Deck 10: Institutional Corrections

Question 1

One confinement alternative to traditional incarceration is ____,which is the placement of offenders in facilities patterned after ____.

A) transportation; deserted islands
B) shock incarceration; military boot camps
C) privatization; factories
D) workhouse confinement; campuses

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following was designed for younger,less hardened offenders,between 16 and 30 years of age?

A) The penitentiary
B) Transportation
C) The reformatory
D) Banishment

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Over the last 200 years,Americans have developed a tradition of strong reliance on the prison to control crime.The result is that it:

A) has never done very well.
B) has generally met people's expectations.
C) has generally exceeded people's expectations.
D) makes the public less concerned about crime.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The closest European forerunner of the modern U.S.prison was known as:

A) banishment.
B) the workhouse.
C) transportation.
D) the gaol.

Question 5

Which of the following states is the first state to allow female prisoners to work on chain gangs?

A) Alabama
B) Georgia
C) Florida
D) Arizona

Question 6

Most early women's prison employed ____,as distinguished from the ____ of men's prisons.

A) a family-style living plan; cell-block plan
B) solitary confinement; cottages
C) life sentences; early-release programs
D) a family-style living plan; solitary confinement

Question 7

John Howard's 1777 book,The State of the Prisons in England and Wales,stated several opinions about how to improve prison conditions.Which of the following is NOT one of Howard's opinions,as discussed in your textbook?

A) Incarceration should do more than punish.
B) Incarceration should instill discipline and reform inmates.
C) Penal environments should be made safe, humane, and orderly.
D) Complete rehabilitation of prisoners is impossible.

Question 8

Men's prisons are often distinguished from one another by:

A) size.
B) security level.
C) the era in which they were built.
D) custody level.

Question 9

In 2002,what percent of state prison inmate deaths were attributable to AIDS-related causes.

A) 0
B) 7
C) 12
D) 32

Question 10

Before the 1600s,institutional confinement usually served functions other than punishment for criminal behavior.Six examples are listed in your textbook,and three of these are listed below.Which of the following is NOT one of these examples?

A) Hold and punish slaves
B) Rehabilitate criminals
C) Coerce payment of debts and fines
D) Quarantine disease

Question 11

Your textbook describes four types of rehabilitation programs that are commonly offered within institutions.Three are listed below.Which of the following is NOT one of the types listed in your text?

A) Self-improvement programs offered by religious and civic groups
B) Work programs
C) Book clubs
D) Education and vocational training

Question 12

Most institutions have elaborate____,in which staff learn from inmate informants about the presence of contraband,the potential for disruptions,and other threats to security.

A) snitch systems
B) staff procedures
C) conjugal visits
D) security procedures

Question 13

In recent years,incarceration rates for females in the United States have ____ incarceration rates for males.

A) grown as fast as
B) grown slower than
C) grown faster than
D) not grown in comparison to

Question 14

Cocorrectional prisons are usually____,and security is typically ____.

A) small; minimum
B) small; medium
C) large; medium
D) large; "high/close"

Question 15

Originally,big-house prisons:

A) became warehouses oriented toward custody and repression of inmates.
B) fell into demise during the 1920s and 1930s.
C) exploited inmate labor through various links to the free market.
D) relied exclusively upon industrial labor throughout the United States.

Question 16

Inmates who are vulnerable to assault by other inmates may be designated for:

A) administrative segregation.
B) new-generation jails.
C) congregate living areas.
D) protective custody.

Question 17

Overall,the United States had ____ people incarcerated by the end of 2004.

A) nearly five million
B) approximately one million
C) more than nine million
D) more than two million

Question 18

When offenders are sentenced to the custody of the department of corrections in most states,they are transported initially to a:

A) medium-security prison.
B) jail.
C) classification facility.
D) minimum-security prison.

Question 19

A(n)____ is a very short-term (for instance,24- to 48-hour)holding facility.

A) minimum-security prison
B) lockup
C) jail
D) furlough

Question 20

A ____ is a facility that holds convicted offenders and unconvicted persons for relatively short periods of up to one year.

A) lockup
B) jail
C) furlough
D) minimum-security prison

Question 21

For which of the following purposes is most of jail funding used?

A) accommodations
B) services
C) programs
D) custody and security

Question 22

Which of the following jurisdictions had the largest prison population at year-end 2002?

A) the federal government
B) California
C) Texas
D) Florida

Question 23

Group counseling is more popular than individual counseling in institutional settings,primarily because:

A) inmates frequently prefer talking about their problems and fears in front of groups of their peers.
B) it is more economical and there are large numbers of inmates who share similar backgrounds and problems.
C) although it is less economical, the prison system wants to do what is best for the inmates.
D) inmates demand it.

Question 24

Which of the following indicates that prisoners should receive no service or program that is superior to the services and programs available to free citizens without charge?

A) Most therapeutic communities
B) Milieu therapy
C) The less-eligibility principle
D) Vocational programs

Question 25

Which of the following is the special supermaximum-security prison built for the war on terrorism?

A) Camp Granada
B) Camp Omega
C) Camp Delta
D) Camp Al-Qaeda

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a function of jails?

A) holding inmates sentenced to long terms
B) temporarily detaining juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities
C) holding individuals for protective custody
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 27

In which of the following types of jails do correctional officers constantly supervise inmates from secure control booths that overlook inmate living areas?

A) first-generation jails
B) second-generation jails
C) third-generation jails
D) fourth-generation jails

Question 28

What was the approximate average daily cost per inmate for food in 2003?

A) $0.75
B) $2.00
C) $3.50
D) $13.00

Question 29

Research has determined that although no single type of treatment can be identified as the most effective,one feature that seems to characterize programs that consistently reduce offender recidivism is:

A) the number of staff assigned to the program.
B) the program's popularity among inmates.
C) the rate at which the program is used in federal prisons.
D) the quality of the program's implementation.

Question 30

What was the approximate average annual cost of incarceration per prison inmate in 2003?

A) $14,000
B) $23,000
C) $38,000
D) $52,000

Question 31

In which of the following types of jails are there no physical barriers between correctional officers and inmates?

A) first-generation jails
B) second-generation jails
C) third-generation jails
D) fourth-generation jails

Question 32

Which of the following has NOT been found about private correctional facilities?

A) they can be constructed and opened more quickly than public correctional facilities
B) the quality of services and programs is frequently superior to those in public correctional facilities
C) privatization can substantially increase legal liability costs of operating prisons and jails
D) prisoners in private facilities have a broader array of legal remedies when challenging conditions of confinement than prisoners in public facilities

Question 33

Which of the following types of jails is built in a linear design,in which inmates live together in cells,dormitories,or "tanks," and guards at regular intervals walk up and down the corridors or "catwalks" and observe inmates.

A) first-generation jails
B) second-generation jails
C) third-generation jails
D) fourth-generation jails

Question 34

Which of the following countries consistently has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world?

A) United States
B) Mexico
C) Canada
D) Japan

Question 35

We usually think of rehabilitation programs as serving one main objective.Which of the following is that main objective?

A) To help inmates better themselves
B) To help the institution achieve control over inmates
C) To help inmates manage time
D) To give inmates a way to occupy themselves

Question 36

Which of the following jurisdiction had the highest prison incarceration rate and year-end 2002?

A) California
B) Texas
C) Louisiana
D) Florida

Question 37

The approximate average annual cost of incarceration per prison inmate in 2003 ranged between ______ and ______.

A) $4,000/$54,000
B) $10,000/$42,000
C) $14,000/$36,000
D) $22,000/$63,000

Question 38

Which of the following has research shown to be an advantage of direct-supervision jails?

A) they provide a less stressful, more positive, and safer environment for inmates and staff
B) they enhance supervision by reducing the number of unsupervised areas
C) they reduce inmate violations for contraband possession, destruction of property, escapes, disrespecting officers and staff, suicides, and violence
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 39

Rather than having inmates attend periodic group sessions (one or two hourly sessions per week),____encompasses the total living environment of inmates so that the environment continually encourages positive behavioral change.

A) individual therapy
B) crisis intervention
C) milieu therapy
D) religious counseling

Question 40

Which of the following is a reason for the problems that plague jails?

A) the limited and unstable nature of local taxes to fund and staff jails
B) a general lack of public support for jail reform
C) rapid rates of inmate turnover, which makes it difficult to coordinate programs
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 41

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Some institutions at this security level have a wide,open buffer zone between the outer wall or fence and the free community.

Question 42

The reformatory was a walled prison with large cellblocks that contained stacks of three or more tiers of one- or two-man cells.

Question 43

Most prisons permit conjugal visits.

Question 44

Some states do not pay inmates for their work.

Question 45

Cesare Beccaria believed that punishment should be swift and certain.

Question 46

An inmate's custody level indicates the degree of precaution that needs to be taken when working with that inmate.

Question 47

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Cell blocks often coexist with dormitory- or barracks-type living quarters,and in some institutions at this security level,cells are relatively few.

Question 48

A strategy pursued in a few jurisdictions has been to replace the traditional jail with a new-generation jail.

Question 49

The majority of federal inmates are serving time for drug offenses.

Question 50

The recent increase in prison construction across the nation of late has managed to keep pace with the increase in prison populations.

Question 51

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
This security level is placed between maximum and medium.

Question 52

As of year-end 2004,88 percent of all prisoners in the United States were state prisoners,while only 12 percent were federal prisoners.

Question 53

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
A high wall or razor-wire fencing,with armed-guard towers,electronic detectors,or both,usually surrounds an institution at this security level.

Question 54

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
After three years of solitary confinement,a successful inmate at this security level can gradually regain social contact by being allowed to go to the recreation yard or the cafeteria.

Question 55

A large portion of the maintenance and repair work in institutions is performed by inmates as part of their job assignments.

Question 56

Classification is a one-time process that occurs at the beginning of an inmate's sentence.

Question 57

Jeremy Bentham's "all-seeing" or "inspection-house" prison design was known as the penitentiary.

Question 58

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
At this security level,inmates do not leave their cells for more than an hour a day.

Question 59

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Inmates are frequently transferred to institutions at this security level after they have established records of good behavior elsewhere,or when they are nearing release.

Question 60

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Some inmates in institutions at this security level may be granted furloughs so that they can reestablish ties with family members,make living arrangements for their upcoming release,or establish employment contacts.

Question 61

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
At this security level,each cell has a double-entry door,with the classic barred cage door backed up by a windowed steel door that minimizes voice contact among prisoners,and cells are staggered so that inmates cannot make eye contact with each other.

Question 62

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Prisons at this security level utilize total isolation of inmates and constant lockdowns.

Question 63

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Most of these institution designs at this security level follow the radial plan,the Auburn plan,or the telephone pole plan.

Question 64

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Some inmates at this security level may be permitted to leave these institutions during the day to work (under work release)or study (under study release)in the community.

Question 65

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Typically,there is no wall for external security at this level.

Question 66

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Dorm or barracks living quarters predominate at this security level,and often there are no fences.

Question 67

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Fences and towers exist at this security level,but are less forbidding in appearance; razor wire may be replaced with less expensive barbed wire.

Question 68

Define and compare the differences between the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system.

Question 69

Your textbook names four typical problems of American jails,then names four interrelated reasons for those problems.Name two of each.

Question 70

Some of the interrelated reasons for those problems are:

Question 71

Your textbook explains that in any prison,special security precautions are directed toward certain locations because of their importance in maintaining order.Name five of these locations.

Question 72

What are the three types of institutions that dominated 20th-century corrections,according to John Irwin?

Question 73

Match the prison security level with the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
A.Supermaximum-security
B.Maximum-security
C.High/close-security
D.Medium-security
E.Minimum-security
Internal security at this level consists of such features as cell-block living,restrictions on inmate movement,and the capability of closing off areas of the institution to contain riots and disruptions.

Question 74

Define supermaximum,maximum,medium,and minimum prison security levels.