Deck 8: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

High-fat foods stimulate the appetite mostly because they ____.

A)are satiating
B)are flavorful
C)suppress salivary gland secretion
D)trigger the release of oxyntomodulin
E)increase secretion of endorphins

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which statement describes an association between energy measurement and foods?

A)Indirect calorimetry cannot be used to determine the energy value of alcohol.
B)A bomb calorimeter measures the amount of oxygen released when a food is oxidized.
C)Direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry of the same food rarely give similar values.
D)The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry.
E)In general, the fuel value of protein foods will exceed their energy value as measured by bomb calorimetry.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food?

A)The increase in heat given off when the food is burned
B)Quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned
C)Quantity of carbon dioxide consumed when the food is burned
D)The increase in heat retained by the food when it is slowly brought to 100° C
E)The decrease in ambient temperature when the food is chilled to 0° C

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for ____.

A)fat
B)salt
C)protein
D)carbohydrate
E)water

Question 5

When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is fat?

A)1 lb
B)2.5 lbs
C)5 lbs
D)7.5 lbs
E)9 lbs

Question 6

Which statement correctly identifies a specific food intake behavior?

A)A physiological need to eat is called satiety
B)A pleasurable desire for food is called hunger
C)An intense feeling of hunger is called insatiable nervosa
D)A desire to eat without feelings of hunger is called appetite
E)A desire to eat excessive amounts is called negative satiety

Question 7

Which hormone is most responsible for signaling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a meal?

A)Gastrin
B)Adipokines
C)Neuropeptide Y
D)Cholecystokinin
E)Secretin

Question 8

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?

A)30 minutes
B)1.5 hours
C)4 hours
D)8 hours
E)12 hours

Question 9

What is the most satiating macronutrient?

A)Fat
B)Water
C)Protein
D)Carbohydrate
E)Foods high in carbohydrates and fat

Question 10

The desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake after consuming a very large meal best illustrates which state?

A)satiety
B)hunger
C)appetite
D)depression
E)bulimia

Question 11

Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her basal metabolic rate?

A)She is mildly malnourished.
B)She sleeps through the procedure.
C)She is wearing shorts and a tank top.
D)She has eaten right before the measurement is performed.
E)She is morbidly obese.

Question 12

The amount of energy that the body derives from foods is known as the ____.

A)basal metabolism
B)food combustion value
C)bomb calorimetry value
D)physiological fuel value
E)basal caloric value

Question 13

Which process best describes thermogenesis?

A)Burning of fat
B)Synthesis of fat
C)Generation of heat
D)Generation of water
E)Release of oxygen

Question 14

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are feeling hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which food would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?

A)Turkey
B)Pecan pie
C)Mashed potatoes
D)Noodle casserole
E)Whole berry cranberry relish

Question 15

Among the following, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger?

A)Apples
B)French fries
C)Doughnuts
D)Potato chips
E)Cookies

Question 16

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?

A)0.5 lb
B)2 lbs
C)3 lbs
D)4 lbs
E)8 lbs

Question 17

Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass?

A)10%
B)20%
C)35%
D)50%
E)75%

Question 18

What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods?

A)Energy chamber
B)Exothermic meter
C)Bomb calorimeter
D)Combustion chamber
E)Energy spectrometer

Question 19

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?

A)About 1/10
B)About 1/3
C)About ½
D)About 2/3
E)Over 9/10

Question 20

In an adult who gains 20 pounds of excess body weight, about how much of this is lean tissue?

A)1 lb
B)2 lbs
C)5 lbs
D)10 lbs
E)15 lbs

Question 21

Which measurement may be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by the body?

A)Oxygen consumed
B)Total air exchanged
C)Intestinal gas expelled
D)Carbon dioxide consumed
E)Carbon dioxide exchange rate

Question 22

What is the primary reason for not including the value for adaptive thermogenesis when calculating energy requirements?

A)It is too costly to measure
B)It is too variable to measure
C)The value is too low to be meaningful
D)The value is highly influenced by the dietary ratio of protein, fat, and carbohydrate
E)It has no significant impact on energy requirements.

Question 23

If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has ____.

A)more body fat
B)stronger bones
C)stronger muscles
D)more muscle mass
E)denser bones

Question 24

Which measurements are all used to compute a woman's BMR?

A)Body fat, height, and age
B)Body weight, height, and age
C)Physical activity level, body weight, and height
D)Energy intake, physical activity level, and body weight
E)Age, weight, and estimated skeletal mass

Question 25

A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below ____.

A)12
B)14
C)17
D)18.5
E)20

Question 26

The weight of a body minus the fat content is known as the ____.

A)cherubic index
B)lean body mass
C)body mass index
D)ideal body weight
E)lean weight

Question 27

Which diet promotes the greatest loss of body heat?

A)High fat and low protein
B)High protein and low fat
C)High carbohydrate and low fat
D)Balanced protein, fat, and carbohydrate
E)High protein and high carbohydrate

Question 28

To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which factor is used in the calculation?

A)Weight
B)Fat intake
C)Surface area
D)Fatfold thickness
E)Bone density

Question 29

What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet?

A)25 kcal
B)250 kcal
C)400 kcal
D)500 kcal
E)1250 kcal

Question 30

What method is used to measure the amount of heat given off by the body?

A)Bomb calorimetry
B)Basal calorimetry
C)Direct calorimetry
D)Indirect calorimetry
E)Computational calorimetry

Question 31

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

A)Males are usually taller than females
B)Females have lower levels of thyroid hormones
C)Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass
D)Females have a lower percentage of adipose tissue
E)Reproductive hormones increase the basal metabolic rates of females.

Question 32

For every decade after early adulthood, what is the percentage decrease in BMR?

A)2%
B)5%
C)10%
D)15%
E)20%

Question 33

What is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)Fever decreases the BMR.
B)Fasting increases the BMR.
C)Pregnancy increases the BMR.
D)Females have a higher BMR than males on a body weight basis.
E)Strength training decreases BMR while endurance training increases it.

Question 34

You are planning a diet for a hospitalized patient who cannot participate in physical activity because both of his legs are broken and he will be bedridden for six weeks. Which measurement would best assess the patient's energy expenditure?

A)Body composition
B)Basal metabolic rate
C)Physical activity level
D)Adaptive thermogenesis
E)Usual caloric intake

Question 35

An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called ____.

A)body mass index
B)height to weight index
C)ideal body weight index
D)desirable body weight index
E)weight to height ratio

Question 36

What term describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg?

A)Febrile hyperthermia
B)Physical hyperthermia
C)Specific thermogenesis
D)Adaptive thermogenesis
E)Stress hyperthermia

Question 37

What is the approximate daily basal metabolism of a 110-pound woman?

A)500 kcal
B)1000 kcal
C)1500 kcal
D)2000 kcal
E)2500 kcal

Question 38

Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate?

A)Females
B)Older individuals
C)Younger individuals
D)People with smaller surface areas
E)Sedentary people

Question 39

What is a significant factor associated with the interpretation of body composition values?

A)The values include fat and protein but not water.
B)Sedentary, normal-weight people are rarely over-fat.
C)Muscular people may be classified as overweight.
D)Body composition can be accurately assessed by measuring body weight.
E)In middle-aged people, body composition is unrelated to morbidity and mortality.

Question 40

Which factor has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate?

A)Age
B)Gender
C)Amount of fat tissue
D)Amount of lean body tissue
E)Usual diet

Question 41

Which statement is true of body mass index?

A)It correlates with disease risks.
B)It decreases by 1 unit for every 10 years of life.
C)It provides an estimate of the fat level of the body.
D)It is defined as the person's height divided by the square of the weight.
E)Its absolute value is less important than the rate at which it changes.

Question 42

What is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?

A)It is more common in women than men.
B)It has been proven to be a poorer indicator of degenerative diseases than the BMI.
C)Some (but not all) research suggests that it is more harmful than fat in other locations.
D)It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes in men but not in women.
E)It bears very little relationship to heart disease or diabetes but is importantly associated with certain cancers.

Question 43

To assess body composition, health-care professionals most often use BMI and ____.

A)skinfold thickness
B)hydrodensitometry
C)waist circumference
D)bioelectric impedence
E)percentage of body fat

Question 44

A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed ____.

A)24 inches
B)28 inches
C)35 inches
D)42 inches
E)48 inches

Question 45

Which measurement can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?

A)BMI
B)Essential body fat
C)Hydrodensitometry
D)Waist circumference
E)Adaptive thermogenesis efficiency

Question 46

What is the approximate body mass index of a woman who is 5'5" and 125 lbs?

A)21
B)26
C)31
D)36
E)40

Question 47

_____ is second only to _____ in causing premature deaths.

A)Underweight; obesity
B)Tobacco; underweight
C)Tobacco; obesity
D)Obesity; tobacco
E)Alcohol; obesity

Question 48

Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the ____.

A)stomach
B)arms and chest
C)hips and thighs
D)neck
E)shoulders

Question 49

Visceral fat is stored chiefly ____.

A)around the thighs and neck
B)within the liver and spleen
C)around the abdominal organs
D)within subcutaneous adipocytes
E)in shallow deposits above muscles

Question 50

What is a common method used to assess body fat?

A)Impedence densitometry
B)Radioactive sodium count
C)Bioelectric absorptiometry
D)Air displacement plethysmography
E)DXA scan

Question 51

Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5'5" tall and weighs 165 lbs. She calculated her BMI to be 27.5. She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much weight (lbs) must she lose?

A)21
B)27
C)33
D)41
E)52

Question 52

A graph of the relationship between mortality (Y or vertical axis) and body mass index is shaped like a(n) ____.

A)J
B)S
C)backslash
D)inverted U
E)U

Question 53

There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man's waist circumference begins to exceed ____.

A)40 inches
B)45.5 inches
C)50 inches
D)52.5 inches
E)57.5 inches

Question 54

What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight men 20-39 years of age?

A)5-10%
B)18-21%
C)22-30%
D)32-40%
E)41-47%

Question 55

Which of the following defines central obesity?

A)Accumulation of fat during the mid-years of life
B)Storage of excess fat around the trunk of the body
C)Over-fatness due to a large number of interacting behavioral problems
D)Over-fatness due to reliance on high-fat foods as a central part of the diet
E)Obesity determined primarily by genetic factors and only slightly by diet and exercise

Question 56

Within what range would a young women with 30% body fat and young men with 20% body fat be found?

A)Obese
B)Average
C)Mildly overweight
D)Slightly underweight
E)Morbidly obese

Question 57

What is the ideal range of body fat content for women between 20 and 39 years of age?

A)15-17%
B)18-21%
C)23-26%
D)28-32%
E)33-37%

Question 58

According to much research, what is a characteristic of excess body fat that is distributed primarily around the abdomen?

A)It is related directly to exercise.
B)Its presence lowers the risk for diabetes.
C)It is less common in women past menopause.
D)It is associated with increased mortality for both sexes.
E)It is related to cancer but not heart disease risk.

Question 59

According to much research, in what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease?

A)Neck
B)Abdomen
C)Hips and thighs
D)Arms and shoulders
E)Legs and feet

Question 60

Why does use of the BMI overestimate the prevalence of obesity in the African-American population?

A)Blacks have a higher average height than whites.
B)Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites.
C)Blacks tend to have different proportions of brown and white adipose tissue than whites.
D)The fat pads in blacks are situated primarily around the hips, whereas in whites the pads are primarily abdominal.
E)Blacks have both lower average height and higher average weight than whites.

Question 61

An individual with a BMI of less than ____________________ is said to be underweight.

Question 62

An individual with a BMI of ____________________ or more is said to be obese.

Question 63

What is an emetic?

A)An appetite suppressant
B)An inhibitor of intestinal lipase
C)A substance that induces vomiting
D)An over-the-counter weight loss product
E)A stimulant laxative

Question 64

____________________ refers to adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status.

Question 65

____________________ refers to the energy (kcalories) consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activities.

Question 66

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

A)Female athlete triad
B)Triathlete medical disorder
C)High stress tertiary disorder
D)Nonadaptable training syndrome
E)Athletic hormonal disruption

Question 67

The number of kcalories that the body derives from a food is termed its ____________________.

Question 68

What is the most common eating disorder in both males and females?

A)Athlete triad
B)Bulimia nervosa
C)Anorexia nervosa
D)Binge-eating disorder
E)Carbohydrate addiction

Question 69

A cathartic is a ____.

A)strong laxative
B)drug that induces vomiting
C)device to measure skinfold thickness
D)device to measure the amount of intra-abdominal fat
E)drug that decreases the urge to vomit

Question 70

The first dietary objective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is to ____.

A)stop further weight loss
B)increase physical activity
C)decrease physical activity
D)eat foods with higher fiber content
E)decrease fat intake

Question 71

What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?

A)Binge eating usually occurs during the daytime.
B)Binge eating is frequently done at restaurant buffets.
C)Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting.
D)A binge eating episode is usually completed within 20 minutes.
E)Young women are particularly likely to have "binge buddies" with whom they binge.

Question 72

The nerve signals and chemical messengers associated with hunger originate and act primarily in the brain structure called the ____________________.

Question 73

What is a consequence of losing excess body weight?

A)It reverses atherosclerosis.
B)It lowers HDL-cholesterol.
C)It increases insulin resistance.
D)It raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue.
E)It increases triglycerides.

Question 74

About ____________________ of the energy the average person expends in a day supports the body's basal metabolism.

Question 75

As receptors in the stomach stretch and hormones such as cholecystokinin become active and prompt a person to stop eating, the person experiences ____________________.

Question 76

After a meal, the feeling of ____________________ continues to suppress hunger and allows a person to not eat again for a while.

Question 77

What term best describes a failure of the body's cells to respond to secretion of insulin?

A)Central obesity
B)Insulin resistance
C)Thyroid insufficiency
D)Hypothalamic impedance
E)Islet cell pathology

Question 78

What best explains the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female reproductive system?

A)Obese women are more sedentary, which promotes cancer development.
B)The higher levels of body fat act as a reservoir of carcinogenic substances.
C)Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development.
D)The greater food consumption of obese women provides a higher intake of naturally-occurring carcinogens.
E)Obese women have impaired immune function which decreases their ability to deal with cancer-causing viruses.

Question 79

The major cause of insulin resistance is related to ____.

A)low-protein diets
B)high-protein diets
C)excess body weight
D)prolonged excess carbohydrate intake
E)very low fat diets

Question 80

____________________ is an estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store ingested nutrients);