Deck 5: History and Structure of American Law

Question 1

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the first black police officers?

A) they were "free men of color"
B) they were slaves
C) they were hired around 1805 to serve as members of the New Orleans city watch system
D) they were hired primarily because other people did not want the job

Answer 1

B

Question 2

At various times in American history,local police have acted in several different roles.Three of the roles listed in your textbook are below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Social workers
B) Firefighters
C) Public servants
D) Peacekeepers

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force?

A) Boston
B) Chicago
C) Philadelphia
D) New York

Answer 3

D

Question 4

After the Civil War,municipal police officers began to take on the characteristics of today's police.Three of these characteristics are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) They began to carry nightsticks.
B) They began to carry firearms.
C) They began to wear uniforms.
D) They began to form posses.

Question 5

Approximately how many local,state,and federal public law enforcement agencies operate in the United States?

A) 1
B) 9,000
C) 18,000
D) 36,000

Question 6

August Vollmer advocated three principles to professionalize American policing.Which of the following does NOT belong?

A) He advocated training as a key ingredient in professionalizing policing.
B) He believed that citizens needed training in methods of self-policing.
C) He believed strongly that the police should stay out of politics and that politics should stay out of policing.
D) He advocated education as a key ingredient in professionalizing policing.

Question 7

By the 1970s,research began to show three of the following findings.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Unattended disorderly behavior in neighborhoods is a signal to more serious criminals that residents do not care what goes on in their community and that the criminals can move in and operate with impunity.
B) A rapid response to crime does not necessarily lead to more arrests.
C) Having more police officers using methods made popular under the professional or reform model does not significantly reduce crime.
D) Neighborhood-based policing projects had high success rates because of low costs, administrative efficiency, and high citizen interest.

Question 8

The Statute of Winchester formalized the ____ system of protection.

A) shire reeve
B) constable-watch
C) tithing
D) hue and cry

Question 9

In the South,the earliest form of policing was the:

A) slave patrols.
B) hue and cry.
C) sheriff and posse.
D) constable-watch system.

Question 10

Three emphasis areas of community policing are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Fighting crime
B) Delivering social services
C) Eradicating the causes of crime in a community
D) Keeping peace

Question 11

Under the tithing system,groups of 10 families (or a tithing)would follow three of the principles listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Agree to follow the law
B) Keep the peace in their areas
C) Select one man from each parish as chief peacekeeper
D) Bring law violators to justice

Question 12

Following the backlash to Reconstruction and the loss of jobs of black police officers,during which of the following periods were black police officers hired again in most southern cities?

A) 1890s and 1900s
B) 1920s and 1930s
C) 1940s and 1950s
D) 1960s and 1970s

Question 13

The slave codes held slaves responsible for their crimes and other acts that were not crimes if committed by free persons.Three typical restrictions against slaves are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Enslaved people could not hold meetings.
B) Enslaved people could not learn to read and write.
C) Enslaved people could not learn skilled trades.
D) Enslaved people could not carry a firearm.

Question 14

According to Peel,the main function of the police was to ____ by ____ of the community.

A) solve crime; active investigation
B) prevent crime; preventive patrol
C) solve crime; preventive patrol
D) prevent crime; active investigation

Question 15

The idea of ____ remains very popular in the South and the West.

A) federal police protection
B) police commissioners
C) self-protection
D) mounted militia units

Question 16

The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in:

A) New England.
B) Texas.
C) New York.
D) England.

Question 17

Earlier in American history,two forms of police protection began to evolve-the ____ in the villages,towns,and cities; and the ____ in the rural areas,unincorporated areas,and counties.

A) sheriff; tithing system
B) sheriff; constable-watch system
C) constable-watch system; sheriff
D) constable-watch system; tithing system

Question 18

One similarity between the slave patrols and the constable-watch system was that:

A) people could hire others to perform their duties for them.
B) citizens resented their use of firearms.
C) they had many of the trappings of today's police.
D) they developed into today's sheriffs departments.

Question 19

The vast majority of American law enforcement agencies are:

A) local.
B) federal.
C) multi-jurisdictional.
D) state.

Question 20

Early American citizens ____ the formation of the first police departments.

A) resisted
B) encouraged
C) controlled
D) privately funded

Question 21

Which of the following is usually NOT a county law enforcement function?

A) protecting the governor and the capitol grounds and buildings
B) serving summonses, warrants, and various writs
C) providing courtroom security and confine and transport prisoners
D) investigating crimes and enforcing the criminal and traffic laws of the state

Question 22

Three of the following statements describe how politics affects the role of sheriff in most counties.Which one does NOT belong?

A) The authority to appoint special deputies and to award patronage jobs contribute to the sheriff's power and influence in a county.
B) The sheriff's office is limited to counties that vote to approve it.
C) Local politics governs the operation of the sheriff's department.
D) The sheriff must operate as a partisan politician to remain in office.

Question 23

______ refers to protective services that a private security firm provides to people,agencies and companies that do not employ their won security personnel or that need extra protection,while ______ refers to in-house protective services that a security staff provides for the entity that employs it.

A) proprietary security-contract security
B) external security-internal security
C) contract security-proprietary security
D) internal security-external security

Question 24

A number of factors have triggered the growth of private security in the United States.Three are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Fewer constitutional limitations
B) Lowered citizen contact
C) Better control and attention to the problem
D) Declining revenues for public policing

Question 25

Among federal law enforcement agencies in 2002,the ______ employed the largest percentage of women,while the ______employed the smallest percentage of women.

A) Federal Bureau of Investigation-Federal Bureau of Prisons
B) U.S. Marshals Service-U.S. Secret Service
C) Internal Revenue Service-Drug Enforcement Agency
D) U.S. Customs Service-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

Question 26

Your textbook lists four unresolved problems and issues relating to private security.Three are listed below.Which one does not belong?

A) Public policing in a private capacity
B) Diminished public responsibility
C) Qualifications and training
D) Political corruption from patronage jobs

Question 27

State-level law enforcement officers include three of the following groups.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Highway patrols
B) Watercraft officers
C) Park rangers
D) Sheriffs

Question 28

Breaking up a fight,holding back a crowd at a sporting event,or intervening in a domestic dispute before it gets violent are examples of which of the following local police duties?

A) law enforcement
B) order maintenance or peacekeeping
C) service
D) information gathering

Question 29

According to the Homeland Security Act of 2002,which of the following agencies or organizations has "primary responsibility for investigating and prosecuting acts of terrorism"?

A) the Department of Homeland Security
B) the U.S.military
C) federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies
D) the CIA

Question 30

Where is the current headquarters of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center located?

A) Quantico, Virginia
B) Glenn County, Georgia
C) Washington, DC
D) Charleston, South Carolina

Question 31

One general grouping in your textbook lists four categories of local duties.Three are listed below.Which is NOT one of the duties discussed in your text?

A) Public education
B) Service
C) Information gathering
D) Peacekeeping

Question 32

With which of the following agencies are permanent legal attaches or "legats" associated?

A) the CIA
B) the FBI
C) the U.S. Secret Service
D) the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Question 33

There are three major differences between federal law enforcement and local and state police agencies.They are listed below.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Federal agencies such as the FBI operate across the entire nation and even have agents serving abroad.
B) Some federal law enforcement agencies have extremely narrow jurisdictions.
C) A significant function performed by a special category of federal law enforcement officers is university or campus policing.
D) Federal police agencies do not, as a rule, have the peacekeeping or order maintenance duties typical in local policing.

Question 34

_____ is a model of state law enforcement services in which the agency and its officers have the same law enforcement powers as local police,anywhere within the state.

A) state police model
B) highway patrol model
C) constable-watch system
D) slave patrols

Question 35

In 2000,____ of American local police departments required a high school diploma or higher educational achievement.

A) 14 percent
B) 83 percent
C) 99 percent
D) 51 percent

Question 36

In which of the following years was the first woman elected to the position of sheriff in the United States?

A) 1868
B) 1916
C) 1972
D) 1992

Question 37

What is currently the top priority of the FBI?

A) being a federal police agency
B) protecting the president and other government leaders
C) being an intelligence and counterterrorism agency
D) enforcement of the country's immigration laws

Question 38

Taking people to the hospital,escorting funeral processions,delivering mail for city officials,or chasing bats out of a caller's house are examples of which of the following local police duties?

A) law enforcement
B) order maintenance or peacekeeping
C) service
D) information gathering

Question 39

Which of the 50 United States does not have a state policing agency?

A) Hawaii
B) Alaska
C) Montana
D) Idaho

Question 40

Which of the following is the largest directorate in the Department of Homeland Security?

A) Border and Transportation Security
B) Emergency Preparedness and Response
C) Science and Technology
D) Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection

Question 41

Your textbook lists Peel's Principles of Policing.Name 5 of these 12 principles.

Question 42

Private security complements public law enforcement in the United States.

Question 43

Jurisdiction is defined as a specific geographical area,but does not include the right or authority of a justice agency to act in regard to a particular subject matter,territory,or person.

Question 44

In the highway patrol model,the agency and its officers have essentially the same enforcement powers as local police in the state and can work cases and enforce the law anywhere within the state's boundaries.

Question 45

Briefly explain what the acronym PEPPAS stands for.

Question 46

The United States has more police departments than any other nation in the world.

Question 47

Most police agencies in the United States require complex organizational structures.

Question 48

The professional model,or reform model,of policing inspired by August Vollmer brought several positive results to American policing.Name five of the nine results discussed in your textbook.

Question 49

In community policing,the community and police jointly approach the problems of maintaining order and providing services.

Question 50

States that employ the highway patrol model often have other state law enforcement agencies with narrow service mandates.

Question 51

Your textbook names four generalizations about American law enforcement.Name those four generalizations.

Question 52

Name the findings of the four blue-ribbon reports conducted in the 1960s and 1970s to improve American policing standards.How did this affect police selection?

Question 53

At the federal level,there are more than 100 law enforcement agencies.

Question 54

Many other nations have only one police department.

Question 55

Henry Fielding established the Bow Street Runners,who were England's first professional detective force.

Question 56

Until the 1920s,political corruption prevented the development of professional police departments in most American cities.

Question 57

The constable-watch system was England's earliest form of group protection.

Question 58

Because of relatively low wages,private security officers frequently work part-time or have another primary job and use their security job wages to supplement their incomes.