Deck 12: A: Assessment and Treatment of Young Offenders

Question 1

Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act,under what condition can the name of the youth be reported to the public?

A)if the defendant is between the ages of 14 and 17 and is convicted of serious,violent offences
B)if the youth is considered dangerous
C)if the youth has not yet been apprehended
D)All of the above are conditions where the name of the youth can be reported to public.
E)Under no circumstances can a youth's name be reported in the media.

Answer 1

All of the above are conditions where the name of the youth can be reported to public.

Question 2

What is the maximum sentence that can be given to youth under the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA)?

A)2 years
B)3 years
C)5 years
D)10 years
E)15 years

Answer 2

2 years

Question 3

What age range did the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)cover?

A)2 to 12 years
B)2 to 18 years
C)4 to 14 years
D)6 to 12 years
E)7 to 16 years (18 years in some jurisdictions)

Answer 3

7 to 16 years (18 years in some jurisdictions)

Question 4

The Youth Criminal Justice Act introduced a new form of custodial sentence called:

A)Intensive Rehabilitative Custody and Supervision Order
B)Youth Forensic Community Treatment Programs
C)Extrajudicial Sentence Program
D)Reintegrative Secure and Community Custody Order
E)Graduated Sentencing Program

Question 5

Which is an example of an internalizing disorder?

A)depression
B)anxiety
C)obsessions
D)All of the above are examples of an internalizing disorder.
E)None of the above are examples of an internalizing disorder.

Question 6

A separate youth court system was first established with the introduction of:

A)the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)
B)the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA)
C)the Youth Diversion Act (YDA)
D)the Young Offenders Act (YOA)
E)none of the above

Question 7

According to the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA),what was the minimum age set for which a child could be charged with a criminal offence?

A)7
B)9
C)11
D)12
E)14

Question 8

Current law in Canada dictates that anyone younger than age 12 who engages in a criminal act is processed through ________________.

A)the civil court system.
B)youth courts.
C)family and social service agencies.
D)hospitals.
E)sentencing circles.

Question 9

Which category of criminal code offence showed the smallest percentage decrease in the number of cases completed in youth court between 2009-2010 and 2010-2011?

A)Violent offences
B)Property offences
C)Administration of justice offences
D)Traffic offences
E)Federal statute offences

Question 10

Which category of criminal code offence showed the greatest percentage decrease in the number of cases completed in youth court between 2009-2010 and 2010-2011?

A)Violent offences
B)Property offences
C)Administration of justice offences
D)Traffic offences
E)Federal statute offences

Question 11

What is not a sentencing option under the Youth Criminal Justice Act?

A)reprimand
B)intensive support and supervision order
C)attendance order
D)deferred custody and supervision order
E)All of the above are sentencing options.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is false regarding externalizing problems in youth?

A)They are more difficult to treat than internalizing problems.
B)They are more likely to be experienced by males.
C)They are not very s .
D)They focus on behavioural difficulties.
E)Internalizing problems might co-occur with externalizing difficulties.

Question 13

Which is not an example of an externalizing disorder?

A)bullying
B)lying
C)fighting
D)destructive behaviour
E)All are examples of an externalizing disorder.

Question 14

Generally,the total number of crimes committed by youth has been:

A)increasing
B)decreasing
C)no change
D)decreasing for those under 10
E)increasing for those over 10

Question 15

What is the most frequent sentence imposed in youth court?

A)fine
B)incarceration
C)probation
D)reprimand
E)absolute discharge

Question 16

Under the Criminal Justice Act,what is the minimum age a judge can impose an adult sentence?

A)10
B)12
C)14
D)16
E)18

Question 17

What is not an objective of the Youth Criminal Justice Act?

A)to prevent youth crime
B)to provide meaningful consequences and encourage responsibility of behaviour
C)to improve rehabilitation and reintegration of youth into the community
D)to keep young offenders out of court and in the community
E)all of the above are objectives

Question 18

What disposition was available for delinquents under the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)?

A)sentenced to an industrial school
B)adjournment without penalty
C)probation
D)foster care
E)all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following statements is not a criticism of the Young Offenders Act?

A)Youths were sometimes denied rights such as right to counsel and right to appeal.
B)Violent offences carried relatively "light" sentences.
C)Disagreements existed concerning raising the minimum age from 7 to 12 years.
D)Discrepancies existed with factors leading to youth transfer to adult court.
E)All of the above are criticisms of the Young Offenders Act.

Question 20

Prior to commencing a court-ordered assessment of a child or adolescent,a clinician must legally:

A)obtain consent from the youth's parents or guardians
B)obtain consent from the youth
C)obtain assent from the youth
D)obtain consent from the youth's lawyer
E)court-ordered assessments do not legally require consent or assent.

Question 21

According to the Ontario Child Health Study,approximately what percentage of children between the ages of 4 and 16 were found to experience conduct disorder,hyperactivity,emotional disturbance,or a combination of these?

A)1%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%
E)50%

Question 22

Craig is a youth in secure custody,and is assessed for his level of risk through use of an Inmate Security Assessment and a Primary Risk Assessment.Which of the following risk assessment tools is being utilized in Craig's case?

A)HCR-20
B)YLS-CMI
C)SAVRY
D)ORAMS
E)ACDI

Question 23

Which of the following risk assessment measures is used primarily to assess substance use and abuse in young offenders?

A)HCR-20
B)YLS-CMI
C)SAVRY
D)YO-LSI
E)ACDI

Question 24

Spencer is a 13 year old boy who is frequently irri ,argumentative,and acts in a vindictive and revengeful fashion any time anyone "wrongs" him.He often is angry and refuses to obey his parents and teachers.If you were a clinician assessing Spencer's behaviour,which is the most likely diagnosis you would give him?

A)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)Oppositional defiant disorder
C)Conduct disorder
D)Antisocial personality disorder
E)Psychopathy

Question 25

Approximately ________ of youth diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD)will receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (APD)in adulthood.

A)10%
B)25%
C)40%
D)50%
E)75%

Question 26

What is not true regarding assessing externalizing problems in children?

A)Parents,teachers and peers may be interviewed.
B)Behaviour should be considered within a developmental context.
C)The duration,severity,and frequency of troublesome behaviours should be measured.
D)The child/youth may not be aware of his/her behaviour.
E)All of the above are true.

Question 27

Which of the following risk assessment measures is not used with young offenders in Canada?

A)HCR-20
B)ORAMS
C)SAVRY
D)VRAG
E)ACDI

Question 28

Youth regularly engaging in antisocial acts are more likely than non-antisocial youth to:

A)have a greater degree of frontal lobe inhibition
B)have a biological mother that engaged in antisocial behaviour
C)misattribute hostile intent to negative situations
D)demonstrate cognitive deficits
E)all of the above

Question 29

Monty is a 15 year old youth who constantly breaks the rules,has been fined many times by the police for repeated property and assaultive offences,engages in bullying,and believes that "rules were made to be broken".He is well-known to local law enforcement as a "future long-term offender" and was recently mandated to a community treatment program following an attack on a female student involving sexual exploitation.If you were a clinician assessing Monty's behaviour,which is the most likely diagnosis you would give him?

A)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)Oppositional defiant disorder
C)Conduct disorder
D)Antisocial personality disorder
E)Psychopathy

Question 30

Marcus attacked his grade 8 classmate during the lunch hour so that he could steal his test notes for the upcoming quiz.According to Dodge and colleagues,what type of aggression is Marcus displaying?

A)Proactive aggression
B)Reactive aggression
C)Social aggression
D)Cognitive aggression
E)Situational aggression

Question 31

Juanita shoved Amber down the stairs at school after she caught Amber trying to kiss her boyfriend.According to Dodge and colleagues,what type of aggression is Juanita displaying?

A)Proactive aggression
B)Reactive aggression
C)Social aggression
D)Cognitive aggression
E)Situational aggression

Question 32

Approximately what percentage of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)go on to develop conduct disorder (CD)?

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%
E)50%

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true regarding the developmental trajectory of youthful offenders?

A)Early onset of antisocial behaviour is usually more trea and less persistent than a later onset of antisocial behaviour.
B)Most young offenders begin committing antisocial acts in adolescence rather than childhood.
C)Most children with behavioural problems go on to become adult offenders.
D)Generally,levels of aggression exhibited in childhood and adolescence remain fairly s with age.
E)all of the above

Question 34

Which diagnosis is often a precursor to antisocial personality disorder?

A)attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)oppositional defiant disorder
C)conduct disorder
D)depression
E)anxiety

Question 35

Observations of aggression and violence amongst a youth's parents,peers,and siblings has been found to lead to greater aggressive tendencies in the youth,especially if the observed aggression was rewarded.This pattern of findings is consistent with what theory of youth antisocial behaviour?

A)Biological theory
B)Genetic theory
C)Social learning theory
D)Cognitive theory
E)Attention theory

Question 36

According to Moffitt's developmental pathways to youthful offending,which type of trajectory is most strongly associated with serious persistent antisocial behaviour in adulthood?

A)Psychopathic pathway
B)Childhood-onset
C)Externalizing pathway
D)Adolescent-onset
E)Internalizing pathway

Question 37

Which type of problems in youth are considered to be more difficult to treat?

A)Emotional problems
B)Internalizing problems
C)Attention problems
D)Externalizing problems
E)Cognitive problems

Question 38

What is the ratio of males to females likely to have externalizing difficulties?

A)10:1
B)5:1
C)2:1
D)20:1
E)30:1

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true regarding identifying risk factors for young offenders?

A)History of behaviour is limited and ambiguous for young offenders
B)Adolescent behaviour may be more influenced by context than enduring characteristics
C)Adolescents experience more developmental and character changes than adults
D)It is a challenge to separate developmental issues from persistent personality and character
E)All of the above are true

Question 40

Which of the following is not a characteristic of conduct disorder (CD)?

A)difficulty with organization
B)sets fires
C)initiates fights
D)is physically cruel to animals
E)lies for personal gain

Question 41

Which of the following familial risk factors is associated with behavioural problems in youth?

A)parental alcohol use
B)divorce
C)inconsistent discipline
D)child neglect
E)all of the above

Question 42

Tyson is a youth who has a good relationship with his parents and seems to have little interest in becoming involved in criminal activities,although he lives in a poor neighbourhood and often witnesses violence at school.What category of protective factors would his good parent-child relationship be classified as?

A)Individual protective factors
B)Biological protective factors
C)Familial protective factors
D)Social/external protective factors
E)Relational protective factors

Question 43

What is the goal of tertiary intervention strategies?

A)to prevent violence from occurring in the first place
B)to reduce the frequency of violence
C)to reduce the likelihood that the at-risk adolescent will engage in future offending
D)to punish
E)to include the school to reduce the frequency of violence

Question 44

The following therapy considers the influence of the family,peers,school,neighbourhood,and community environment:

A)parent training
B)cognitive training
C)dual systems approach
D)social-skills training
E)multisystemic therapy

Question 45

Erickson and Butters (2006)examined the relationship between gangs,guns,and drugs in Toronto and Montreal.What did they find?

A)As gang presence in schools increased so did the number of guns and the amount of drugs.
B)Gang presence in schools did not influence the number of guns or the amount of drugs.
C)As gang presence in schools increased,the number of guns and the amount of drugs decreased.
D)Gang presence in schools increases the number of guns but decreases the amount of drugs.
E)Gang presence in schools decreases the number of guns but increases the amount of drugs.

Question 46

What is not considered an individual risk factor for behavioural problems in youth?

A)impulsivity
B)parent's history of ADHD
C)mother's use of drugs or alcohol during pregnancy
D)resilience
E)difficult temperament

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of a tertiary intervention strategy?

A)Project Head Start
B)Multisystemic Therapy
C)SNAP Outreach Project
D)Project Restart
E)Rap in Prison Project

Question 48

Which of the following is considered one of the greatest school and social factors in risk for reoffending amongst youth?

A)Having trouble reading
B)Children with early CD symptoms
C)Social rejection
D)Being a member of a gang
E)Low intelligence

Question 49

_______________ is a general term used to describe the ability to overcome stress and adversity.

A)Prosocial tendency
B)Resilience
C)Social competence
D)Self-efficacy
E)Self-esteem

Question 50

Project Head Start and the Incredible Years Parenting Program are both examples of what type of intervention strategy?

A)family-oriented strategy
B)secondary intervention strategy
C)primary intervention strategy
D)community-wide strategy
E)tertiary intervention strategy

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true regarding multisystemic therapy (MST)with young offenders?

A)The youth's case manager is accessible 24 hours a day,7 days a week.
B)Treatment outcome studies show that MST is more effective than the usual services available in Ontario.
C)MST proposes that delinquency is multi-determined and that treatment should occur in institutions.
D)MST focuses solely on the youth's relationship with his/her primary caregiver.
E)all of the above

Question 52

Strategies that attempt to reduce the frequency of violence are known as:

A)primary intervention strategies
B)class-one intervention strategies
C)secondary intervention strategies
D)class-two intervention strategies
E)tertiary intervention strategies

Question 53

In what way(s)are protective factors effective?

A)They reduce negative outcomes by changing the risk level of the child's exposure to a risk factor.
B)They change the negative chain reaction following exposure to risk.
C)They help to develop and maintain self-esteem and self-efficacy.
D)They provide opportunities to children that they would not otherwise have.
E)all of the above

Question 54

The SNAP Under 12 Outreach Project (ORP)is an example of what type of strategy?

A)family-oriented strategy
B)secondary intervention strategy
C)school-oriented strategy
D)community-wide strategy
E)tertiary intervention strategy

Question 55

A study in Ontario found that multisystemic therapy (MST)was not more effective at reducing recidivism than providing usual services for high-risk youth.According to your text,which of the following statements was suggested as a potential explanation for this unexpected finding?

A)The study did not include a follow-up period.
B)The usual services group was at much lower risk to reoffend at the beginning of the study.
C)MST may have benefited youths on factors that were not included in the study.
D)The researchers failed to include a control group,so no explanation is possible.
E)all of the above