Deck 4: A: Deception

Question 1

"During the first 20 years of your life,did you ever think of seriously hurting someone?" This is an example of what type of polygraph question?

A)a relevant question
B)an irrelevant question
C)a concealed information question
D)a comparison question
E)a suppressed question

Answer 1

a comparison question

Question 2

What sorts of decision errors are problematic when using the Concealed Information Test (CIT)?

A)false-positive errors
B)false-negative errors
C)true-positive errors
D)true-negative errors
E)false-true errors

Answer 2

false-negative errors

Question 3

Most polygraph examiners using the Comparison Question Test (CQT)score according to the:

A)suspect's demeanour during the test
B)information from the case file
C)physiological responses
D)suspect's past criminal record
E)all of the above

Answer 3

physiological responses

Question 4

The polygraph measures

A)changes in emotional arousal associated specifically with deception
B)changes in blood pressure,voice modulation,and perspiration
C)changes in blood pressure,respiration,and skin conductance
D)increases in emotional arousal in response to the control question compared to the relevant question,indicative of deception
E)changes in blood pressure,brain-wave activity,and respiration

Question 5

Several types of studies may be used to validate polygraph techniques.Which type of study would likely involve a comparison of the accuracy between original examiners and blind evaluators,using actual criminal suspects?

A)field analogue study
B)laboratory study
C)ground truth study
D)guilty knowledge study
E)field study

Question 6

In Canada the polygraph is used primarily in which context?

A)police investigations
B)employment screening
C)treatment of sexual offenders
D)management of sexual offenders
E)court to assess the credibility of witnesses

Question 7

What type of test is used to uncover information about an offender's past behaviour?

A)Concealed information test
B)Guilty knowledge test
C)Polygraph disclosure test
D)Control question test
E)Historical assessment test

Question 8

Which of the following organizations would not be permitted to use the polygraph to screen or test employees?

A)Intelligence agencies
B)Police services
C)Government agencies
D)Private management companies
E)All of the above would be permitted to use the polygraph

Question 9

What has been identified as a major problem particular to the Comparison Question Test (CQT)?

A)high false-negative rate
B)high false-positive rate
C)the use of extra-polygraph cues by the examiner
D)falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent
E)difficult to tell,because no North American studies have been conducted on the CQT

Question 10

Which of the following is not measured by the polygraph test?

A)heart rate
B)galvanic skin response
C)micro facial expressions
D)breathing
E)the polygraph measures all of these things

Question 11

One advantage of using laboratory studies to test the accuracy of the polygraph is that __________; one disadvantage is __________ as compared to field studies.

A)you have better control over the variables; ground truth cannot be established
B)ground truth is known; the motivational level of the subject
C)you can randomly assign subjects to innocent and guilty conditions; you have more control over the variables
D)university students are used; the motivational level of the subject
E)you can randomly assign subjects to innocent and guilty conditions; it is unethical

Question 12

In laboratory studies of the accuracy of polygraph tests,it has been found that the Comparison Question Test is _______ effective at detecting ________ suspects,whereas the Concealed Information Test is ______ effective at detecting ________ suspects.

A)more,guilty / more,innocent
B)less,guilty / more,guilty
C)more,innocent / less,guilty
D)less,innocent / less,guilty
E)more,guilty / less,innocent

Question 13

Which of the following are potential applications of the polygraph in Canada?

A)Polygraph testing is used to screen prospective employees in certain agencies.
B)Polygraph results are used to pressure individuals to confess to a crime.
C)A polygraph test may be administered to the alleged victim of a crime to help determine whether the crime has indeed occurred.
D)A polygraph test may be administered to verify insurance claims.
E)All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is a criticism of the Concealed Information Test?

A)It requires full disclosure from the suspect.
B)The test will only work if the suspect remembers the details of the crime.
C)Reactions to relevant questions may be the same for an anxious but innocent person as a guilty party,
D)Arousal to crime-related questions decreases over time the more a suspect is asked about them.
E)It frequently returns inconsistent results relative to other questioning methods.

Question 15

Methods of detecting deception in Ancient China required suspects to do which of the following tasks?

A)Putting their hand on a hot iron
B)Walking across hot coals
C)Putting their arm in a cauldron of boiling water
D)Chewing dry rice powder
E)Chewing a piece of bread

Question 16

Which polygraph test does not assess deception but seeks to determine whether the suspect knows details about a crime that only the person who committed the crime would know?

A)Polygraph disclosure test
B)Comparison question test
C)Concealed information test
D)Ground truth test
E)Truth evasion test

Question 17

One disadvantage of using field studies to study deception in criminal suspects is that:

A)the ground truth cannot be established.
B)most are guilty reflecting a lie-bias.
C)many suspects are able to fool the polygraph.
D)suspects are often not motivated to be truthful.
E)suspects rarely agree to be a part of a research study.

Question 18

The Comparison Question Test has been criticized for:

A)being susceptible to countermeasures
B)having a high false-false rate
C)using subjective methods of scoring
D)assuming that innocent suspects will show larger responses to the comparison questions as compared to the relevant
E)all of the above

Question 19

According to your textbook,what is the most common physiological response measured when administering the Concealed Information Test (CIT)?

A)palmar sweating
B)heart rate
C)blood pressure
D)eye blinks
E)none of the above

Question 20

The first polygraph test was developed by:

A)John Larson
B)William Marston
C)a group of FBI researchers
D)James Frye
E)Hugo Munsterberg

Question 21

Which of the following is true of the polygraph?

A)Polygraph results are regularly admitted as evidence in Canadian courts.
B)The most common polygraph method used currently is the Comparison Question Test (CQT).
C)The polygraph directly measures whether a person is lying.
D)Research indicates that physical countermeasures are largely ineffective in "beating" the polygraph.
E)Research conducted thus far indicates the polygraph is highly accurate at detecting deception.

Question 22

In general,how accurate do people tend to be when using verbal and non-verbal behaviour to detect deception (where a value of 100% indicates that they can accurately discriminate between truthful people and deceptive people all of the time)?

A)under 10%
B)between 25% and 35%
C)between 45% and 65%
D)around 25%
E)around 90%

Question 23

You have been falsely accused of stealing a laptop computer from a professor's office.The police have requested that you take a polygraph test to prove your innocence.In light of your knowledge of the types of errors most likely to be made by different types of polygraph exams,you agree to do so only if the examiner uses the:

A)comparison question test
B)relevant/irrelevant test
C)zone of comparison format of scoring
D)statement validity procedure
E)concealed information test

Question 24

When using an ERP to detect deception,guilty suspects should respond to crime-relevant events and details with a large __________ relative to noncrime-relevant events.

A)P300 response
B)N100 response
C)increase in blood flow
D)rise in facial temperature
E)activation of the frontal lobe

Question 25

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Liars consistently provide fewer details than truth-tellers.
B)Truth-tellers are less likely to change their stories.
C)Liars are less likely to admit to lack of memory.
D)Liars' stories are less fluent than the stories of truth-tellers.
E)Liars tell less compelling stories than truth-tellers.

Question 26

In a study by McCabe,Castel,and Rhodes (2011),which type of lie detection test was associated with the greatest number of guilty verdicts returned by mock jurors?

A)The polygraph
B)Thermal imaging
C)Voice stress analysis
D)fMRI lie detection
E)ERP brain fingerprinting

Question 27

Which of the following has not been found effective as a countermeasure to "beat" the polygraph test?

A)tongue-biting
B)pressing toes on the floor
C)counting backwards
D)anti-anxiety drugs
E)all of the above have been found effective as countermeasures

Question 28

A study by Hillman,Vrij,and Mann (2012)found that _____________ were more associated with truth-telling relative to lying.

A)illustrators
B)shrugs and indications of "I don't know"
C)head nodding
D)rhythmic hand gestures
E)smiling

Question 29

When using brain-based polygraph techniques,what does ERP stand for?

A)emotional response pattern
B)event response pattern
C)event-related brain potential
D)emotional-related brain potential
E)none of the above

Question 30

Which of the following techniques has not been proposed as a method of detecting deception?

A)ERPs
B)fMRI
C)"facial temperature"
D)polygraph
E)TAT

Question 31

Melissa is participating in a deception detection study.She is given a set of 12 videos to watch and is required to indicate whether the person in the video is telling the truth or lying.She indicates that she believes 10 of the 12 to be telling the truth.Her results demonstrate what phenomenon in deception detection studies?

A)A lie bias
B)The challenge of determining ground truth
C)A truth bias
D)Wizard-like detection ability
E)The cognitive complexity hypothesis

Question 32

Which nonverbal cue has consistently been found to indicate deception?

A)smiling
B)gaze aversion
C)self-manipulations (e.g.,fidgeting)
D)blinking
E)none of the above

Question 33

Which verbal indicator has been most strongly associated with deception?

A)speech fillers
B)voice pitch
C)speech pauses
D)speech errors (e.g.,slips of the tongue)
E)rate of speech

Question 34

In what case did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that polygraph evidence should not be admitted in court to help determine truthfulness?

A)R.v.Hubbert
B)R.v.Mohan
C)R.v.Swain
D)R.v.Beland
E)R.v.Frye

Question 35

In a study on beliefs about lying,what was the most common stereotype about liars?

A)Liars avoid eye contact.
B)Gut instincts are reliable indicators of deception.
C)People telling the truth never say they don't remember.
D)Liars often fidget and blink excessively.
E)Liars speak with a higher pitch of voice.

Question 36

Testing using fMRI procedures has indicated that the areas of the brain most commonly associated with lying are:

A)the temporal and frontal lobes
B)the frontal lobe and the limbic system
C)the amygdala and the posterior cingulate cortex
D)the association cortex and temporal lobe
E)the prefrontal lobe and anterior cingulate cortex

Question 37

Recent research by Matsumoto,Hwang,Skinner,and Frank (2011)has recommended that during interrogations,investigators should pay attention not only to what a suspect says but also the suspect's face.Why was this recommendation made?

A)Evidence suggests facial temperature increases when suspects are lying.
B)Studies have found that eye movements and gaze aversion are indicative of deception.
C)Research suggests that micro facial expressions reflect the true emotions someone is feeling
D)Truth tellers have been found to display greater facial movements relative to liars
E)An increase in mouth and forehead movements have been linked to telling a lie.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true regarding the detection of deception?

A)People can be trained to improve their ability to detect deception in others.
B)People are generally better at detecting truth than detecting lies.
C)High-stake lies are easier to detect than low-stake lies.
D)Many professionals (e.g.,police officers)are no better than detecting deception than the general population.
E)all of the above

Question 39

Research on the accuracy of online dating profiles has found the following is true.

A)Online daters are most likely to lie about whether they are married,divorced,or single.
B)Online daters are most likely to lie about the number of children they have.
C)Online daters provide most accurate information about their height and weight.
D)Online daters are most accurate about whether they had children.
E)Online daters always include a photo of themselves in order to increase their odds of finding a match.

Question 40

Which of the following statements concerning the use of thermal imaging to detect deception is accurate?

A)Thermal imaging of faces only is useful for identifying truth-tellers.
B)Thermal imaging is no better than chance at identifying liars and truth-tellers.
C)Trained interviewers perform better than thermal imaging to detect deception.
D)Thermal imaging is highly effective at determining both liars and truth-tellers.
E)Thermal imaging often misidentifies truth-tellers as liars,but accurately detects liars.

Question 41

Most research on malingering uses a ___________ design.

A)known-groups
B)simulation
C)case study
D)cross-sequential
E)cross-sectional

Question 42

Which one of the following statements concerning deception detection is accurate?

A)Deception judgments depend more on the liar than the judge.
B)Professionals are consistently better than laypersons at detecting deception.
C)Relatives lying about killing their loved ones are more likely to smile than innocent suspects.
D)Judgments of truthfulness are dependent upon the personality of the judge.
E)Complex lies are associated with fewer cues to deception relative to simple lies.

Question 43

A patient who actually has schizophrenia denies his auditory hallucinations when questioned by doctors.This patient is likely exhibiting:

A)defensiveness
B)Munchausen syndrome by proxy
C)factitious disorder
D)somatoform disorder
E)malingering

Question 44

Which statement is true of the ethical aspects of research on malingering?

A)Studies on malingering most often provide negative incentives to participants.
B)Ethics boards have disallowed the use of deception by experimenters in the study of malingering.
C)While deception by experimenters has been used in research on malingering,the participants usually remain unmotivated by the made-up incentives.
D)Researchers must often balance ethical concerns with attempts to increase the internal validity of their study.
E)None of the above

Question 45

Research has found that feigning psychosis often was associated with diagnosis of what other mental disorder?

A)Obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)Hypochondriasis
C)Antisocial personality disorder
D)Borderline personality disorder
E)Bipolar depression

Question 46

The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms includes which of the following scales?

A)suggestibility
B)criminal motivation for offending
C)sudden emergence of psychotic symptoms
D)blatant symptoms
E)compliance symptoms

Question 47

Which malingering measure has been extensively validated using both simulation and known-group design studies?

A)Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C)M Test
D)F Scale Test
E)Symptom Validity Test

Question 48

Recommendations concerning training programs for improving deception detection abilities in professionals include:

A)Utilizing new techniques such as thermal imaging and voice stress analysis.
B)Teaching professionals how to elicit cues to deception in interviewing.
C)Focusing on teaching both deception cues and truthfulness cues to counteract lie biases in professional populations.
D)Instructing police officers to go "back to the basics" and rely on their gut instincts in determining truthfulness.
E)Focusing on behavioural cues to deception and debunking myths about verbal cues.

Question 49

Which of the following is an indicator of malingered psychosis?

A)report of blunted affect
B)reported ability to "make the voices go away"
C)reporting negative symptoms of psychosis
D)eagerness to discuss delusions
E)hallucinations in colour

Question 50

Which model postulates that offenders with antisocial personality disorder are more likely to malinger than other offenders?

A)criminological model
B)pathogenic model
C)adaptational model
D)antisocial personality model
E)DSM-5 model

Question 51

Dr.Parsons conducted a study comparing a group of individuals diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder to a group of individuals believed to be faking post-traumatic stress disorder in order to obtain worker's compensation.What type of study design is Dr.Parsons using to investigate malingering?

A)known-groups
B)simulation
C)case study
D)cross-sequential
E)cross-sectional

Question 52

What was the major conclusion drawn by Rosenham (1973)on the research involving the hospitalization of pseudo-patients?

A)All pseudo-patients were correctly identified by hospital staff.
B)None of the pseudo-patients were correctly identified by hospital staff.
C)About half the pseudo-patients were correctly identified by hospital staff.
D)Pseudo-patients came to internalize their symptoms to such an extent that their condition progressively worsened during their hospital stay.
E)None of the above

Question 53

What disorder consists of symptoms that are intentionally produced or falsified in the absence of obvious external rewards?

A)Munchausen syndrome
B)malingering disorder
C)factitious disorder
D)somatoform disorder
E)non-deceptive disorder

Question 54

What self-report questionnaire has been most widely utilized in studies of malingering by examining validity scales (i.e.,faking bad)?

A)Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
C)Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI-2)
D)Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM)
E)NEO Five Factor Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R)

Question 55

Which of the following is not a cue to malingered psychosis in criminal defendants?

A)hallucinations with delusions
B)understandable motive for committing crime
C)absence of subtle signs of psychosis
D)presence of a partner in the crime
E)visual hallucinations in black and white

Question 56

The incidence of malingering in the general population is:

A)less than 1%
B)about 5%
C)about 10%
D)about 20%
E)unknown

Question 57

Susan gives her infant son various medications to make him appear like he is suffering from an unknown illness,and takes him regularly to doctors and the emergency room to assess these fake symptoms.This is an example of what disorder of deception?

A)Munchausen syndrome by proxy
B)Malingering disorder
C)Factitious disorder
D)Somatoform disorder
E)Non-deceptive disorder

Question 58

Samson is believed to be faking symptoms of physical and psychological illnesses because he has another underlying mental disorder,obsessive compulsive disorder.Which model of malingering is most applicable to this example?

A)criminological model
B)pathogenic model
C)adaptational model
D)antisocial personality model
E)DSM-5 model

Question 59

According to research findings,the most probable explanation of malingering is captured by:

A)a pathogenic model
B)a criminological model
C)an adaptational model
D)an antisocial model
E)none of the above

Question 60

What is one of the key components to malingering?

A)Symptoms are not intentionality produced.
B)There are only internal motivations for the production of symptoms.
C)There are external motivations for the production of symptoms.
D)Symptoms are produced in order to assume the sick role.
E)There is an absence of external incentives.