Deck 12: Community Corrections

Question 1

There are three steps to the probation process,which are listed below.Which of the following is NOT one of these steps?

A) Termination of the probation
B) Placement of an offender on probation by a judge
C) Successful termination of the probationary sentence, followed by a brief jail term
D) Supervision and service delivery for the probationer by probation officers

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to your text,three central elements must be proven to establish liability on the part of parole and probation officials.Which of the following is NOT one of these elements?

A) Evidence of a breach to friends and family of the parolee or probationer
B) An injury or damage to a person or group proximately caused by the breach of duty
C) The existence of a legal duty owed the public
D) Evidence of a breach of the required standard of duty

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first person or organization to implement parole in the United States was:

A) Zebulon Brockway.
B) Captain Alexander Maconochie.
C) John Augustus.
D) the United States Parole Commission.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is the most frequently used sentence in criminal justice?

A) Probation
B) Diversion
C) Fines
D) Incarceration

Question 5

If a client has violated the conditions of probation,the probation agency may recommend:

A) discharge.
B) standard conditions.
C) general conditions.
D) revocation.

Question 6

Which of the following refers to organized and systematic efforts to remove people from the criminal justice process by placing them in programs that offer alternatives to the next,more restrictive stage of processing?

A) Probation
B) Diversion
C) Parole
D) Shock incarceration

Question 7

Community corrections has traditionally emphasized:

A) incapacitation.
B) punishment.
C) deterrence.
D) rehabilitation.

Question 8

Your textbook names the four most important factors in determining whether to grant or deny parole.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) Prior felony convictions
B) History of prior violent behavior
C) Ties to family and community
D) Seriousness of the current offense

Question 9

In ____,offenders are released from prison directly into the community under the supervision of the parole agency.

A) residential parole
B) split-sentence probation
C) suspended-sentence probation
D) straight parole

Question 10

Which of the following are imposed at the discretion of the judge and probation officials and are designed to address the offender's particular situation?

A) Special conditions
B) General conditions
C) Probation subsidies
D) Standard conditions

Question 11

Your textbook names three controversial issues related to probation.Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?

A) Probation fees
B) Caseloads and recidivism
C) Probation conditions
D) Legal issues such as confidentiality and privacy

Question 12

As a rule,the newer intermediate sanctions are oriented less toward ____and more toward ____ than older community correctional programs.

A) deterrence; retribution
B) rehabilitation; retribution
C) retribution; deterrence
D) rehabilitation; restoration

Question 13

ISP usually lasts:

A) six to twelve months.
B) five years.
C) six months to two years.
D) five to ten years.

Question 14

Parole revocation is the responsibility of the:

A) correctional system.
B) parole board.
C) local law enforcement.
D) court system.

Question 15

Part of the role of community corrections staff is to help offenders identify and address their problems and needs.This role has three aspects,which are listed here.Which is NOT one of these aspects?

A) The direct provision of services, such as counseling, to offenders
B) Advocacy
C) The provision of multilevel spiritual and religious programs
D) Resource broker

Question 16

Which of the following is conducted by the probation agency at the request of the judge,usually during the period between the finding (or plea)of guilt and sentencing?

A) The presentence investigation
B) The probation subsidy
C) Shock incarceration
D) Termination of probation

Question 17

Which of the following is used with people leaving prison?

A) Probation
B) Probation revocation
C) Bail
D) Parole

Question 18

Three of the following are parole board duties that are discussed in your text.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Helping establish the jurisdiction's parole policies
B) Conducting field administration of the parole process
C) Making decisions to terminate parole supervision
D) Managing parole release processes

Question 19

Currently,____ have abolished early release by discretion of a parole board for all offenders.

A) 18 states
B) 24 states and the federal government
C) 24 states
D) 18 states and the federal government

Question 20

A key to successful community adjustment is ____,which means rebuilding former prosocial ties to the community and establishing new ties.

A) recidivism
B) parole
C) probation
D) reintegration

Question 21

Who is considered the "father" of probation?

A) John Augustus
B) Alexander Machonochie
C) Walter Crofton
D) Zebulon Brockway

Question 22

In 2002,which of the following reasons accounted for the largest percentage of parole violations?

A) rule violation or new offense
B) absconding
C) failure to successfully meet the conditions of supervision
D) failure to pay restitution

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of parole board members?

A) white
B) male
C) lawyer or legal training
D) about 50 years of age

Question 24

Which of the following states had the largest parole population at year-end 2004?

A) California
B) Texas
C) Pennsylvania
D) New York

Question 25

Which of the following offers a community-based residential facility that is an alternative to confinement in jail or prison?

A) Home confinement
B) Community correctional centers
C) Electronic monitoring
D) Shock incarceration

Question 26

Which of the following factors accounts for the wide variations among states in parolee success rates?

A) variations in parole populations
B) the level of supervision
C) parole agency policies on the revocation of technical violators
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 27

Two of the most critical issues surrounding halfway houses are:

A) discrimination against economically disadvantaged persons and an impersonal atmosphere.
B) collection problems and the cumulative effect of monetary penalties.
C) encroachment on the constitutional rights to privacy and protection against self-incrimination.
D) community resistance and recidivism.

Question 28

In 2004,which of the following types of probation accounted for the largest percentage of adults on probation?

A) straight probation
B) suspended-sentence probation
C) split-sentence probation
D) shock probation

Question 29

Your textbook names six advantages of day fines,three of which are listed here.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Deterrence
B) Offender accountability
C) Rehabilitation
D) Revenue

Question 30

Which of the following states had the largest probation population at year-end 2004?

A) Ohio
B) Florida
C) Texas
D) California

Question 31

Which of the following has NOT generally been found in research on parole release?

A) a larger percentage of female parolees than male parolees are successfully discharged from supervision
B) a larger percentage of Hispanic parolees than black, non-Hispanic parolees are successfully discharged from supervision
C) younger parolees have the highest rates of successful parole completion (the younger the parolee the greater the chance of success)
D) parolees who committed public order offenses are more likely to be successfully discharged from parole than parolees who committed either violent, property, or drug offenses

Question 32

Which of the following has NOT generally been found in research on parole release?

A) inmates released from prison on parole for the first time are more likely to succeed than re-releases
B) state inmates released through mandatory parole almost always have a higher success rate than inmates released by a parole board
C) the chances of failure are generally highest during the early stages of parole
D) all of the choices have been found

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of federal presentence investigations?

A) to assess the risk to community of future criminal behavior
B) to assess the harm caused by the offense
C) to assess the need for restitution
D) all of the choices are purposes

Question 34

Approximately what percent of all adults under some type of correctional supervision in the U.S.are serving community sentences?

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 70

Question 35

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court establish that parole revocation and,by implication,probation revocation is to be a two-stage process.In the first stage,there must be an informal,preliminary inquiry to establish probable cause that a violation has occurred.In the second stage (assuming that probable cause is established in the first stage),there must be a formal court hearing to determine if the violation warrants revocation?

A) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
B) Morrissey v. Brewer
C) Griffin v. Wisconsin
D) Mempa v. Rhay

Question 36

Home confinement programs did not gain wide popularity until ____ became widespread during the 1980s.

A) electronic monitoring
B) rehabilitation
C) restoration
D) structured fines

Question 37

According to research spanning three decades,approximately what percent of all state prison inmates released on parole successfully complete their term of supervision?

A) less than 10
B) about 25
C) less than 50 but more than 25
D) more than 50

Question 38

In 2004,which of the following outcomes accounted for the largest percentage of state parolees?

A) returned to prison or jail
B) absconded
C) failed to successfully meet the conditions of supervision
D) successfully completed their term of supervision

Question 39

A major limitation of work-release programs is that most inmates must settle for low-skilled and low-paying jobs.This limitation exists for three reasons,which are listed below.Which of the following does NOT belong?

A) Many employers are reluctant to hire work-release inmates.
B) A large proportion of inmates lack the educational and vocational backgrounds needed to secure higher-paying employment.
C) There is more competition for higher-paying jobs
D) Inmates on work-release tend to neglect paying restitution or dependent support.

Question 40

Of all funds allocated to run corrections in the U.S.,approximately what percent are spent on community corrections?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 41

Most parole boards are administratively consolidated with the department of corrections.

Question 42

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Used to verify,either through phone lines or radio signals,that offenders are at their designated locations at particular times

Question 43

Revocation can be recommended for two general categories of violations: the commission of new offenses and technical violations.

Question 44

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Serves parolees,prereleases,probationers,pretrial detainees,and persons on furlough from prison

Question 45

There are two general categories of legal issues that relate to parole: parolees' civil rights and the liabilities of parole officials.

Question 46

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Drawbacks include collection problems and the cumulative effect of monetary penalties

Question 47

"Dangerous men" are parolees who are not necessarily prone to violent behavior; they are merely unpredictable.

Question 48

Net-widening occurs when the offenders placed in a program like ISP are not the offenders for whom the program was intended.

Question 49

Research shows that the vast majority of inmates on furlough flee and/or commit serious offenses.

Question 50

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Program components commonly focus on work,education,counseling,and community service

Question 51

In general,the recidivism figures associated with probation are substantially lower than those associated with incarceration.

Question 52

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Provides stricter conditions,closer supervision,and more treatment services than traditional probation and parole

Question 53

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Provides offenders with a temporary period of highly structured and supportive living so that they will be better prepared to function independently in the community upon discharge

Question 54

The staff of community correctional programs has two potentially competing roles: law enforcement and helping offenders identify and address their problems and needs.

Question 55

Research clearly suggests that a large number of offenders placed in halfway houses do not successfully complete their programs.

Question 56

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Offenders are permitted to live at home but must report regularly to confer with staff about supervision and treatment matters

Question 57

There is usually a low degree of consistency between the sentencing recommendation in the PSI report and the actual sentence handed down by the judge.

Question 58

In all states,probation administration is a local function.

Question 59

Organized temporary release programs date back to the 1960s in American corrections.

Question 60

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Provides inescapable supervision,such as multiple weekly contacts between officers and clients and frequent testing for drug use

Question 61

Presentence investigation reports (PSIs)typically contain five basic elements,which are listed in your textbook.Name four of them.

Question 62

Name the four fundamental objectives of parole.

Question 63

Define four of the five types of intermediate sanctions discussed in your textbook.

Question 64

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Based on defendants' ability to pay

Question 65

Match the following intermediate sanctions to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole
b.Day Reporting Centers
c.Structured Fines, or Day Fines
d.Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
e.Halfway Houses
Allows an offender's whereabouts to be gauged through the use of computer technology

Question 66

Name the five types of probation.

Question 67

Your textbook names six ideal features of ISP programs.Name five of these.