Deck 13: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

Not all societies have gender roles.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Research evidence suggests that men's and women's roles in sexual interactions are becoming more distinct.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

There are no societies that recognize a third gender.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Acculturation is the process of letting go of values of one's heritage culture.

Question 5

Television viewing has not been shown to be related to gender roles.

Question 6

A contributing reason many women do not experience orgasm on a regular basis in marital coitus is due to their lack of a history of sexual behaviour,such as masturbation.

Question 7

Men and women differ in the manner they communicate in some ways,but it appears that men are changing in that they are approaching what women do in terms of the amount of self-disclosure believed to be necessary in a relationship.

Question 8

Androphilic MtFs are more convincing as females than are gynephilic MtFs.

Question 9

The double standard of sexuality is still responsible for a great deal of the sexual differences in sexual behaviour of women and men today.

Question 10

A person with gender dysphoria is one type of transgendered person.

Question 11

All people with gender dysphoria have long-standing and strong feelings of discomfort and distress regarding their biological sex.

Question 12

Erotica,in whatever form it is viewed,has a greater physiological effect on men than on women as can be seen in that erotica is produced more for men than for women.

Question 13

A gender role stereotype related to ethnic group is that Chinese Canadian males are more likely to be focused on personal achievement more than males in any other ethnic group.

Question 14

Video games such as Grand Theft Auto show extreme patterns of gender stereotyping.

Question 15

Scripts are cognitive frameworks for how people are expected to behave in social situations.

Question 16

The content of gender roles in the media is limited primarily to two genders and is rather rigid,absolute and stereotypic.

Question 17

In South Asian communities women are expected to be passive,submissive,and uninformed about sex.

Question 18

The average woman begins with body-centred sex and proceeds toward person-centred sex while it is just the reverse order for an average man.

Question 19

The difference in the responses of men and women to sexual arousal is due primarily,if not completely,to differences in their sexual physiology.

Question 20

In South Asian communities,respect for traditional values might lead to highly valuing arranged marriages,even for women living in Canada.

Question 21

At this point,we really do not know for sure what causes transsexualism.

Question 22

The transition to another gender by a transsexual who is going from male to female biologically is a rather simple and straightforward process involving primarily the physical change which is accomplished by the operation.

Question 23

In their studies of initiating sexual activity in dating and cohabiting couples,Byers and colleagues (1989;1992)found that

A)males in dating and long-term relationships are more likely to initiate sex than females.
B)males in dating and long-term relationships are equally as likely as females to initiate sex.
C)males in dating and long-term relationships are less likely to initiate sex than females.
D)females in dating and long-term relationships are more likely to refuse to have sex than males.

Question 24

Which of the following often describes the first thing we want to know about a baby?

A)race
B)religion
C)social class
D)gender

Question 25

________ is a set of norms,or culturally defined expectations,that define how people of one gender ought to behave.

A)A gender role
B)Gender identity
C)A stereotype
D)A schema

Question 26

A ________ is a set of culturally defined expectations that define how people of one gender ought to behave;a ________ is a generalization about a group of people (such as all persons of one gender)that distinguishes them from others.

A)stereotype;gender schema
B)gender schema;stereotype
C)stereotype;gender role
D)gender role;stereotype

Question 27

Why do adult men and women behave as gender roles say they should?

A)Gender identity transfer
B)Gender inculcation
C)Socialization
D)Normalization

Question 28

Ben believes that women are weaker than men and need men to take care of them-a stereotype he has held since youth.After befriending Julie,a self-made successful entrepreneur and CEO of an international corporation,Ben's beliefs

A)change to allow for some women to not need taking care of.
B)adjust to specify that women need taking care of outside of their occupation.
C)remain the same regarding women.
D)completely change;he now believes women are as capable as men.

Question 29

__________ are cognitive frameworks for how people are expected to behave in social situations.

A)Information constellations
B)Scripts
C)Knowledge structures
D)Schemas

Question 30

The increased availability of television in a town in British Columbia was associated with which of the following in children of that town?

A)increased promiscuity
B)increased incidence of homosexuality
C)an increase in gender-stereotyped attitudes
D)a decrease in testosterone levels

Question 31

When a female takes androgens,her voice deepens,a beard may develop,and the clitoris enlarges.

Question 32

According to cognitive theorists,which is NOT TRUE about our gender schema?

A)It influences how we process information.
B)It causes us to dichotomize information on the basis of gender.
C)It causes us to distort information that is stereotypically inconsistent.
D)Its influence is not affected by our own gender roles.

Question 33

Gender transitioning and transitioning are two terms that refer to the process of gender reassignment.

Question 34

In general,how have media portrayals of gender stereotypes changed over time?

A)There has been a trend toward much less stereotyping.
B)There has been little change.
C)There has been a trend toward much more stereotyped portrayals of gender roles.
D)There is much less stereotyping in magazines,but not other media forms.

Question 35

Gender stereotypes that are present in the mass media,particularly TV shows

A)have little effect on the beliefs and behaviour of children.
B)primarily affect young boys more than young girls.
C)primarily affect young girls rather than young boys.
D)have a significant effect upon the beliefs and behaviour of children.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an example of gender-role socialization?

A)characters on Sesame Street teaching boys and girls how to speak Spanish
B)a teacher calling on the boys in her class more than the girls
C)groups of 6-8-year-old girls playing Miss America dress-up
D)a father teasing his 3-year-old son for playing with dolls

Question 37

According to your textbook,which country now allows people to choose a third gender (X)on their passport instead of having to choose either male or female?

A)Austria
B)Australia
C)Spain
D)Switzerland

Question 38

The peer group can also have a big impact in socializing for gender roles.Which statement describes the outcome of an Ontario experiment with children in grades 3 to 6?

A)Boys preferred the exclusively masculine boys and girls preferred the exclusively feminine girls portrayed in stories.
B)Boys preferred boys portrayed in stories who behaved in traditionally feminine ways and girls preferred the girls who behaved in traditionally masculine ways.
C)Boys preferred girls portrayed in stories who behaved in traditionally masculine ways and girls preferred the boys who behaved in traditionally feminine ways.
D)Boys preferred the exclusively masculine boys and girls preferred girls portrayed in stories who behaved in traditionally masculine ways.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the traditional sexual script (TSS)for males in sexual situations?

A)Men are expected to let women take the lead after sexual activity starts.
B)Males with a lot of sexual experience are very attractive and masculine.
C)Males are responsible for both their and their female partner's sexual enjoyment.
D)Males are the initiators in sexual situations.

Question 40

Alex is a quiet,considerate,and pretty child.Alex is often told that she is pretty and knows that she is very quiet.Alex's mom is also quiet,pretty and considerate.As Alex gets older she meets more and more women who are also quiet and considerate.Using the concept of self-socialization,how is the match between Alex's characteristics and the characteristics of women in her life likely to influence Alex?

A)Alex is likely to react by becoming the opposite.
B)The match is likely to strengthen Alex's female gender identity.
C)Alex is already a girl so the match does little to influence her.
D)Alex is likely to become depressed because of dangerous combination of these characteristics.

Question 41

According to the authors of your text,which social processes seem to have resulted in increased male dominance among North American Aboriginal people?

A)Domination and assimilation
B)Acculturation and adaptation
C)Observation and synthesis
D)Assessment and behaviour modification

Question 42

In which of South Asian,Chinese,and English-speaking Caribbean cultures is it NOT ever permitted for men to engage in extra-marital sex?

A)Chinese
B)South Asian
C)English-speaking Caribbean
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 43

Which statement describes an outcome found by research in the Ethnocultural Communities Facing AIDS study regarding cross-cultural similarities in gender roles?

A)The roles and tasks of males and females in the family are identical.
B)Male and female children are given the same freedoms and restrictions with respect to dating and premarital sex.
C)Both males and females are expected to be equally active in sexual relationships.
D)Females are expected to be passive and to meet males' needs in sexual relationships.

Question 44

Which of the following have sex researchers found to consistently NOT be a gender differences in actual behaviour?

A)Ability to decode non-verbal behaviour.
B)Frequency of masturbation.
C)Physical response to erotic material.
D)Self-disclosure of personal information.

Question 45

In studies of sexuality,the largest difference in sexual behaviour between men and women exists in relationship to incidence of ___________,especially when the factor of age is considered.

A)sexual intercourse
B)oral-genital contact
C)anal intercourse
D)masturbation

Question 46

It appears that the two largest areas of gender differences in sexuality occur in the areas of ___________ and ___________,respectively.

A)masturbation;attitudes about casual sex
B)masturbation;marital sexuality
C)homosexuality;masturbation
D)attitudes about casual sex;oral-genital contact

Question 47

According to your text,in which of the following cultures are men NOT expected to participate in premarital sexual activity in order to become sexually experienced?

A)Chinese
B)South Asian
C)English-speaking Caribbean
D)Aboriginal Canadian

Question 48

Which of the following research findings DOES NOT support traditional gender-role stereotypes?

A)Women self-disclose more than men in dating relationships.
B)Ideally,men and women are equally expressive in sexual situations.
C)Women are better at reading non-verbal communication.
D)Men express more verbal aggression than women.

Question 49

Extramarital sexual activity by Chinese men may be considered acceptable,particularly in situations

A)in which the man works away from the geographical location of the home.
B)in which the woman has not obtained sufficient sexual experience to sexually satisfy her partner.
C)in which the man feels it necessary to obtain further sexual experience in order to sexually satisfy his partner.
D)of arranged marriage.

Question 50

In South Asian and Chinese families but NOT in English-speaking Caribbean families,women are expected to be

A)virgins
B)submissive to men
C)higher achievers than men
D)primary caregivers

Question 51

As a result of women's prescribed gender role in South Asian communities in Canada

A)women are very likely to express any dissatisfaction they have about their sexual relationship with their husband.
B)women are likely to visit male prostitutes during marriage.
C)women are not supposed to question the behaviour of their husband.
D)women are expected to chastise their husbands severely if they discover extramarital sexual activity.

Question 52

Research on male-female psychological differences indicates that males are

A)much more aggressive than females as children.
B)much more aggressive than females at all ages.
C)less likely to take risk than females.
D)less likely to interrupt than females.

Question 53

Which of the following is an aspect of the traditional sexual script and the underlying gender schema?

A)Women are "oversexed" and men are "undersexed."
B)High sexual experience enhances women's but decreases men's perceived status.
C)Men are expected to be "sexperts."
D)Women,because of their greater sexual interest,are supposed to be the initiators in sexual situations.

Question 54

In South Asian communities in Canada,females tend to be

A)given privileges or freedoms.
B)allowed to date.
C)expected to have extensive knowledge of sexual activity before marriage.
D)highly valued if their virginity remains intact.

Question 55

Before contact with Europeans,at least some Indigenous peoples in North America had relatively __________ gender roles when compared with European culture of the same period.

A)egalitarian
B)primitive
C)stereotyped
D)unequal

Question 56

Traditionally in English-speaking Caribbean communities in Canada,the man was expected to _________ and then woman was expected to __________

A)care for children;be the provider
B)care for the household;care for the children
C)be the provider;care for children and work outside the home
D)to place importance to his personal achievement;place importance on her personal achievement

Question 57

Both having __________ and _________ are considered important aspects of the female role and indicators of success for women in English-speaking Caribbean communities in Canada.

A)a job;a car
B)a male partner;a child
C)a male partner;a job
D)a child;a career

Question 58

In most Chinese families,the __________ is considered the head of the household and the __________ is the primary caregiver.

A)eldest female;youngest female
B)man;woman
C)woman;man
D)man;hired servant

Question 59

Which term has NOT been used by Indigenous peoples to describe independent,aggressive women who expressed masculine traits and participated in male-stereotyped activities?

A)Warrior woman
B)Two-Spirit
C)Manly hearted woman
D)Berdache

Question 60

In traditional Indigenous culture,the marriage of a man to a Two-Spirit male would be considered

A)a homosexual marriage
B)a transsexual marriage
C)a transvestite marriage
D)a marriage by two people of different genders

Question 61

Female students who were told their truthfulness was being analyzed by a polygraph (a bogus-pipeline)reported _______ sex partners than their male counterparts.

A)many more
B)slightly more
C)many less
D)a less accurate number of

Question 62

Which of the following is true regarding orgasms?

A)Men are more consistent than women at having orgasms during sex.
B)Women are more likely to have an orgasm during masturbation than men.
C)Women are more likely than men to have an orgasm with a partner they have had sex with previously.
D)Females have more frequent,but less intense,orgasms than men.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a research finding that supports the statement,"men have a stronger sex drive compared to women"?

A)Men want more sex partners than do women.
B)Men have a greater variety of sexual fantasies than do women.
C)Men think about sex more often than do women.
D)Women want greater frequency of intercourse than do men.

Question 64

Heiman found a high correlation between self-reports and physiological measures of arousal in women when

A)women had been told to pay attention to changes that occurred in their bodies as they viewed erotica.
B)women engaged in sexual intercourse in the laboratory.
C)women masturbated in the laboratory.
D)women read erotica.

Question 65

Women have about __________ the level of testosterone in their blood that men do.

A)one-tenth
B)one-third
C)half
D)one-fifth

Question 66

In the Canada Youth Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Study,32 percent of grade 11 girls agreed that it was all right to have casual sex,while the percentage was _____ for grade 11 boys.

A)26
B)66
C)46
D)86

Question 67

The hormonal explanation of gender differences in sexuality rests on the findings that __________ is related to sexual behaviour.

A)dopamine
B)testosterone
C)estrogen
D)adrenaline

Question 68

Teaching girls more about their sexual organs,genitals,the clitoris in particular and encouraging them to masturbate would decrease gender differences in sexuality IF

A)women masturbating at a later age than men is the reason for gender differences.
B)visibility of sexual anatomy is the reason for gender differences.
C)culture is the reason for gender differences.
D)hormones are the reason for gender differences.

Question 69

The response to specific erotic material featuring explicit heterosexual sex that was initiated by the female was found to be most arousing to

A)females
B)males
C)both females and males
D)older males

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of category specificity in sexual arousal?

A)A heterosexual man is aroused by a scene of two men engaged in intimate sexual activity.
B)A lesbian woman is physiologically aroused by an image of a woman giving oral sex to a man.
C)A gay man is subjectively aroused by an image of two men grinding on a dance floor.
D)A heterosexual woman is turned on by lesbian sex.

Question 71

A photoplethysmograph refers to

A)a "peter meter."
B)a cylinder placed in the vagina to measure physiological sexual arousal.
C)an instrument used to measure an erection.
D)a camera used in sex research because of its unique ability to capture images in the dark.

Question 72

Researchers have used fMRI brain scans to examine gender differences in response to erotic materials.What did the results indicate?

A)The brain region that fire mostly in the limbic system,are different in women and men.
B)The brain region that fires mostly in the limbic system are the same in women and men.
C)The brain region that fire,mostly in the hypothalamus,are different in women and men.
D)The brain regions that fire mostly in the hypothalamus are the same in women and men.

Question 73

It appears that there are almost no differences by gender in

A)incidence of masturbation.
B)attitudes about casual sex.
C)arousal to erotica (viewing erotic scenes).
D)anxiety and guilt about sex.

Question 74

Although men and women do NOT differ greatly in their arousal to erotica,what did researchers consistently find?

A)More women read erotica than do men.
B)Men are more likely to use porn than are women.
C)Men are more likely to enjoy porn than are women.
D)Most women are ashamed of their arousal from erotica.

Question 75

When it comes to attitudes toward casual sex,the belief that emotional involvement in a relationship is a prerequisite for participating in sexual intercourse is

A)demonstrated in women's attitudes more than in men's attitudes.
B)true for men more than for women.
C)equally demonstrated in men's and women's attitudes.
D)demonstrated more in people not using contraception as compared to those using contraception.

Question 76

Researchers have found that men and women are equally aroused by erotic stimuli.However,they have also found that

A)men and women do not demonstrate category specificity in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.
B)men are category specific but women are not in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.
C)women are category specific but men are not in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.
D)men and women both demonstrate category specificity in their physiological arousal to sexual stimuli.

Question 77

The best explanation given for why women are likely to misjudge their erotic arousal about half the time is that this is due to

A)hormones,especially the lack of testosterone.
B)the internal location of much of their sexual anatomy.
C)cultural factors which teach women not to cue in to their own bodies.
D)their inherent lack of interest in sex.

Question 78

How is physiological arousal measured (in laboratory research)in the male?

A)Photoplethysmograph
B)Photometer
C)Penile loop
D)Penile strain gauge

Question 79

A study using the bogus-pipeline method,anonymous reporting,and the threat of peer exposure regarding the number of sexual partners a person had,found which of the following?

A)Males significantly exaggerated their reported number of sex partners if they thought others would find out the information.
B)Females significantly under-reported the number of partners under threat of exposure and over-reported the number of partners in the polygraph condition.
C)Females significantly under-reported the number of partners in both the anonymous and exposure condition,but reported a number similar to that of males in the polygraph condition.
D)Males significantly over-reported the number of partners they had in the exposure and polygraph condition,but were accurate in the anonymous condition.

Question 80

One of the stereotypes that exists is that men and women differ in their motives for having sex.Men-at least according to the stereotype-are more interested in the physical aspects of sex and women are thought to be most interested in the love and romance aspects of sex.This stereotype

A)is basically false because men and women have similar reasons for having sex across the board.
B)is partly true because men are more likely to have physical reasons for having sex than women but men and women are similar on their love and romance reasons.
C)has not been substantiated to be either true or false because it is basically not empirically testable.
D)is wishful thinking on the part of males who are generally unaware of what women think.