Deck 13: Juvenile Justice

Question 1

One age-old mechanism for dealing with unruly children was ____,which served as a primary means for teaching skilled trades to the children of the middle and upper classes.

A) binding-out
B) the apprenticeship system
C) placing out
D) houses of refuge

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The legal philosophy justifying state intervention in the lives of children is called the doctrine of:

A) parens patriae.
B) Ex parte Crouse.
C) in loco parentis.
D) parentela.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When police have contact with juveniles in lower-class communities,____ become more likely because ____ are believed to be ineffective in most cases.

A) informal responses; social controls
B) social controls; formal responses
C) formal responses; informal responses
D) informal responses; formal responses

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Actions taken by citizens to respond to delinquency constitute a(n)____ process that operates outside the official agencies of juvenile justice.

A) transfer, or waiver
B) informal juvenile justice
C) parens patriae
D) formal juvenile justice

Question 5

Your textbook describes three trends in juvenile processing,which are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Handling fewer cases within police departments
B) Referring more cases to criminal courts
C) Referring more youths to juvenile court
D) Handling more cases within school or church settings

Question 6

Your textbook names four typical police responses to juvenile cases.Which of the following is NOT one of those typical responses?

A) Refer to school
B) Refer to parents
C) Refer to court
D) Refer to a diversionary program

Question 7

There are three primary reasons for the practice of detaining juveniles,which are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) To protect the community from the juvenile
B) To secure the juvenile's own safety
C) To ensure that the juvenile appears at a subsequent stage of processing
D) To provide an example of general deterrence to the rest of the community

Question 8

In most U.S.jurisdictions,juveniles are defined as individuals between the ages of:

A) 12 and 18.
B) 7 and 18.
C) 7 and 16.
D) 12 and 16.

Question 9

____,which involved relocating children to farms in the West and Midwest,was believed to have several advantages over ____.

A) Binding-out; placing out
B) The apprenticeship system; the house of refuge
C) Placing out; houses of refuge
D) The house of refuge; binding-out

Question 10

The major reason for the juvenile court's focus on ____is that it has traditionally focused not on the act,but on the whole child.

A) deterrence
B) formality
C) informality
D) retribution

Question 11

Besides the increasing number of juvenile cases transferred,there have been three additional developments in this area.These are listed below.Which of the following is NOT one of these developments?

A) Simplification of the transfer process in some states
B) An increasing rate of juvenile cases transferred
C) An expansion of the number of transfer mechanisms
D) The lowering by some states of the maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction

Question 12

The U.S.Supreme Court case ____ greatly expanded the overall due-process protections afforded juveniles within the juvenile court.

A) Ex parte Crouse
B) Kent v. United States
C) In re Winship
D) In re Gault

Question 13

The most frequently used disposition in juvenile courts is ____,followed by ____.

A) placement; diversion
B) probation; placement
C) placement; probation
D) probation; diversion

Question 14

During the late 1800s a new group of reformers known as the ____ began to advocate instituting a juvenile court to deal with youth problems.

A) Puritans
B) refugees
C) Boston Children's Aid Society
D) child savers

Question 15

In ____,the Supreme Court ruled that parents or attorneys do not have to be present for juveniles to waive their rights.

A) Schall v. Martin
B) Miranda v. Arizona
C)
C) Fare v. Michael
D) Kent v. United States

Question 16

The Juvenile Court Act of 1899 included three of the following requirements.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Waiver to adult criminal court for serious offenses
B) The court to be overseen by a special judge
C) Separate records to be kept of juvenile hearings
D) Hearings to be held in a separate courtroom

Question 17

Before adjudication can take place,several preliminary actions are necessary.Three are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) A petition must be filed.
B) The necessary parties (such as the youth, the parents, and witnesses) must be given notice of the hearing.
C) A jury must be selected.
D) A hearing date must be set.

Question 18

Diversion can occur at any stage of the juvenile justice process,but it is most often employed before:

A) adjudication.
B) arrest.
C) petition to the juvenile court.
D) contacting the police.

Question 19

Regardless of any other factors,as the ____ increase(s),so will the likelihood of arrest.

A) demands of the complainant
B) seriousness of the offense
C) apathy of the community
D) anger of the community

Question 20

In the case ____,the Supreme Court ruled that delinquency charges must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt where there was a possibility that a youth could be confined in a locked facility.

A) Ex parte Crouse
B) Kent v. United States
C) In re Winship
D) In re Gault

Question 21

For which of the following types of blended sentences may a juvenile court impose a juvenile correctional sanction that remains in force after the offender is beyond the age of the court's extended jurisdiction,at which point the offender may be transferred to the adult correctional system?

A) juvenile-exclusive blend
B) juvenile-inclusive blend
C) juvenile-contiguous blend
D) criminal-inclusive blend

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a component of juvenile restorative justice conferences or family group conferences?

A) at the conferences, victims and the other relevant parties have an opportunity to explain how they have been affected by the offense
B) at the conferences, victims and the other relevant parties have an opportunity to question the offending juveniles
C) at the end of the conference, the participants determine how the offending juveniles can make amends to the victims for the wrong done and then sign a reparation agreement
D) all of the choices are components

Question 23

Which of the following methods accounts for the largest number of juvenile cases transferred to criminal court in recent years?

A) statutory exclusion or legislative transfer
B) judicial transfer
C) prosecutorial transfer
D) mandatory or automatic waiver

Question 24

According to a recent study,approximately what percent of juvenile correctional institutions were overcrowded (that is,they did not have enough beds for all of their residents and exceeded standards based on square footage,utility use,or fire codes)?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 25

Your textbook names four recent trends in juvenile incarceration.Three are listed below.Which of the following is NOT one of these trends?

A) The increasing number of indigent juveniles being incarcerated at the request of schools or the local community
B) The increasing number of juveniles being incarcerated in local adult jails and state prisons
C) The use of both public and private facilities
D) The disproportionately large percentage of males and racial or ethnic minorities that are incarcerated

Question 26

Which of the following standards of proof is necessary for arresting a juvenile?

A) reasonable suspicion
B) probable cause
C) preponderance of evidence
D) clear and convincing evidence

Question 27

A fundamental philosophical change in the focus of juvenile justice is reflected in the three new disposition or sentencing practices that are listed below.Which of the following does NOT belong?

A) The use of work-release programs to encourage juveniles to pay for their own placement
B) The extension of juvenile court dispositions beyond the offender's age of majority
C) The use of blended sentences, which combine both juvenile and adult sanctions
D) The use of mandatory minimum sentences for specific types of offenders or offense categories

Question 28

For which of the following methods for transferring juvenile cases to criminal court are no national statistics available?

A) statutory exclusion or legislative transfer
B) judicial transfer
C) prosecutorial transfer
D) mandatory or automatic waiver

Question 29

For which of the following reasons did the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in the late 1980s initiate an intensive community-based juvenile aftercare project called the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)?

A) increasing juvenile crime rates
B) increasing numbers of juveniles requiring secure care
C) increasing costs
D) all of the choices are reasons

Question 30

Probation officers usually perform four important roles in the juvenile justice process.Three are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) They provide assistance to youths placed on probation.
B) They conduct presentence investigations.
C) They enforce parental liability sentences.
D) They perform intake screening.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a segment of the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)?

A) pre-release and preparatory planning during incarceration
B) structured transition that requires the participation of institutional and aftercare staff prior to and following community re-entry
C) long-term, reintegrative activities that ensure adequate service delivery and the necessary level of social control
D) all of the choices are segments

Question 32

In ______ jurisdiction states,prosecutors have discretion to file eligible cases in either juvenile court or criminal court if the cases meet certain age,offense,and,in some jurisdictions,prior-record criteria?

A) consecutive
B) concurrent
C) juvenile-contiguous
D) multi

Question 33

Between 1994 and 2003,what was the trend in the juvenile violent crime index arrest rate?

A) increased dramatically
B) increased slightly
C) decreased
D) remained about the same

Question 34

Three of the following are types of restitution that are discussed in your textbook.Which of the following does NOT belong?

A) Victim-service restitution
B) Monetary restitution
C) Community-service restitution
D) Educational restitution

Question 35

Three general types of dispositions are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Dismissal of the case, which is used in a small percentage of cases
B) The use of a school-based supervision program
C) The use of an institutional program
D) The use of a community-based program

Question 36

Which of the following are referred to as "the workhorses of the juvenile justice system"?

A) police officers
B) juvenile probation officers
C) juvenile court judges
D) juvenile correctional officers

Question 37

Where and when was the first juvenile court established?

A) Boston, 1825
B) Philadelphia, 1841
C) Chicago, 1899
D) Detroit, 1914

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a documented benefit of restorative justice conferences and teen courts?

A) they hold juveniles more accountable for their offenses
B) they are effective at reducing recidivism
C) they better involve and meet the needs of victims
D) all of the choices are benefits

Question 39

Which of the following is likely NOT included in restorative justice conference reparation agreements?

A) an apology to the victims
B) some type of restitution to the victims
C) the requirement that offenders perform community service or complete other requirements such as improving school attendance or finishing homework
D) all of the choices are likely included

Question 40

Which of the following did the child savers believe provided the best institutions for protecting children?

A) families
B) churches
C) government agencies
D) factories

Question 41

In the 1800s and earlier,girls were often committed by parents or relatives for the same types of criminal offenses as boys were.

Question 42

Recent developments in waiver to adult court reflect a shift in many jurisdictions toward a more rehabilitative orientation toward juvenile offenders.

Question 43

A hearing officer is a lawyer who is empowered by the juvenile court to hear juvenile cases.

Question 44

A number of studies have found that male status offenders are more likely to be formally processed than female ones.

Question 45

In People v.Turner (1870),the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that because placement in the house of refuge actually was punishment,due-process protections were necessary.

Question 46

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Used to remove youths from particular neighborhoods and used for some nonviolent offenders instead of more restrictive placements

Question 47

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Primary goal is to hold youths accountable for their actions

Question 48

Certification is the juvenile court equivalent of the trial and sentencing phases in criminal court.

Question 49

The formality of the juvenile court may explain why most youths contest the charges against them.

Question 50

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Engages youths in a variety of activities,such as camping,backpacking,rock climbing,canoeing,and sailing

Question 51

Despite the long history of juvenile correctional institutions,there is surprisingly little information on the effectiveness of this response to juvenile offenders.

Question 52

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Serve as an intermediate response that is more restrictive than standard probation but less restrictive than incarceration

Question 53

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Parole is one example of this type of community-based correction

Question 54

One ongoing problem in juvenile justice is providing adequate due-process protections to youths at all stages of the juvenile justice process.

Question 55

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Youths who live in these usually go to school in the home or in the community,or work in the community

Question 56

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Provide treatment or services to youths during the day and allow them to return home at night

Question 57

The police represent the primary gatekeepers to the formal juvenile justice process.

Question 58

The first house of refuge was established in New York City in 1825.

Question 59

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Because they provide highly structured programs for youths during the day,it is assumed that they protect community safety as well

Question 60

Adjudication is the juvenile court equivalent of sentencing in criminal court.

Question 61

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Involves the provision of services to assist youths in successfully making the transition from juvenile institutions to life back in the community

Question 62

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Open,nonsecure community-based facilities used in both "halfway-in programs" and "halfway-out programs"

Question 63

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
The most frequently used correctional response for youths who are adjudicated delinquent in juvenile courts

Question 64

What must be proven at a waiver hearing in order to allow waiver to adult court? What other three factors must the prosecutor prove,in most states?

Question 65

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Works under the basic assumption that learning is best accomplished by acting in an environment where there are consequences for one's actions

Question 66

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Out-of-home placements intended to resemble,as much as possible,a family setting

Question 67

Your textbook names four specific due-process protections for juveniles that are transferred to criminal court,as a result of a 1966 Supreme Court case.Name these due-process protections.

Question 68

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
Requires offenders to compensate victims for damages to property or for physical injuries

Question 69

Match the following community-based juvenile correctional programs to the characteristics listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Probation
b.Intensive-supervision probation
c.Restitution
d.Wilderness probation (outdoor adventure) programs
e.Day treatment programs
f.Foster homes
g.Group homes
h.Aftercare programs
A recent trend in this program is the use of home confinement

Question 70

Your textbook names seven factors that influence the ways police officers handle juvenile suspects.Name five of them.

Question 71

Name the four models of teen courts used in the United States today.Which is used most frequently?

Question 72

Name the outcome of McKeiver v.Pennsylvania (1971),and give the three reasons listed in your textbook that explain the Supreme Court's decision.