Deck 9: Memory

Question 1

Research using the mismatch field (MMF), which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN), has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about

A)10 milliseconds.
B)100 milliseconds.
C)1 second.
D)10 seconds.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She

A)has trouble remembering events that occurred before the injury.
B)cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.
C)has equal difficulty remembering events that occurred before and after her injury.
D)has normal long-term memory but impaired working memory.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

________ is the process of acquiring new information, whereas ________ is the trace that results from this process and can be revealed at a later time.

A)Recall; recognition
B)Recognition; recall
C)Learning; memory
D)Memory; learning

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from

A)sensory memory.
B)working memory.
C)both sensory and working memory.
D)neither sensory nor working memory.

Question 5

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are known collectively as

A)aphasia.
B)agnosia.
C)anomia.
D)amnesia.

Question 6

You diagnose two different patients, each with a form of dementia. Patient 1 has a neurogenerative disease; Patient 2 does NOT have a neurogenerative disease. Which of the following summarizes the two patient reports?

A)Patient 1: Rare form of dementia, prognosis: partial recovery likely. Patient 2: common form of dementia, prognosis: progressive, recovery unlikely.
B)Patient 1: vascular dementia, areas affected: frontal and parietal lobes. Patient 2: frontotemporal lobar dementia, areas affected: parietal and occipital lobes.
C)Patient 1: frontotemporal lobar dementia, areas affected: medial temporal lobes. Patient 2: Alzheimer's disease, areas affected: frontal lobes.
D)Patient 1: Alzheimer's disease, areas affected: medial temporal lobes. Patient 2: frontotemporal lobar dementia, areas affected: frontal lobes.

Question 7

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of

A)anterograde aphasia.
B)retrograde aphasia.
C)anterograde amnesia.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Question 8

Decreased oxygenation and cell death is to ____________ as beta-amyloid proteins negatively affecting synapse formation and neuroplasticity is to ____________.

A)amnesia; anomia
B)anomia; amnesia
C)vascular dementia; Alzheimer's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease; vascular dementia

Question 9

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems, such as trouble remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?

A)the left medial temporal lobe
B)the right medial temporal lobe
C)the left perisylvian cortex
D)the right perisylvian cortex

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff's syndrome)?

A)They forget their dates of birth.
B)They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury.
C)They remember meeting new people after the injury.
D)They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects.

Question 11

________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored.

A)Retrieval
B)Recall
C)Encoding
D)Explicit memory

Question 12

Which of the following would be the most difficult for the famous patient H.M. and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?

A)reading a string of numbers written on a piece of paper
B)remembering a series of seven numbers for 20 seconds
C)learning the words for numbers in a foreign language
D)improving in the ability to write numbers with the nondominant hand

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?

A)cingulate
B)entorhinal
C)parahippocampal
D)perirhinal

Question 14

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?

A)the hypothalamus
B)the colliculus
C)the hippocampus
D)the caudate

Question 15

George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.

A)three
B)five
C)seven
D)nine

Question 16

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that

A)the removal of either the right or the left medial temporal lobe results in profound amnesia.
B)greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the left medial temporal lobe.
C)greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the right medial temporal lobe.
D)profound amnesia is associated only with bilateral medial temporal lobe removal.

Question 17

The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results?

A)H.M. has a deficit limited to explicit memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to implicit memory.
B)H.M. has a deficit limited to long-term memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to short-term memory.
C)H.M. has anterograde amnesia, whereas K.F. and E.E. have retrograde amnesia.
D)H.M. has an injury to the medial temporal lobes, whereas K.F. and E.E. have injuries to the lateral temporal lobes.

Question 18

The result of acquisition and consolidation is to the process involved in accessing memory traces as __________ is to __________.

A)memory; storage
B)merging; retrieval
C)retrieval; storage
D)storage; retrieval

Question 19

The encoding of information to be stored involves two stages: ________, in which inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages are registered, and then ________, in which a stronger representation for storage is created.

A)consolidation; storage
B)storage; retrieval
C)retrieval; acquisition
D)acquisition; consolidation

Question 20

Organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units can increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory. This strategy is called

A)the recency effect.
B)encoding.
C)the serial position effect.
D)chunking.

Question 21

Patient H.M. is to the ________ as patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are to the ________.

A)medial temporal lobes; cerebellum
B)cerebellum; diencephalon
C)diencephalon; medial temporal lobes
D)medial temporal lobes; diencephalon

Question 22

One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory) code rather than a semantic (meaning-based) code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall, performance is ______ when the list contains items that are similar in _______.

A)worse; meaning
B)better; meaning
C)worse; sound
D)better; sound

Question 23

In the delayed nonmatching to sample task, animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward. When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object, the animal

A)must select the old object again to receive a food reward.
B)must select the new item to receive a food reward.
C)must select first the old item, then the new item, to receive a food reward.
D)must select first the new item, then the old item, to receive a food reward.

Question 24

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her ________ memory is accurate, but her ________ memory is incomplete.

A)semantic; episodic
B)nonassociative; semantic
C)episodic; implicit
D)explicit; implicit

Question 25

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because

A)most skills and habits acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.
B)only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
C)only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
D)most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.

Question 26

Visual sensory memory is to ________ as auditory sensory memory is to ________.

A)iconic memory; echoic memory
B)partial report; whole report
C)echoic memory; iconic memory
D)whole report; partial report

Question 27

Of the following choices, damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory.

A)parietal-occipital cortex
B)medial temporal lobe
C)hippocampus
D)perisylvian region

Question 28

Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that

A)one can access consciously.
B)one cannot access consciously.
C)is a form of sensory memory.
D)is a form of short-term memory.

Question 29

You learn of an experiment conducted in 1942 by a researcher named Malmo. Malmo discovered that monkeys with certain lesions were impaired in a delayed-response task, but not when the lights were turned off. Malmo hypothesized that switching off the lights removed potential interference. Which of the following theories incorporates this kind of short-term interference?

A)the phonological loop
B)Hebbian learning
C)procedural memory
D)the modal model of memory

Question 30

Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE?

A)At any moment, there is more information in sensory memory than in short-term memory.
B)Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory.
C)Sensory memory has a shorter duration than short-term memory.
D)Long-term memory has a longer duration than sensory memory.

Question 31

The term ________ refers to a limited-capacity store that not only retains information over the short-term (maintenance) but also permits the performance of mental operations with the contents of this store (manipulation).

A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)long-term memory

Question 32

________ memory does NOT affect behavior consciously.

A)Nondeclarative
B)Declarative
C)Episodic
D)Explicit

Question 33

Two weeks ago, you saw a patient who was suffering from amnesia, and the amnesia appeared to be related to the vertebrobasilar artery system. Currently, the patient's memory seems to have returned to normal. Which of the following people is most likely to be the patient described?

A)A 35-year-old professional football player who has been regularly exposed to head trauma over a number of years.
B)A 42-year-old woman who recently lost a child and is severely depressed.
C)A 67-year-old woman who has recently suffered a stroke.
D)A 59-year-old grocery store owner who works long hours and is struggling financially.

Question 34

One property of the central executive mechanism proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is that it

A)controls the phonological loop but not the visuospatial sketch pad.
B)is not linked to a single modality.
C)operates primarily over visual information.
D)operates primarily over auditory information.

Question 35

One major difference between the visual icon and the auditory echo is that the

A)visual icon is a sensory memory representation, whereas the auditory echo is a short-term memory representation.
B)auditory echo lasts longer than the visual icon.
C)visual icon is a type of explicit memory, but the auditory echo is a type of implicit memory.
D)auditory echo involves conscious recollection, whereas the visual icon does not.

Question 36

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of ________ memory.

A)priming
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)nondeclarative

Question 37

The component that is responsible for acoustically coding information in working memory is the

A)visuospatial sketchpad.
B)central executive.
C)phonological loop.
D)subvocal loop.

Question 38

Following a case of encephalitis, a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes, but his medial temporal structures are intact. Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?

A)The person has isolated anterograde amnesia.
B)The person has isolated retrograde amnesia.
C)The person has Korsakoff's syndrome.
D)The person has a specific deficit of implicit memory.

Question 39

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) modal model of memory?

A)short-term storage → long-term storage → sensory memory
B)short-term storage → sensory memory → long-term storage
C)sensory memory → short-term storage → long-term storage
D)sensory memory → long-term storage → short-term storage

Question 40

Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.

A)priming; episodic memory
B)conditioning; priming
C)episodic memory; semantic memory
D)procedural learning; nondeclarative learning

Question 41

Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as

A)temporary.
B)permanent.
C)flexible.
D)rigid.

Question 42

People with amnesia often show preserved implicit learning and nondeclarative memory.

Question 43

Semantic memory is a kind of declarative memory that concerns events we recall from our own lives.

Question 44

Herpes simplex encephalitis shares which characteristic with semantic dementia?

A)a similar prevalence rate
B)potential damage to the anterior temporal lobe
C)viral transmission
D)hippocampal atrophy

Question 45

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model, information can be lost by both decay and interference at each stage.

Question 46

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that

A)memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres.
B)encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.
C)implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere, whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere.
D)working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere.

Question 47

Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter ________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors.

A)GABA
B)norepinephrine
C)serotonin
D)glutamate

Question 48

Hebbian learning occurs when

A)a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
B)a synapse is weakened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
C)short-term memories represented in the hippocampus are consolidated to the cortex.
D)short-term memories represented in the cortex are consolidated to the hippocampus.

Question 49

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from ________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.

A)acquisition; consolidation
B)consolidation; acquisition
C)recollection; familiarity
D)familiarity; recollection

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain?

A)NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP.
B)NMDA receptors block LTP in the brain unless magnesium ions are present.
C)NMDA receptors are depolarized by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
D)NMDA receptors create LTP by transporting magnesium ions from outside the cell into the cell.

Question 51

Patient H.M. had severe retrograde amnesia.

Question 52

Which of the following best describes a component of the multiple trace theory?

A)The hippocampus plays a temporary role in the consolidation of long-term memories.
B)Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval.
C)Short-term memory stores rely solely on the neocortex.
D)Semantic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval.

Question 53

Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to

A)procedural memory.
B)relational memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 54

Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus typically do not have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks such as the digit span.

Question 55

Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A)The amount of LTP would increase.
B)The amount of LTP would decrease.
C)The amount of LTP would not change.
D)The amount of LTP would first decrease, then increase.

Question 56

When individuals encode information that relates to themselves, which of following regions is particularly likely to be active?

A)occipital lobe
B)amygdala
C)retrosplenial cortex
D)parahippocampal cortex

Question 57

After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?

A)the medial temporal lobes
B)the anterior temporal lobes
C)the superior parietal lobes
D)the dorsolateral frontal lobes

Question 58

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active

A)for items that are correctly recollected as old items.
B)for items that are incorrectly recollected as old items.
C)for items that are correctly rejected as new items.
D)for items that are incorrectly rejected as new items.

Question 59

Greater activity in the frontal and parietal portions of the retrieval network is to __________ as greater activity in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas is to __________.

A)false memories; true memories
B)true memories; false memories
C)encoding; decoding
D)decoding; encoding

Question 60

Consider the binding-of-items-and-contexts (BIC) model. The perirhinal cortex is to the parahippocampal cortex as __________ is to __________.

A)retrieval; relational memory
B)relational memory; retrieval
C)who and what; when and where
D)when and where; who and what

Question 61

Design an experiment to test the standard consolidation versus multiple-trace theories of consolidation. Describe the results you would expect from each theory.

Question 62

Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with alcoholism.

Question 63

Describe the Baddeley-Hitch model of working memory. In your answer, provide the names and descriptions for the three major components of the model, along with their likely neurological correlates.

Question 64

Define each of the three major stages of learning.

Question 65

Describe the phenomenon of LTP. How does blocking LTP affect memory?

Question 66

What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? Give examples of the kinds of memories that would (and would not) be impaired with each condition.

Question 67

Describe the subsequent-memory paradigm, used by Charan Ranganath and others. Explain how it has been used with neuroimaging to understand the specific involvement of brain regions in memory.

Question 68

One of the most well-known neuropsychological case studies is the person known as patient H.M. Describe the region of the brain that was damaged in H.M. and the resulting neuropsychological deficits and dissociations for which his case is known.

Question 69

Most forms of classical conditioning can be considered declarative memory.

Question 70

Describe the BIC model. Describe an experiment that supports the model.

Question 71

Imagine that B.T. and G.J. move abroad and then marry. Between moving and marrying, B.T. receives damage to his hippocampus and G.J. receives damage to her anterior temporal lobes. What might B.T. and G.J. each remember and not remember about moving and getting married? As you list each memory, include whether it is episodic or semantic. How does Ribot's law impact your answer?

Question 72

Your textbook describes several different proposed distinctions in memory, including short-term and long-term, declarative and nondeclarative, and episodic and semantic. How do these different terms interrelate? What evidence supports these distinctions?

Question 73

Lesions to the hippocampus typically do not result in profound memory problems unless the lesions also encompass the amygdala.

Question 74

During memory retrieval, cortical regions that were important during encoding are reactivated.

Question 75

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most associated with long-term potentiation.