Deck 12: Gender Roles and Sexuality

Question 1

Research on gender differences suggests that girls are

A)more compliant than boys in all situations.
B)more demanding than boys.
C)more compliant than boys with authority figures but not with peers.
D)more likely than boys to engage in risky behavior.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Adults are asked to interact with an unknown infant.Half of the adults are told that the infant is "Steve" and the other half are told that the infant is "Stacy." What are you likely to observe of these interactions?

A)At such a young age,there are not likely to be any differences in how adults treat the infant in the two conditions.
B)Adults will treat the infant similarly until it begins to act in stereotypical ways,and then their responses will differ.
C)Adults will detect the real biological sex of the infant due to their behavior,and respond based on the infant's sex.
D)Adults are likely to rate "Steve" as strong and brave and "Stacy" as soft and cuddly.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

While Charlotte is growing up,she is socialized into believing that a woman should stay home and take care of the children while men go off to work and "bring home the bacon." This message best reflects a

A)gender-role stereotype.
B)gender type.
C)gender identity.
D)gender-role norm.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Through her mother's efforts,Olive has just come to realize that she is a girl and has also begun to acquire behaviors expected of girls.This process is best classified as

A)gender typing.
B)androgenizing.
C)sexual orienting.
D)the double standard.

Question 5

If we identified 100 typical males and 100 typical females and assessed them across a variety of psychological attributes,chances are that about _____ of the observed differences could be attributed to whether the person was male or female.

A)0%
B)5%
C)25%
D)50%

Question 6

Children appear to learn gender stereotypes

A)at about the time they understand that they cannot change their sex.
B)during the first few months after birth.
C)around the point that they become aware of their basic gender identities.
D)around the end of the elementary school years.

Question 7

If Kirsten believes in the saying,"Boys and girls are more alike than different," she is clearly a fan of

A)psychodynamic theory.
B)a double standard.
C)the gender similarity hypothesis.
D)gender segregation.

Question 8

Shawn and Denise are a typical U.S.couple.What makes them a little unusual is that Denise works outside the home while Shawn is a stay-at-home dad.Research has indicated that Shawn and Denise most likely

A)divide their at-home labor responsibilities along traditional lines.
B)divide their at-home labor responsibilities along gender-neutral lines.
C)divide their at-home labor responsibilities in direct opposition traditional lines.
D)do not divide their at-home labor responsibilities.

Question 9

Each society generally has a set of expectations regarding the behaviors and traits that are considered appropriate for males as compared to females.These sets of expectations are

A)gender roles.
B)gender-role stereotypes.
C)gender types.
D)gender identities.

Question 10

If American children Nicholas (a boy)and Alexandra (a girl)are typical of other members of their sex,then you would predict that

A)Nicholas would likely be more cooperative.
B)Alexandra would show more interest in caring for an infant.
C)Nicholas would be more cautious.
D)Alexandra would be more likely to be autistic.

Question 11

The goal of the gender role aspect called "agency" is to prepare a person for

A)the acquisition of sexist language.
B)individual achievement.
C)developing a "nurturing side."
D)the onset of sexual urges in puberty.

Question 12

The process by which children become aware of the fact that they are either male or female and that there are different cultural expectations concerning the pattern of behavior for the two sexes is called

A)androgenizing.
B)gender-role stereotyping.
C)sexual orienting.
D)gender typing.

Question 13

Research on gender differences in math ability has shown that

A)males have superior computational skills.
B)females obtain slightly higher grades in math classes.
C)males score higher on math tests in all countries.
D)females express more negative attitudes about math.

Question 14

Which statement concerning toddlers' understanding of gender roles is true?

A)Females appear to understand gender-based activities much earlier than males.
B)Males appear to understand gender-based activities much earlier than females.
C)Females and males appear to understand gender-based activities at the same age.
D)Toddlers do not show any understanding of gender-based
Activities.

Question 15

With regard to gender stereotypes in the 1990s vs.today,

A)more males now view themselves as having no communality traits.
B)more women now view themselves as having more agentic traits.
C)more boys who reject communality traits are developing homosexual orientations.
D)more girls who reject agentic traits are experiencing teen pregnancy.

Question 16

Which is the best example of a communality role in American society?

A)Telling off a bad waiter
B)Working on a project alone
C)Caring for a sick child
D)Winning a tennis tournament

Question 17

Most children clearly demonstrate basic gender identity by

A)1 to 1½ years of age.
B)2½ to 3 years of age.
C)3½ to 4 years of age.
D)5 to 6 years of age.

Question 18

Which is true regarding common gender stereotypes?

A)There is solid research evidence that females generally have better visual/spatial skills than males.
B)There is consistent research support for the fact that males are more aggressive than females.
C)Females are more vulnerable to diseases and disorders than males.
D)There are no gender stereotypes that are consistently supported by research.

Question 19

Which statement about sex differences is true?

A)Actual psychological gender differences are small,however they make a major difference in a society.
B)Actual psychological gender differences are large,however they make little difference in a society.
C)Actual gender psychological differences are small,and they make little difference in a society.
D)Actual gender psychological differences are large,and they make a major difference in a society.

Question 20

Khalid has begun to demonstrate cross-modal associations of gender information by looking longer at a female face when he hears a female voice than when he hears a male voice.How old is Khalid? 

A)one hour
B)one week
C)one month
D)one year

Question 21

Audrey grows up in a family in which her father provides at-home daycare and her mother is a construction worker.Audrey loves trucks and hates dolls.A social learning theorist would be most likely to explain Audrey's attitudes in terms of

A)gender confusion.
B)observational learning.
C)a double standard.
D)gender segregation.

Question 22

Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender typing suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

A)gender-role development is strongly influenced by socialization.
B)there are critical periods for the establishment of gender identity.
C)early biological developments influence how parents label and treat a child at birth.
D)fetal chromosomal differences determine gender-role behavior.

Question 23

Based on research by Stoddart and Turiel,which two people would you expect to hold the most negative attitudes concerning the violation of gender roles (e.g. ,a boy wearing nail polish)?

A)A 5-year-old and a 7-year-old
B)A 5-year-old and a 13-year-old
C)A 7-year-old and a 9-year-old
D)A 9-year-old and a 13-year-old

Question 24

Gender intensification involves an increased

A)desire to be viewed as androgynous.
B)intolerance of any deviation from proscribed gender roles.
C)drive to have "hook ups" due to peer pressure.
D)experimentation with sexual orientation.

Question 25

What evidence did Money and Ehrhardt use as the basis for concluding that there is a critical period for the establishment of gender identity?

A)Hormones must be released prenatally to have any impact on behavior.
B)Sex reassignment can be successfully done when a child has achieved gender identity,but not once a child has achieved gender stability.
C)Sex reassignment before 18 months of age causes few adjustment problems,while reassignment after 3 years of age is very difficult.
D)Sex reassignment while still in the preoperational stage of development causes few adjustment problems,while reassignment once concrete operational thought has begun is very difficult.

Question 26

An example of gender intensification would involve

A)boys noticing that some girls like romance.
B)a boy asserting his masculinity among his peers.
C)a girl acting like a "tomboy."
D)a boy acting like a "sissy."

Question 27

Which two groups view violations of gender roles most negatively?

A)Young elementary school-aged children and adolescents
B)Preschoolers and elementary school-aged children
C)Middle-school-aged children and adolescents
D)Preschoolers and adults

Question 28

With regard to children's views of gender stereotypes,research has indicated that

A)nine-year-olds are more bothered than five-year-olds when kids' activities violate gender-role stereotypes.
B)five-year-olds are more upset by violations of gender-role stereotypes than are nine-year-olds.
C)concern about violations of gender stereotypes is very high throughout childhood (age four through nine).
D)concern about violations of gender stereotypes is nonexistent until the teenage years.

Question 29

Gender intensification appears to be driven by

A)maturation of the amygdala and adrenals.
B)prenatal hormones and social experiences in infancy.
C)the need to experiment with one's gender role.
D)hormonal changes and peer pressure.

Question 30

In general,young adolescents

A)view gender-role violations as a sign of psychological abnormality.
B)are more accepting of peers' cross-sex interests than they are likely to be as adults.
C)make less negative judgments of peers who violate traditional gender roles than do those in middle childhood.
D)show significantly fewer sex difference on tests of cognitive abilities.

Question 31

Research by Morrongiello and Hogg (2004)found that when asked to prevent future risky behavior in a child who had misbehaved in some dangerous way (e.g. ,bicycling fast down a hill),moms reported that they would

A)set more rules for both boys and girls.
B)not intervene with the boys but would set more rules with girls.
C)not intervene with the girls but would set more rules with boys.
D)not intervene with either boys or girls as risky behavior was "in their blood."

Question 32

In which type of media outlet would you expect to find the strongest portrayal of traditional gender stereotypes?

A)Television
B)Picture books
C)Video games
D)Elementary textbooks

Question 33

Five-year-old Preetha draws clear lines between what types of games boys and girls should play and makes every effort to avoid playing with boys like her neighbor Kevin.Research has shown that preschoolers with attitudes like Preetha tend to be

A)aggressive.
B)shy.
C)rejected by peers.
D)well adjusted.

Question 34

From the time they are born,twins Johnny (a boy)and Tracey (a girl)are treated diversely.For example,whenever Johnny plays with a truck,his parents praise his behavior.Whenever Tracey shows an interest in a doll,her parents praise her actions.A social learning theorist would likely argue that this _____ will likely lead to distinct gender roles for Johnny and Tracey.

A)observational learning
B)parental identification
C)systemizing
D)differential reinforcement

Question 35

Who would a typical five-year-old in the U.S.believe to be most competent at their job?

A)A female construction worker
B)A male nurse
C)A female teacher
D)A male stay-at-home dad

Question 36

Biosocial theory views the sex chromosome pattern of an infant (e.g. ,XX)as

A)irrelevant to gender-role development.
B)a starting point for biological differentiation of the sexes.
C)the determinant of one's gender.
D)the after effect of gender-identification.

Question 37

With regard to gender-role development,social learning theorists have been criticized for

A)portraying children as passive participants in the developmental process.
B)overemphasizing the role of biological factors.
C)placing too little emphasis on the role of differential reinforcement.
D)denying the role that the media (e.g. ,television)play in promoting gender typing.

Question 38

Research on reinforcement of sex-appropriate behavior indicates that

A)fathers are more likely than mothers to discourage youngsters for playing with gender-inappropriate toys.
B)peers are more critical of cross-sex behavior in the infant years than in later childhood.
C)while impacting gender-role attitudes,parental reinforcement appears not to impact children's behavior on sex-related tasks (e.g. ,mathematics).
D)differential reinforcement of sex-appropriate behavior typically begins when a child reaches kindergarten.

Question 39

What effect does the establishment of a firm sense of gender identity tend to have on children?

A)They develop more rigid rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.
B)They develop more flexible rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.
C)They abandon all rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.
D)They initially identify rules concerning appropriate "boy" and "girl" behavior.

Question 40

Max,Trayvon,and the rest of the boys in the first-grade class have decided that from now on,boys will only play with boys and never with girls.What are these students demonstrating?

A)gender stereotyping
B)gender typing
C)gender segregation
D)gender stability

Question 41

Martin and Halverson's gender schema model suggests that

A)children learn gender roles solely as a result of parental reinforcement of sex-appropriate behaviors.
B)children are intrinsically interested in learning about objects or activities that fit their own-sex schemas.
C)inaccurate gender stereotypes are easily changed.
D)children are passive participants in gender-role development.

Question 42

According to gender-schema theory,if four-year-old Marisol (who classifies herself as a girl)believes that jumping rope is a "girl thing" and playing football is a "boy thing," then she would most likely

A)talk a lot about football,but would not play football.
B)think that jumping rope is for her (even if she has never done it in the past).
C)argue that boys should be made to jump rope.
D)try playing football to make sure that it is not for her.

Question 43

The most common criticism of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental explanation of gender typing is that

A)children often acquire gender-typed behaviors and preferences before they acquire gender stability and consistency.
B)his proposed sex differences in the rate at which boys acquire gender versus girls remains unsupported.
C)there is no evidence that the development of cognitive skills is related to the acquisition of gender typing.
D)it places too much emphasis on hormonal factors.

Question 44

According to cognitive-developmental theory,the initial phase of gender identity is established around age 2 or 3,when a child

A)realizes that boys and girls do different things.
B)first begins to use the terms "boy" and "girl."
C)first begins to be treated differently by their parents.
D)recognizes that they are a male or female.

Question 45

Which statement indicates that a child is in Kohlberg's initial basic gender identity stage of development?

A)"Girls do housework."
B)"If you wear a dress,you are a girl."
C)"I am a girl."
D)"Some girls are pretty."

Question 46

"I am a boy.Therefore I want to do the things boys do." This statement is reflective of which theoretical perspective regarding gender-role development?

A)Biosocial theory
B)Cognitive-developmental theory
C)Psychoanalytic theory
D)Social-learning theory

Question 47

On a personality test,Burt scores very low on both the agentic and communal scales.As such,he is best classified as

A)masculine.
B)feminine.
C)androgynous.
D)undifferentiated.

Question 48

Prior to the birth of their first child,Darnell and June have very strong gender-role orientation.Darnell,the father,is extremely masculine while June,the mother,is extremely feminine.According to the "parental imperative," what would you expect to happen to Darnell and June's gender roles following the birth of their first son,Wally?

A)Both June and Darnell will become more feminine.
B)June will become more masculine and Ward more feminine.
C)Both June and Darnell will become more masculine.
D)There will be little change in their gender roles.

Question 49

In general,gender roles

A)are more differentiated during adolescence than they are among newlyweds.
B)become more traditional and differentiated in a married couple following the birth of a child.
C)tend to remain constant across the adult years.
D)are more pronounced for couples when both partners are working.

Question 50

Four-year-old Bao believes that only girls can be nurses.At his next check-up,he happens to be seen by a male nurse.According to gender-schema theory,if a week later you were to ask Bao if boys can be nurses,his answer would most likely be

A)"No,they can never be."
B)"Yes,boys can be nurses."
C)"Yes,but only for little kids."
D)"Yes,but only if their wife is a doctor."

Question 51

Observations of infants and infant sexuality suggest all of the following EXCEPT that

A)they appear to derive pleasure from oral stimulation.
B)their genitals are sensitive to stimulation.
C)they actively seek sexual contact with other infants.
D)they undergo what appear to be orgasms.

Question 52

Martin has just come to realize that when a boy dresses like a girl,he does not actually become a girl.In cognitive-developmental theory,Martin appears to have just acquired

A)basic gender identity.
B)gender consistency.
C)gender stability.
D)gender segregation.

Question 53

How would you demonstrate androgyny?

A)Be both assertive and compassionate.
B)Be both compassionate and understanding.
C)Be both understanding and affectionate.
D)Be both affectionate and compassionate.

Question 54

The theory that becoming parents pressures males to be more "masculine" and females to be more "feminine" is referred to as the

A)androgyny shift.
B)double standard.
C)parental imperative.
D)gender segregation.

Question 55

For Kohlberg,the outcome of the three childhood stages of gender development is the acquisition of gender

A)moratorium.
B)flexibility.
C)androgyny.
D)constancy.

Question 56

According to the cognitive-developmental perspective of gender typing,which is the most mature understanding?

A)Understanding that some things are "boy things" and others are "girl things"
B)Understanding how to correctly label one's self as male or female
C)Understanding that gender is stable across situations
D)Understanding that gender is stable across time

Question 57

Which is the best example of an in-group-out-group gender schema?

A)Black children are more athletic than white children.
B)Boys who play with dolls don't like girls.
C)Boys can fight,but girls should play nice.
D)If you are a girl,you will grow up to be a woman.

Question 58

On which of the following points do most theories of gender-role development agree?

A)Biological forces are the most important determinant of gender-role development.
B)Children identify with their same-sex parent in order to resolve painful feelings of family conflict.
C)Gender roles that children develop depend on an interaction between biological factors and what their society offers in terms of gender models.
D)Gender roles depend on acquiring a certain level of cognitive development.

Question 59

Which statement concerning gender roles in adulthood is FALSE?

A)In families where both parents work,the division of housework is 50-50.
B)Men and women tend to develop more similar gender roles after their children have "left the nest."
C)Marriage often leads to the development of more distinct gender roles.
D)Gender role differences between men and women tend to decrease in older age.

Question 60

A major difference between Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory and Martin and Halverson's gender-schema theory is that gender typing in the gender-schema theory

A)does not begin to develop until after children have developed gender stability and gender consistency.
B)begins as soon as children acquire gender identity at around two to three years of age.
C)develops via passive exposure to external models of gender-typed behaviors.
D)is unrelated to cognitive development.

Question 61

Which of the following is a component of a woman's gender?

A)breasts
B)uterus
C)strength
D)attire

Question 62

Which of the following indicates how American women identify with masculine and feminine traits now compared to 20 years ago?

A)Masculinity and femininity has increased
B)Masculinity has remained the same,while femininity has decreased
C)Masculinity has increased,while femininity has remained the same
D)Masculinity has remained the same,while femininity has increased

Question 63

A 2007 study of college students found that about _____ agreed that they "had sex" when they engaged in oral-genital stimulation.

A)20%
B)40%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 64

Which term best reflects the cause of homosexuality?

A)genetic
B)uncertain
C)hormonal
D)social

Question 65

Which of the following terms best reflects the concept of gender roles?

A)biological dictates
B)social expectations
C)parental guidelines
D)common inaccuracies

Question 66

Twin studies on sexual orientation show that

A)genes are much more influential than environmental factors in determining sexual orientation.
B)sexual orientation is determined almost completely by environmental factors.
C)a genetic link cannot be established because not enough twins will participate in this kind of research.
D)genetic and environmental influences appear about equally responsible for sexual orientation.

Question 67

Which of the following is a component of a man's gender?

A)build
B)strength
C)compassion
D)testes

Question 68

Research on 12th-graders indicates that

A)significantly more males than females are sexually active (i.e. ,have had at least one sexual encounter).
B)significantly more females than males are sexually active (i.e. ,have had at least one sexual encounter).
C)both males and females tend to be sexually active (i.e. ,have had at least one sexual encounter) 
D)neither males nor females are sexually active.

Question 69

When he was in early elementary grades,most of Zack's friends were girls and they were always flirting at recess.So it surprised his parents when Zack told them at 15 that he is gay.Which term describes Zack's playground behavior?

A)inconsistent child gender stability
B)early gender desensitization
C)childhood gender nonconformity
D)androgenized social interaction

Question 70

Wanda has recently recognized that she has a vagina but her brother has a penis.What caused Wanda to have a vagina and not a penis?

A)an X chromosome
B)a Y chromosome
C)hormones
D)neurotransmitters

Question 71

DeMarco graduated from college in 2015.How does he likely think about men and women?

A)slightly favoring men
B)as equals
C)slightly favoring women
D)strongly favoring men

Question 72

Which best illustrates the underlying premise of the double standard?

A)What's okay for him is not okay for her.
B)I want to only play with girls,not boys.
C)Men are smart,women are dumb.
D)Male but feminine equals gay.

Question 73

Research on 16-year-old sexual abstainers,low risk-takers,and high risk-takers found that

A)abstaining was most common in teens with unwed mothers.
B)high-risk teens looked more mature at earlier ages than teens from the other groups.
C)low-risk teens were most likely to be involved in romantic relationships.
D)there was no relationship between behaviors exhibited between ages 9 and 12 and later sexual activity.

Question 74

When discussing sex with his buddies,Javier says,"The key is to understand that normal guys want and need sex,whereas girls who want sex are immoral and corrupt." Javier's comments best exemplify the concept of

A)the double standard.
B)gender segregation.
C)the androgyny shift.
D)gender intensification.

Question 75

Most teens in the U.S.believe that

A)sex,both in the context of a committed relationship and in casual relationships,is acceptable.
B)sex,in the context of a committed relationship is acceptable,but casual sex is much less acceptable.
C)casual sex is acceptable,but sex in the context of a committed relationship is much less acceptable.
D)neither casual sex nor sex in the context of a committed relationship are acceptable.

Question 76

The impact of sexual abuse appears to be most severe when the abuse was a

A)one-time event involving a stranger.
B)one-time event involving a close relative.
C)frequent,long-term event involving a stranger.
D)frequent,long-term event involving a close relative.

Question 77

Women

A)tend to have a shorter sexual refractory period than men.
B)show increases in the speed of sexual arousal in older age.
C)lose the physiological capacity to have sex before men.
D)who have experienced menopause show a steep decline in interest in sexual activity.

Question 78

The guys on the soccer team always kid coach Martinez,saying that he's like an old mother hen the way he watches over them and asks what they ate and if they slept well.What are the team members experiencing from their coach?

A)double standard
B)agency
C)role reversal
D)communality

Question 79

Cleo was frustrated with her husband Jesse because he always had some appliance or gadget taken apart on her dining room table.She finally agreed to turn the spare bedroom into a workroom for him so she can have guests for dinner.What is the cause of Jesse's behavior? 

A)communing
B)agency
C)dominance
D)systemizing

Question 80

Research supports all of the following EXCEPT that

A)adrenal gland activity around age 10 appears to be linked to the first sexual attraction.
B)attitudes concerning sexual behavior vary between cultures.
C)the first sexual attraction tends to occur prior to the maturation of the sex organs.
D)sexual behavior in puberty is best conceptualized as being solely driven by hormones.