Deck 24: Control of Infectious Diseases

Question 1

The mode of action of β-lactam antibiotics in bacteria is directed against:

A)cell membrane synthesis.
B)peptidoglycan synthesis.
C)protein synthesis.
D)transcription.
E)DNA replication.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target nucleic acid synthesis?

A)sulfonamides
B)quinolones
C)tetracylcines
D)rifamycins
E)trimethoprim

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The mode of action of sulfa drugs is to inhibit …

A)peptidoglycan synthesis.
B)folic acid biosynthesis.
C)transcription.
D)tryptophan biosynthesis.
E)protein synthesis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

β-lactam antibiotics bind to proteins located within the cell wall known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).The enzymatic action of PBPs is to function as a(a)…

A)ATP kinase.
B)dehydrogenase.
C)transpeptidase.
D)hydrolase.
E)isomerase.

Question 5

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target DNA synthesis?

A)nalidixic acid
B)quinolones
C)oxolinic acid
D)rifamycins
E)ciproflaxin

Question 6

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target peptidoglycan synthesis?

A)penicillin
B)quinolones
C)ampicillin
D)vancomycin
E)cephalosporin

Question 7

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target the 50S ribosomal subunit activities?

A)sulfonamides
B)chloramphenicol
C)erythromycin
D)carbomycin
E)spectinomycin

Question 8

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target protein synthesis?

A)aminoglycosides
B)macrolides
C)tetracylcines
D)rifamycins
E)chloramphenicols

Question 9

Acyclovir is a commonly used anti-herpes drug.It is a structural analog of dideoxyguanine.You would expect this drug to interfere with …

A)viral capsid assembly.
B)viral RNA replication.
C)viral DNA replication.
D)transcription of viral DNA.
E)retroviral replication

Question 10

Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derivative of penicillin G.Ampicillin is acid-resistant,whereas penicillin G is not resistant to acid.Why is this important?

A)Ampicillin is resistant to β-lactamases.
B)Ampicillin can be taken orally.
C)Ampicillin is effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
D)Ampicillin is less toxic.
E)Ampicillin is more stable in solution.

Question 11

Azidothymidine (AZT)is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV infections.AZT is somewhat selective for use in HIV treatment because it has an affinity for the viral enzyme

A)RNA polymerase.
B)DNA polymerase.
C)topoisomerase.
D)reverse transcriptase.
E)neuraminidase.

Question 12

The mode of action of quinolones is to inhibit:

A)protein synthesis.
B)DNA synthesis
C)cell wall synthesis.
D)amino acid transport.
E)transcription.

Question 13

Many aminoglycosides are toxic to humans because they:

A)interfere with lipid synthesis in human cells.
B)disrupt kidney function.
C)interfere with protein synthesis in human cells.
D)cause the heart to beat abnormally.
E)block DNA replication in human cells.

Question 14

Metronidazole or "Flagyl" is commonly used to treat some _____________ infections.

A)viral
B)fungal
C)anaerobic bacterial
D)aerobic bacterial
E)ear

Question 15

Many antibiotics that are used today are semi-synthetic.Modification of the original antibiotic is done to improve one or more of the following characteristics except ….

A)increased stability.
B)improved resistance to modifying enzymes.
C)decreased toxicity.
D)decreased absorption.
E)increased spectrum of activity.

Question 16

Which of these curative methods was NOT employed in past centuries?

A)Bloodletting
B)Use of purgatives
C)Religious procedures such as exorcisms
D)Use of herbal remedies
E)Administration of purified molecular compounds

Question 17

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target peptidoglycan synthesis?

A)monobactams
B)kanamycin
C)bacitracin
D)vancomycin
E)carbapenems

Question 18

Azoles are a class of antifungal drugs that target ___________ biosynthesis,causing cell membrane disruption.

A)sterol
B)glycerol
C)fatty acid
D)transport protein
E)folic acid

Question 19

The mode of action of aminoglycosides is to inhibit __________ synthesis.

A)protein
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)membrane
E)peptidoglycan

Question 20

The original meaning of antibiotic was:

A)any compound that will kill viruses or bacteria.
B)any compound that will kill microbes.
C)any compound produced by a microbe that will kill another microbe.
D)any compound produced by a microbe that will kill a virus.
E)any compound that will only kill bacteria.

Question 21

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target the 30S ribosomal subunit activities?

A)tetracycline
B)doxycycline
C)oxytetracycline
D)carbomycin
E)all target the 30S ribosomal subunit

Question 22

Mutational resistance to an antimicrobial drug usually occurs …

A)only in the presence of the drug.
B)spontaneously in the absence of the drug.
C)in the presence of the drug and a mutagen.
D)as a result of horizontal gene transfer.
E)only in the presence of a mutagen.

Question 23

Control strategies that may be used to control yellow fever are:

A)vaccination and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.
B)use of antibiotics and vaccination.
C)use of antibiotics and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.
D)frequent hand washing and vaccination.
E)frequent hand washing and use of antibiotics.

Question 24

The first pertussis vaccine produced used killed whole cells of Bordetella pertussis.A major problem with this vaccine was it …

A)would only produce weak immunity against the pathogen.
B)would only produce a cell-mediated immune response.
C)caused severe side-effects in some individuals.
D)required yearly booster shots.
E)was only effective in about half the population.

Question 25

The best way to prevent a cholera epidemic is:

A)prophylactic use of antibiotics.
B)frequent hand washing.
C)proper drinking water treatment.
D)quarantine of infected individuals.
E)vaccination.

Question 26

Antimicrobial drug resistance due to the acquisition of new genes occurs in bacteria by the following mechanism(s)

A)conjugation.
B)conjugation and transposition.
C)conjugation and transduction.
D)transduction and transposition.
E)conjugation,transposition,and transduction.

Question 27

Conjugate vaccines are composed of ______________ linked to an immunogenic protein.

A)toxins
B)polysaccharide antigens
C)protein antigens
D)lipid antigens
E)DNA fragments

Question 28

Subunit vaccines are generally considered safer than attenuated vaccines because …

A)subunit vaccines do not require booster shots.
B)attenuated vaccines may permit viral growth and possible mutation.
C)attenuated vaccines only elicit a humoral immune response.
D)attenuated vaccines elicit a weak immune response.
E)subunit vaccines elicit both a humoral and cell-mediated immune response.

Question 29

The attack rate in a population of 200,000 individuals is estimated to be 10%.What is the incidence?

A)20
B)100
C)20,000
D)5,000
E)200,000

Question 30

Attenuated vaccines are generally more effective than subunit vaccines because:

A)subunit vaccines do not require booster shots.
B)attenuated vaccines may permit viral growth with enhanced disease mimicry
C)attenuated vaccines only elicit a humoral immune response.
D)attenuated vaccines elicit a weak immune response.
E)subunit vaccines elicit both a humoral and cell-mediated immune response.

Question 31

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)has acquired the mecA gene from an unknown source.This gene encodes for a methicillin resistant …

A)efflux protein.
B)penicillin-binding protein.
C)β-lactamase.
D)acetyltransferase.
E)porin.

Question 32

All of the following are approaches used to help reduce the incidence of antimicrobial drug resistance except …

A)the use of very high concentrations of the drug.
B)use of a narrow spectrum antibiotic to treat a specific infection.
C)use of a combination of antibiotics.
D)good hygiene,such as frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of drug resistant microbes.
E)the use of antibiotics only when absolutely necessary.

Question 33

The enzyme chloramphenicol _______________ is encoded by a gene commonly found on some R-plasmids and covalently modifies chloramphenicol so it can longer bind to its target site.

A)phophoryltransferase
B)hydrolase
C)dehydrogenase
D)isomerase
E)acetyltransferase

Question 34

Which one of the following is not a mechanism of antimicrobial drug resistance?

A)enzymatic inactivation of the drug
B)removal of the drug from inside the cell
C)blocking the uptake of the drug into the cell
D)incorporation of the drug into cell material
E)alteration of the drug's target site

Question 35

An R-plasmid was found in a strain of Salmonella typhi that conferred resistance to a β-lactam antibiotic.Most likely,this plasmid contained a gene that encoded for a/an …

A)penicillin binding protein.
B)β-lactamase.
C)efflux pump.
D)phosphotransferase enzyme.
E)acetyltransferase enzyme.

Question 36

The two most common ways drug resistant bacteria may develop in a person taking an antimicrobial drug are :

A)the bacteria acquire an R-plasmid during this period of time and some of the bacteria developed a resistance mutation.
B)the bacteria acquire an R-plasmid during this period of time and the person may be immunocompromised.
C)some of the bacteria develop a resistance mutation and the person may be immunocompromised.
D)the person may be immunocompromised and the person did not properly take the antimicrobial drug.
E)the person did not properly take the antimicrobial drug and some of the bacteria developed a resistance mutation.

Question 37

The three main factors associated with the development of an epidemic are:

A)host factors,agent factors,and treatment factors.
B)host factors,treatment factors,and environmental factors.
C)treatment factors,agent factors,and environmental factors.
D)host factors,agent factors,and environmental factors.
E)host factors,agent factors,and risk factors.

Question 38

If ninety percent of a population is immune to a particular disease they protect the susceptible ten percent by a concept known as:

A)acquired immunity.
B)herd immunity.
C)natural immunity.
D)artificial immunity.
E)passive immunity.

Question 39

The smallpox vaccination used by Jenner is best described as a(an)…

A)attenuated vaccine.
B)subunit vaccine.
C)polysaccharide vaccine.
D)killed vaccine.
E)DNA vaccine.

Question 40

The reason for the severe side effects seen with the first pertussis vaccine was:

A)incorrect strains of B.pertussis were used
B)too much adjuvant was added
C)incorrect types of adjuvant were added
D)the virus was a live attenuated vaccine,and it replicated within the host
E)the microbial preparation was poorly prepared

Question 41

Which of these factors led to the occurrence of plagues (epidemics of disease)in human society? (Select all that apply)

A)Overall populations as large as those seen today
B)Domestication of animals
C)Travel to new parts of the world (and return home)
D)Establishment of towns
E)Bloodletting

Question 42

Mechanisma commonly associated with drug resistance development include: (Select all that apply)

A)Plasmid acquisition through transformation
B)Bacteriophage spread
C)Recombination events
D)Transposon activity
E)F plasmid conjugation

Question 43

The original polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk in 1952 was a(an)…

A)subunit vaccine.
B)acellular vaccine.
C)killed virus vaccine.
D)attenuated virus vaccine.
E)conjugate vaccine.

Question 44

Sulfa drug resistance involves: (Select all that apply)

A)Alteration of an enzyme active site
B)Alteration in degrees of competitive inhibition
C)Alteration of PBP
D)Alteration of ribosomal protein structure
E)Transducing pahage activity

Question 45

Which vaccines are CDC-recommended for 15 month old children? (Select all that apply)

A)Influenza
B)Polio
C)MMR
D)Varicella
E)Pneumococcal

Question 46

Drug resistance arises as bacteria acquire: (Select all that apply)

A)Novel metabolic pathways
B)Novel enzyme activities
C)Novel efflux pathways
D)Novel influx pathways
E)Altered drug binding sites

Question 47

The use of antimicrobial drugs is directly linked to the development of antibiotic resistance.

Question 48

Which of these vaccines are subunit type? (Select all that apply)

A)Influenza
B)Diphtheria,tetanus,pertussis
C)MMR
D)Varicella
E)Pneumococcal

Question 49

The Sabin polio vaccine developed to control wild-type polio spread was a(an)…

A)subunit vaccine.
B)acellular vaccine.
C)killed virus vaccine.
D)attenuated virus vaccine.
E)conjugate vaccine.

Question 50

How was vaccination developed by Jenner superior to the variolation practised in earlier times?

A)Variolation was more painful
B)Variolation led to secondary infections at the immunization site
C)Variolation was either "kill" or "cure" as individuals actually contracted cowpox
D)Variolation was much more expensive
E)Variolation was disfiguring

Question 51

Which vaccines are CDC-recommended for 2 year old children? (Select all that apply)

A)Influenza
B)Polio
C)MMR
D)Varicella
E)Pneumococcal

Question 52

Which vaccines are attenuated type? (Select all that apply)

A)Influenza
B)Diphtheria,tetanus,pertussis
C)MMR
D)Varicella
E)Pneumococcal

Question 53

Which vaccines are CDC-recommended for adults over 65 years of age? (Select all that apply)

A)Influenza
B)Polio
C)MMR
D)Varicella
E)Pneumococcal

Question 54

The World Health Organization has targeted this disease for eradication through vaccination programs in small pockets of the world where the disease is still present.

A)AIDS
B)malaria
C)tuberculosis
D)yellow fever
E)polio

Question 55

Unlike bacteria,viruses do not develop resistance to antiviral drugs.

Question 56

Bloodletting,or the intentional draining of blood from an ill individual,was a method commonly used in the middle ages to cure disease.

Question 57

An environment becomes more crowded with people and improved water lines and sewer lines are constructed within the area.What do you predict in terms of the impact of these two changes? (Select all that apply)

A)both will contribute to increased disease risk
B)neither will contribute to increased disease risk
C)increased population is a detrimental risk factor,enhanced separation of drinking and waster water is an improvement so overall disease risk will depend upon mode of disease transmission
D)increased population is not a detrimental risk factor,but separation of drinking and waster water is detrimental,so disease risk will depend upon mode of disease transmission
E)the incidence of airborne disease spread will likely increase

Question 58

A hypothetical vaccine has a 2% "failure rate".It has been administered to all but 12 children in a school with 1000 students.The disease the vaccine is designed to prevent is introduced by a new student and spreads rapidly via the respiratory route.How many children do you predict will fall ill by catching the diease from the sick child?

A)12
B)10
C)20
D)32
E)120

Question 59

For an antimicrobial drug to work properly,a person's acquired immune response must be functioning properly.

Question 60

Which vaccines are recommended yearly? (Select all that apply)

A)Influenza
B)Diphtheria,tetanus,pertussis
C)MMR
D)Varicella
E)Pneumococcal

Question 61

The smallpox Vaccinia virus was a(n)________________ vaccine.

Question 62

The use of antibiotics in farm animals is believed to be a major contributor to the increased number of antibiotic resistant microbes observed in human infections.

Question 63

Some Gram-negative bacteria are able to block the transport of β-lactam antibiotics across the outer membrane through the mutational alteration of _____________ which previously allowed the transport of the antibiotic across the outer membrane.

Question 64

Proteins that remove antimicrobial drug from a cell by pumping them out are called ___________ pumps.

Question 65

Tetracylines are considered to be __________-_______________ antibiotics because they show activity against a wide range of bacteria.

Question 66

Modern vaccines elicit effective immune responses in everyone that is vaccinated.

Question 67

Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibacterial drugs because the drug is unable to cross the __________ ______________ of the microbe.