Deck 22: Viral Pathogenesis

Question 1

What produces the sneezing associated with a rhinovirus infection?

A)A toxin produced by the virus.
B)The destruction of ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea.
C)The host inflammatory response.
D)A secondary respiratory infection.
E)Macrophage activation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which is TRUE of an acute viral infection?

A)They rarely occur.
B)They occur over a long period of time.
C)They result in a slow onset of symptoms.
D)They have a relatively short duration.
E)They are always very mild in nature.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Bunyaviruses causes cell death by a process called "cap-snatching".This process results in:

A)destruction of host cell mRNA.
B)inhibition of DNA replication.
C)deterioration of the cytoplasmic membrane.
D)inhibition of translation.
E)destruction of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How does the polio virus cause cell death?

A)By preventing host cell protein synthesis.
B)Through destruction of the cytoplasmic membrane.
C)By inhibition of DNA replication.
D)Through destruction of the nuclear membrane.
E)By repression of host cell transcription.

Question 5

Rhinovirus is a cause of the common cold.What type of infection does it usually cause?

A)acute
B)latent
C)persistent
D)latent or persistent,with equal likelihood
E)acute or latent,with equal likelihood

Question 6

A vertically transmitted endogenous retrovirus is:

A)Mouse mammary tumor virus
B)Rhinovirus
C)Avian influenza virus
D)Ebola virus
E)None of the choices is correct

Question 7

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)can be transmitted by ALL of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

A)through a mosquito bite.
B)mother to fetus.
C)blood transfusion.
D)sexual contact.
E)through breast milk.

Question 8

Why is rabies in a human considered as disease in a "dead-end host"?

A)The disease is transmitted by eating infected animals and cannibalism no longer occurs in humans
B)The disease is transmitted via respiratory secretions and human spread is unlikely to occur
C)The disease is transmitted sexually and intercourse among rabies-infected humans is forbidden until the patient is declared healthy
D)The disease is transmitted by saliva and human bites are unlikely to transmit the disease
E)None is a correct choice

Question 9

Which of these causes the common "cold sore"?

A)HSV-1
B)varicella zoster virus
C)roseola virus
D)HHV-8
E)HSV-2

Question 10

By which mechanism is the yellow fever virus is transmitted to humans?

A)a zoonosis
B)a mosquito bite
C)respiratory route
D)direct contact
E)fecal-oral route

Question 11

Between 1992 and 2014,the employment of HAART antiretroviral drug regimens for pregnant women and other strategies aimed at reducing pediatric risk have successfully reduced the incidence of pediatric AIDS by approximately:

A)20%
B)75%
C)90%
D)5%
E)30%

Question 12

This is an example of a virus that typically causes a latent infection.

A)rotavirus
B)Norwalk virus
C)herpes virus
D)rhinovirus
E)influenza virus

Question 13

The incidence of pediatric HIV transmission via breast milk is estimated at:

A)5%
B)7%
C)10%
D)15%
E)90%

Question 14

Many viral-infected cells will undergo apoptosis and die.Why is this important for the organism as a whole?

A)It limits the production of new viruses by the cell.
B)It triggers a strong adaptive immune response.
C)It causes considerable tissue destruction.
D)It triggers a strong cell-mediated immune response.
E)It prevents tissue necrosis.

Question 15

The Ebola virus is transmitted by a ____________ mechanism.

A)respiratory
B)zoonotic
C)fecal-oral
D)sexual
E)mechanical

Question 16

What are syncytia?

A)transformed cells
B)cell lysed by viruses
C)cells undergoing apoptosis
D)multinucleated giant cells
E)cells with inclusion bodies

Question 17

Viral transfer by a mechanical mechanism involves which of these?

A)Direct host to host contact.
B)Transfer from mother to fetus.
C)An insect bite or movement
D)Touching of a contaminated surface
E)Blood-borne transmission.

Question 18

The type of viral infection in which the viral genome is present in infected cells but the virus only replicates sporadically.

A)acute
B)latent
C)persistent
D)lytic
E)chronic

Question 19

The human genome may contain this numbers of HERV (human endogenous retrovirus)sequences:

A)100
B)1,000
C)10,000
D)100,000
E)1,000,000

Question 20

This viral infection results in the continuous production of virions over several years.

A)rhinovirus
B)myxoma virus
C)Hepatitis B virus
D)Ebola virus
E)influenza virus

Question 21

Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by this virus.

A)herpes simplex II virus
B)HIV
C)papillomavirus
D)retrovirus
E)paramyxovirus

Question 22

The process of point mutational change in the surface proteins of viruses.

A)antibody drift
B)antigenic drift
C)receptor modification
D)antigen destabilization
E)antibody destabilization

Question 23

Which of these would lead to a recombination in viruses?

A)Crossover events during meiosis.
B)Errors during DNA replication.
C)Crossover events during mitosis.
D)Errors during RNA replication.
E)Co-infection of a cell by two different strains of the virus.

Question 24

How does the papillomavirus causes tumor formation?

A)By stimulating the host cell to replicate its DNA.
B)By inhibiting tumor suppressor proteins in the host cell.
C)By cap-snatching.
D)By inhibiting apoptosis of the host cell.
E)By inducing meiosis in the host cell.

Question 25

Overexpression of which gene occurs with mourse mammary tumor virus expression:

A)myc
B)src
C)Wnt-1
D)E-6
E)E-7

Question 26

The coronavirus that causes SARS is thought to have evolved from other coronaviruses through this process.

A)spontaneous mutation
B)recombination
C)errors in DNA replication
D)induced mutation
E)reassortment

Question 27

The papillomavirus infects keratinocytes that are not actively dividing.What does this virus do to gain nucleotides to support viral replication?

A)It stimulates the cell to enter into "S-phase" of the cell cycle
B)It contains genes that encodes for enzymes for nucleotide synthesis.
C)It degrades the nuclear DNA of the host cell to release free nucleotides.
D)It stimulates the cell to enter into apoptosis.
E)It lyses the cell to release nucleotides.

Question 28

How may retroviruses cause cancer?

A)Through the inhibition of tumor suppressor genes.
B)By encouraging frequent cell lysis.
C)By directly inducing the cell to enter into S-phase.
D)By preventing the cell from entering into apoptosis.
E)Through the integration of their DNA into a proto-oncogene.

Question 29

Evolution of viruses by reassortment causes dramatic changes to the virus.This is referred to as _____________ .

A)transformation.
B)transduction.
C)antigenic shift.
D)antigenic drift
E)transmutation.

Question 30

If a newly discovered influenza-like virus has 15 neuraminidase proteins on its surface and 23 HA-like molecules,how many new strains could be generated through reassortment?

A)38
B)144
C)345
D)1,000
E)This cannot be calculated due to the randomness of the process

Question 31

A transducing retrovirus is one that contains a(n)________________ gene from a previous host cell.When this gene is transduced into a new host genome,the cell will be transformed into a cancer cell.

A)phosphorylase
B)oncogene
C)DNA polymerase
D)reverse transcriptase
E)protease

Question 32

Some viruses are able to evolve at a fast rate,resulting in implications for

A)developing an effective immune response through vaccination.
B)treatment of the viral infection.
C)developing an immune response to the initial infection.
D)Both a and b are correct implications.
E)The implications in a,b,and c are all correct.

Question 33

Abortive transformation of BRK epithelial cells may arise when:

A)None is a correct choice
B)Adenoviral gene product E7 intereacts with Rb
C)Adenoviral gene product E1B intereacts with p53 and Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with Rb
D)Adenoviral gene product E1B intereacts with Rb and Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with p53
E)Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with Rb

Question 34

Murine epithelial cancer cells may arise when:

A)Adenoviral gene product E6 intereacts with Rb
B)Adenoviral gene product E7 intereacts with Rb
C)Adenoviral gene product E1B intereacts with p53 and Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with Rb
D)Adenoviral gene product E1B intereacts with Rb and Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with p53
E)Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with Rb

Question 35

Human epithelial cancer cells may arise when:

A)None is a correct choice
B)Adenoviral gene product E7 intereacts with Rb
C)Adenoviral gene product E1B intereacts with p53 and Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with Rb
D)Adenoviral gene product E1B intereacts with Rb and Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with p53
E)Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with Rb

Question 36

Which virus group has played a pivotal role in helping us understand the cell cycle and the identification of proto-oncogenes?

A)papillomaviruses
B)herpes viruses
C)retroviruses
D)adenoviruses
E)polioviruses

Question 37

Why do RNA viruses have a high mutation rate?

A)Their RNA is a single stranded molecule.
B)Their RNA contains unusual nucleotides.
C)Their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lack a proofreading function.
D)Their RNA is quickly degraded by nucleases.
E)Their RNA is not methylated after synthesis.

Question 38

Which of the following processes does NOT contribute to virus evolution?

A)point mutations
B)recombination
C)transformation
D)reassortment
E)spontaneous mutations

Question 39

Viruses may cause some autoimmune diseases.This may occur when:

A)a viral infection causes cells to go into apoptosis.
B)viral toxins are produced that kill cells.
C)tissue destruction occurs as a result of an over-exaggerated cell mediated immune response.
D)viral antigens resemble host antigens and cross react with effector cells and antibodies.
E)viruses destroy certain types of tissues,like nerves.

Question 40

This is an example of a virus known to undergo evolutionary change by reassortment.

A)influenza virus
B)papilloma virus
C)hepatitis type B virus
D)herpes virus
E)adenovirus

Question 41

Viral infections are always acute and cause extensive damage to host cells.

Question 42

Cervical cancer cells may arise when: (Select all that apply)

A)HPV gene product E6 intereacts with Rb
B)HPV gene product E7 intereacts with Rb
C)HPV gene product E6 intereacts with p53
D)HPV gene product E7 intereacts with p53
E)HPV gene product E1A intereacts with Rb

Question 43

Oral herpes can be caused by: (Select all that apply)

A)HHV-1
B)HHV-2
C)HHV-3
D)HHV-4
E)HHV-5

Question 44

The src gene was identified in: (Select all that apply)

A)Avian leukosis virus
B)Rous sarcoma virus
C)Avian myelocytoma virus
D)Cis-acting retrovirus
E)Transducing retrovirus

Question 45

Some viruses cause certain types of cancer.

Question 46

Proto-oncogene overexpression was observed after infection with: (Select all that apply)

A)Mouse mammary tumor virus
B)Rous sarcoma virus
C)Avian myelocytoma virus
D)Cis-acting retrovirus
E)Transducing retrovirus

Question 47

The Ebola virus is spread in several ways.Select all choices which are correct.

A)horizontal
B)vertical
C)vector
D)sexually
E)zoonotically

Question 48

Poxvirus achieves host cell translation inhibition by: (Select all that apply)

A)Cap-snatching from tRNA molecules
B)Cleavage of host DNA
C)Use of a fragment of eIF-4G to initiate viral mRNA translation
D)Addition of a cap from host mRNA onto a fully transcriibed viral mRNA
E)Binding the 40S ribosomal subunit

Question 49

The myc gene was identified in: (Select all that apply)

A)Avian leukosis virus
B)Rous sarcoma virus
C)Avian myelocytoma virus
D)Cis-acting retrovirus
E)Transducing retrovirus

Question 50

The Ebola virus is spread in several ways.Select all choices which are correct.

A)direct contact with sweat
B)direct contact with urine
C)direct contact with saliva
D)zoonotically
E)direct contact with vomit

Question 51

Successful strategies for reducing pediatric AIDS include: (Select all that apply)

A)Reduction in breast feeding by HIV positive mothers
B)Supplying vitamins to infants born of HIV positive mothers
C)Cesarean section deliveries
D)Treating HIV positive mothers with HAART drugs prior to delivery
E)Treating HIV positive mothers with HAART drugs after delivery

Question 52

If a newly discovered influenza-like virus has 15 neuraminidase proteins on its surface and 23 HA-like molecules,how many new strains could be generated through recombination?

A)38
B)144
C)345
D)1,000
E)This cannot be calculated due to the randomness of the process

Question 53

Translation inhibition by viruses can involve: (Select all that apply)

A)Cap-snatching from tRNA molecules
B)Cleavage of eIF-4B
C)Use of a fragment of eIF-4G to initiate viral mRNA translation
D)Addition of a cap from host mRNA onto a fully transcriibed viral mRNA
E)All are correct choices

Question 54

The likely direct ancestor of SARS-CoV is now believed to be:

A)A reassorted civet SLCoV
B)A recombined civet SLCoV
C)A reassorted bat SLCoV
D)A recombined bat SLCoV
E)A bat SLCoV arising through antigenic drift

Question 55

Recombination,as it occurs in viral genomes,is due to:

A)Alignment of viral DNA moecules during part of the replication cycle
B)Template switching during viral DNA replication
C)Alignment of viral RNA moecules during part of the replication cycle
D)Template switching during viral mRNA replication
E)None is a correct choice

Question 56

Many of the clinical symptoms associated with viral infection are caused by the host immune response.

Question 57

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is spread in several ways.Select all choices which are correct.

A)horizontal
B)vertical
C)vector
D)zoonotically
E)mechanical

Question 58

The common cold signs and symptoms are caused through the release of: (Select all that apply)

A)Il-2
B)Il-6
C)IL-10
D)IL-4
E)IL-8

Question 59

Epithelial cancer cells may arise when: (Select all that apply)

A)Adenoviral gene product E6 intereacts with Rb
B)Adenoviral gene product E7 intereacts with Rb
C)Adenoviral gene product E1B intereacts with p53
D)Adenoviral gene product E7 intereacts with p53
E)Adenoviral gene product E1A intereacts with Rb

Question 60

If a newly discovered influenza-like virus has 15 neuraminidase proteins on its surface and 23 HA-like molecules,how many new strains could be generated through point mutation?

A)38
B)144
C)345
D)1,000
E)This cannot be calculated due to the randomness of the process

Question 61

Evolution of viruses by reassortment causes dramatic changes to the virus.This is referred to as __________ __________.

Question 62

A viral infection of short duration is referred to as a(n)________ infection.

Question 63

Most cancer causing viruses are RNA viruses.

Question 64

RNA viruses have much higher spontaneous mutation rates than DNA viruses.

Question 65

The transmission of a virus from mother to fetus is referred to as ___________ transmission.

Question 66

Warts are caused by the human _______________.

Question 67

Some viruses,like the influenza virus,are able to cause disease in humans multiple times because they quickly alter their antigenic proteins through mutation.

Question 68

Accumulated viral proteins and nucleic acids within cells can form microscopically visible particles known as _______ bodies.

Question 69

Genes whose alteration can transform normal cells into cancer cells are called ____________ .

Question 70

Herpes viruses produce a type of infection in which the viral genome is present in the host cell with only sporadic production of viruses.This type of infection is referred to as a(n)___________ infection.