run charts
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 52

_____ applied the model of scientific method to quality control.

A)Ford
B)Deming
C)Adams
D)Shingo

Question 53

_____ organize and depict the results of analyses concerning the determination of the causes of quality problems.

A)Cause and effect charts
B)Data check sheets
C)Histograms
D)Pareto analyses

Question 54

_____ are frequency distributions.

A)Data check sheets
B)Bar charts
C)Histograms
D)Run charts

Question 55

The seven time-honored and well-established methods of quality control include all of the following except (the)

A)data check sheet.
B)bar chart.
C)histograms.
D)six-sigma certification.

Question 56

The appropriate _____ is to abhor defectives and do as much as feasible to prevent them from occurring.

A)zero-error mind-set
B)process for zed defectives
C)Olympic perspective
D)compensation for defectives

Question 57

The _____ calls for team play with everyone striving to achieve the company's personal best.

A)zero-error mind-set
B)zed defects process
C)Olympic perspective
D)method of compensating for defectives

Question 58

_____ are bar charts that illustrate the relative frequencies of a set of outcomes as a discrete probability distribution.

A)Run charts
B)Histograms
C)p-charts
D)c-charts

Question 59

_____ is defined as producing more than the order size to ship the order quantity.This is because of start-up defectives.

A)Zero-error mind-set
B)Zed defects
C)The Olympic perspective
D)Compensating for defectives

Question 60

_____ show at a glance what factors affect quality and thereby what may be the causes of quality problems.

A)p-charts
B)c-charts
C)Cause and effect charts
D)Bar charts

Question 61

Beta is known as a _____ error and identified as an error of commission.

A)Type I
B)Type II
C)Type III
D)Type IV

Question 62

The _____ plots successive sample measures of the percent defective for specific quality attributes.

A)p-chart
B)c-chart
C)x-bar chart
D)generic control chart

Question 63

_____ provides the greatest number of methods for determining if a process is stable.

A)Chance and assignable cause analysis
B)Pareto analysis
C)Statistical process control (SPC)
D)Statistical quality control (SQC)

Question 64

_____ show(s) what happens to the probability of accepting a lot as the actual percent defective in the lot goes from zero to one.

A)Acceptance sampling
B)Operating characteristic curves
C)p-charts
D)c-charts

Question 65

A _____ of numbers on any control chart is a succession of values that fall either above or below the mean line.

A)chart
B)column
C)run
D)collection

Question 66

_____ is when output units are classified as accepted or rejected,usually by some form of inspection device that only distinguishes between a "go" or "no go" situation.

A)Variable categorization
B)Nonrandom elimination
C)Classification by variables
D)Classification by attributes

Question 67

The _____ is a basic quality control chart designed for variables measured on a continuous scale,such as tire pressure and particle emissions.

A)c-chart
B)p-chart
C)x-bar chart
D)control chart

Question 68

_____ track and account for the number of nonconformities of a part,

A)p-charts
B)c-charts
C)x-bar charts
D)Bar charts
E)g.,number of bubbles in a pane of glass.

Question 69

Alpha is known as the _____ error and identified as an error of omission.

A)Type I
B)Type II
C)Type III
D)Type IV

Question 70

For AS,the _____ approximation of the OC curve is needed when the lot size,N,is small.

A)hypergeometric
B)Poisson
C)binomial
D)p-chart

Question 71

The _____ is based on the process average for percent defectives with upper- and lower-control limits and plotted points of successive sample means.

A)p-chart
B)c-chart
C)x-chart
D)control chart

Question 72

_____ is inspecting acceptability of suppliers' shipments by using sampling of required qualities instead of 100 percent inspection.

A)Optimal sampling
B)Chance cause sampling
C)Assignable sampling
D)Acceptance sampling

Question 73

Inspection,in conjunction with SPC,plays an important role in

A)providing sample means.
B)allowing workers to check their own output quality.
C)inspecting the acceptability of the suppliers' shipments.
D)all of the above

Question 74

_____ uses statistical sampling theory to determine if the supplier's outputs shipped to the producer meet standards.

A)c-charting
B)p-charting
C)Acceptance sampling
D)Statistical quality control

Question 75

_____ encompasses statistical process control as well as other statistical methods,including acceptance sampling.

A)Process control
B)Statistical quality control
C)Chance cause analysis
D)Assignable cause analysis

Question 76

In a p-chart the lower-control limit is always better as it gets closer to _____ defect(s).

A)zero
B)one
C)two
D)three

Question 77

_____ are composed of data points that are associated with each other,such as height and weight.

A)Histograms
B)Scatter diagrams
C)Bar charts
D)c-charts

Question 78

For the _____ to apply,the sample size should be small as compared to the lot size.

A)multiple distribution
B)Poisson distribution
C)binomial distribution
D)scatter distribution

Question 79

_____ are identifiable causes of process problems that create variability.They are traceable and can be removed.

A)Chance causes
B)Assignable causes
C)Acceptance sampling causes
D)Unattainable causes

Question 80

_____ is where numbered measurements are continuous,as with a ruler for measuring inches or with a scale for measuring pounds.

A)Classification by attributes
B)Classification of nonrandom factors
C)Classification by variables
D)none of the above