Deck 3: Genes,Environment,and Development

Question 1

Most dogs bark but don't speak,and most humans speak but don't bark.This is best explained by

A)species heredity.
B)meiosis.
C)individual heredity.
D)mitosis.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which best exemplifies the process of cultural evolution?

A)The fact that different eye shapes are found within individuals in the same ethnic group
B)Inheriting a stronger left arm than a right arm because in the past,this allowed for the faster cutting of grains and more food for families
C)The dramatic shift from Communism to Democracy seen in the Soviet Union in the 1980s
D)Greater height in current generations than in past generations because in past generations,food that needed to be gathered was closer to the ground

Answer 2

B

Question 3

With regard to twins,monozygotic is to dizygotic as

A)common is to uncommon.
B)one egg is to two eggs.
C)recessive is to dominant.
D)fraternal is to identical.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The idea that some genes aid in adaptation more than others is known as

A)genetic counseling.
B)natural selection.
C)shared environmental influences.
D)crossing over.

Question 5

All human babies,regardless of which culture they live in or which language is spoken around them,begin to babble at about the same age.This is an example of

A)species heredity.
B)natural selection.
C)mutation.
D)recessive genetics.

Question 6

It is estimated that about _____ percent of the human genome consists of what are traditionally defined as genes.

A)3
B)16
C)7
D)1

Question 7

A gene

A)is made of hormones and neurotransmitters.
B)can also be referred to as an ovum.
C)when combined with a second gene will produce a chromosome.
D)provides instructions for the production of proteins.

Question 8

While Selena and Marisol are sisters and look somewhat alike,they have only about 50 percent of their genes in common.This would mean that the girls are most likely

A)monozygotic twins.
B)conjoined twins.
C)dizygotic twins.
D)autosomal twins.

Question 9

Which statement concerning the genetic code is FALSE?

A)Zygotes consist of many genes.
B)Genes consist of many DNA strands.
C)DNA strands consist of many zygotes.
D)Chromosomes consist of many genes.

Question 10

The belief that we inherit tried and true ways of adjusting to the environment from past generations is referred to as

A)crossing over.
B)incomplete dominance.
C)concordance.
D)cultural evolution.

Question 11

A sperm cell and an ovum each contribute 23,rather than 46,chromosomes to a zygote because they

A)were produced through the process of meiosis.
B)were produced through the process of mitosis.
C)have undergone the process of crossing over.
D)have undergone the process of canalization.

Question 12

Following mitosis,each daughter cell has _____ number of chromosomes as that of the mother cell.

A)half of the
B)twice the
C)four times the
D)the same

Question 13

As the genetic material in two cells pair up just prior to meiosis,parts of the chromosome are exchanged with a second chromosome.This is called

A)karyotyping.
B)concordance.
C)crossing over.
D)cloning.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a major claim of Darwin's theory of evolution?

A)There is genetic variation in a species.
B)Some genes aid in adaptation to the environment more than other genes do.
C)New species emerge on their own and are not related to earlier species.
D)Genes that aid in adaptation to the environment are more likely to be passed on to future generations.

Question 15

Joseph and Kenneth are twins resulting from two ova.What proportion of their genes do the boys have in common?

A)precisely 50 percent 
B)about 50 percent
C)about 25 percent
D)100 percent

Question 16

The typical outcome of a female reproductive cell that has undergone meiosis is

A)one egg and three nonfunctional cells.
B)two eggs and two nonfunctional cells.
C)three eggs and one nonfunctional cell.
D)four eggs.

Question 17

Last year the maternity wing of Cedar Glen Hospital celebrated 1,000 births.How many of these events celebrated identical twins? 

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)8

Question 18

Which is the most genetically complex structure?

A)A gene
B)A chromosome
C)A zygote
D)A sperm

Question 19

We know that two people have precisely 50 percent of their genes in common if they are

A)fraternal twins.
B)identical twins.
C)parent and child.
D)grandchild and grandparent

Question 20

When Tayvon was born last month,genetic tests cleared him of any genetic abnormalities.How many autosomal chromosomes does Tayvon have?

A)46
B)44
C)23
D)22

Question 21

Children who have one dark-skinned parent and one light-skinned parent can have a skin tone that is somewhere between their mother's skin color and their father's skin color.This is an example of

A)incomplete dominance.
B)mutation.
C)polygenic inheritance.
D)codominance.

Question 22

Who is LEAST likely to have a chromosomal abnormality?

A)Thom,who has a total of 22 pairs of chromosomes
B)Rodrigo,who has a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes
C)Priya,who has a total of 24 pairs of chromosomes
D)Ellie,who has a total of 25 pairs of chromosomes

Question 23

Violet is known for having an outgoing and engaging personality.From a biological perspective,how did Violet attain this characteristic?  

A)a single gene pair
B)sex-linked inheritance
C)polygenic inheritance
D)mutation of one or more genes

Question 24

Jeannine needs to give a short presentation to the class discussing an aspect of her genotype.What will Jeannine likely focus on in her speech?  

A)her curly blonde hair
B)scoring 128 on her IQ test
C)being shy with new people
D)the codes on her X chromosome

Question 25

Which of the following is true of a genotype?

A)The phenotype controls the expression of the genotype.
B)The expression of the genotype may be affected by environmental factors.
C)The genotype and phenotype are largely unrelated.
D)The genotype can be altered by experience.

Question 26

After meeting with their doctor,the Mansour family learned that the symptoms their son's disorder is caused by a chromosomal abnormality.What was the doctor's diagnosis for the boy? 

A)hemophilia
B)cystic fibrosis
C)sickle-cell disease
D)Down syndrome

Question 27

The fact that Orson is extremely obese appears to be completely due to one pair of genes that he received (one from mom and one from dad).In this case,Orson's obesity is best explained by

A)single gene-pair inheritance.
B)polygenetic effects.
C)dominant genes.
D)sex-linked traits.

Question 28

If a person needs one matching pair of genes in order to express a characteristic carried by a pair of genes,the characteristic is considered

A)recessive.
B)dominant.
C)a mutation.
D)polygenic.

Question 29

Yao has an extra X chromosome.He is tall,sterile,and has enlarged breasts.Yao would be most accurately diagnosed as having

A)Tay-Sachs.
B)PKU.
C)Klinefelter syndrome.
D)Turner syndrome.

Question 30

Meg was born with only one X chromosome.She is short,of average verbal intelligence,and lacking in spatial reasoning skills.Meg has

A)Down syndrome.
B)Tay-Sachs.
C)Klinefelter syndrome.
D)Turner syndrome.

Question 31

Kya has brown eyes,while her husband Rashid has green eyes.Their son Roscoe's eyes are best described as hazel,a brownish green.Roscoe's eye color best exemplifies the concept of

A)incomplete dominance.
B)mutation.
C)polygenic inheritance.
D)codominance.

Question 32

When a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene,the characteristic associated with the dominant gene will be

A)repressed.
B)absent.
C)expressed.
D)mutated.

Question 33

Incomplete dominance occurs when

A)a recessive gene overpowers a dominant gene.
B)there is a compromise between the effect of two genes.
C)a dominant gene overpowers a recessive gene.
D)genetic effects are overpowered by environmental factors.

Question 34

Maria gives birth to a child with trisomy 21.Which of the following is true?

A)Maria must have given her child an extra 21st chromosome.
B)The child's father must have given the child an extra 21st chromosome.
C)The child received an extra 21st chromosome from either her mother or her father.
D)Both parents contributed an extra 21st chromosome.

Question 35

The fact that type AB blood appears to be the result of a compromise between genes for type A and type B blood provides a good example of

A)incomplete dominance.
B)mutation.
C)polygenic inheritance.
D)codominance.

Question 36

When looking at the unusual protrusion sticking out of a newborn's head,Dr.Chung says,"The growth is due to some sudden change in the structure of the genes that was not passed on by the parents." Dr.Chung suspects that the growth is due to

A)mutation
B)epigenetics
C)a recessive gene
D)codominance

Question 37

The activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times is called

A)genotyping.
B)gene expression.
C)phenotypical expression.
D)phenotyping.

Question 38

Genotype is most accurately described as

A)your inherited genes.
B)a visual representation of chromosomes.
C)the manner in which genes are expressed.
D)environmental marks on your genes.

Question 39

The Fraga and colleagues (2005)study on aging and RNA in identical twins found that the pattern of genetic expression

A)was nearly identical in both very young and older twins.
B)was quite different in both very young and older twins.
C)was nearly identical in very young twins but differed in older twins.
D)differed in very young twins but was nearly identical in older twins.

Question 40

Michael is color blind.What caused this to occur?

A)his father's genes
B)his mother's genes
C)either parent's genes 
D)environmental factors

Question 41

The consistent parenting style exhibited by parents toward all their children would represent a _____ for the children.

A)shared environmental experience
B)genetic effect
C)nonshared environmental experience
D)crossing over effect

Question 42

A high concordance rate between identical twins for schizophrenia would suggest that the disorder

A)has a genetic basis.
B)is inherited from the mother.
C)results from childhood experiences.
D)will always occur in both twins..

Question 43

If a physician wanted to get a visual image of a developing fetus' limbs,her best option would be to use a(n)

A)preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
B)ultrasound.
C)chorionic villus sampling.
D)amniocentesis.

Question 44

Despite the fact that it is the result of recessive genes,some carriers of sickle-cell disease possess both normal and sickle-shaped blood cells.This phenomenon is best explained by

A)polygenetic effects.
B)meiosis.
C)incomplete dominance.
D)concordance rate.

Question 45

If genes alone contribute to a trait,which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?

A)1.00 for identical twins raised together but a lower correlation for those raised apart
B)1.00 for both identical and fraternal twin pairs raised together but a lower correlation for those pairs raised apart
C)1.00 for identical twins and .50 for fraternal twins raised together or raised apart
D)No significant correlation between identical twins or fraternal twins,regardless of whether they are raised together or apart

Question 46

Tony and Ling are both carriers of the same defective gene for a genetic disorder.As knowledgeable individuals,they know that each time they have a child there is a _____ risk that child will be a carrier for the disorder.

A)25 percent
B)50 percent
C)75 percent
D)100 percent

Question 47

Research by Plomin and colleagues indicated that the highest heritability correlation concerning the emotion of anger was found between

A)identical twins raised together.
B)identical twins reared apart.
C)fraternal twins raised together.
D)fraternal twins reared apart.

Question 48

Which is a common criticism of twin studies?

A)Twin studies are better suited to identify environmental influences than genetic influences.
B)Fraternal twins tend to be treated more similarly than identical twins.
C)Twin studies overestimate the role of prenatal experiences on development.
D)The environment may be the more dominant influence on the similarity being studied in twins.

Question 49

An individual who is a carrier of a trait has

A)two dominant genes,both calling for the presence of the trait.
B)two recessive genes,both calling for the presence of the trait.
C)one dominant gene calling for the absence of the trait and one recessive gene calling for the presence of the trait.
D)one dominant gene calling for the presence of the trait and one recessive gene calling for the absence of the trait.

Question 50

Which type of study would be most likely to compare unrelated siblings living in the same household?

A)Selective breeding studies
B)Family studies
C)Adoption studies
D)Twin studies

Question 51

Your text reveals that if one identical twin is gay,there is almost a 50 percent chance that the other identical twin will also be gay.On the other hand,if a fraternal twin is schizophrenic,there is only about a 20 percent chance the other fraternal twin will be schizophrenic.The measure of likelihood that twins will share this mental illness in common is called a(n)

A)concordance rate.
B)correlation coefficient.
C)dominant trait.
D)heritability factor.

Question 52

Heritability refers to

A)how much of a trait is influenced by genetic factors for a specific individual.
B)the proportion of the differences in a trait among a group of people that is due to genetic differences.
C)the percentage of pairs of people where,if one person in the pair has a trait,the other person in the pair also has the trait.
D)the degree to which one trait increases with increases in another trait.

Question 53

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of people with Down syndrome and people with Klinefelter syndrome?

A)They both have cells with 47 chromosomes,but the extra chromosome in Klinefelter syndrome is a sex chromosome and in Down syndrome,it is one of the other chromosomes.
B)They both have cells with 47 chromosomes,and in both cases,it is an extra sex chromosome.
C)There is an extra chromosome in Down syndrome,while there are fewer than the normal number of chromosomes in Klinefelter syndrome.
D)There is an extra X chromosome in Klinefelter syndrome and a missing X chromosome in Down syndrome.

Question 54

Forty-year-old Chester has just begun to show symptoms indicating a deterioration of his nervous system.Chester most likely has

A)Klinefelter syndrome.
B)Cystic fibrosis.
C)Turner syndrome.
D)Huntington's disease.

Question 55

If shared environmental influences alone contribute to the expression of a trait,which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?

A)1.00 for identical twins raised together but a somewhat lower correlation for those raised apart
B)1.00 for both identical and fraternal twin pairs raised together but no correlation for those pairs raised apart
C)1.00 for identical twins and .50 for fraternal twins raised together and raised apart
D)No significant correlation between identical twins or fraternal twins,regardless of whether they were raised together or apart

Question 56

Which one of the following sets of data would show a strong genetic influence on the development of a trait?

A)Identical twins raised together score more similarly to one another than identical twins raised apart.
B)Fraternal twins raised apart score as similarly to one another as do biological siblings who are raised together.
C)Identical twins raised apart score more similarly to one another than fraternal twins raised together.
D)Fraternal twins raised together score more similarly to one another than fraternal twins raised apart.

Question 57

The logic behind adoption studies is that

A)only personality factors can be inherited.
B)if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic,then the expression of that characteristic is likely to be influenced by genetic factors.
C)only physical factors can be inherited.
D)if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic,then the expression of that characteristic is likely to be influenced by environmental factors.

Question 58

When studying heritability in humans,an ethical behavior geneticist would be LEAST likely to

A)study identical twins reared apart.
B)compare the behavior of adopted children to their biological parents.
C)conduct a selective breeding experiment.
D)investigate the relationship between behaviors of unrelated siblings (step family members).

Question 59

Jeff's mother died from Huntington's disease and he inherited the Huntington's gene.What is the likelihood he will also develop symptoms of Huntington's disease?

A)Jeff will almost certainly develop Huntington's.
B)Jeff's odds of developing Huntington's are 1 in 2.
C)Jeff's odds of developing Huntington's are 1 in 4.
D)Jeff's odds of developing Huntington's depends on the gene he inherited from his father.

Question 60

_____ involves conducting DNA tests on the first cells after the mitosis of a fertilized egg.

A)Maternal blood sampling
B)Chorionic villus sampling
C)Amniocentesis
D)Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Question 61

Which statement best describes the genetic influence on depression?

A)Some genes predispose a person to depression,but no genes protect from depression.
B)Some genes protect a person from depression,but no genes predispose a person to depression.
C)Some genes protect a person from depression,and others predispose a person to depression.
D)No genes protect a person from depression,and no genes predispose a person to depression.

Question 62

Suppose identical twins raised apart have a correlation of .40 on a measure of some aspect of personality,and identical twins raised together have a correlation of .60 on this same measure.From these data,what can we logically conclude about this trait?

A)Nonshared environment has an impact because,even raised together,the identical twins do not show a perfect 1.00 correlation.
B)Nonshared environment has no impact because the identical twins raised apart have a lower correlation than the identical twins raised together.
C)Shared environment has no impact because identical twins raised apart have a correlation lower than 1.00.
D)Shared environment has an impact because identical twins raised apart have a correlation of .40.

Question 63

If one or both biological parents have schizophrenia,we can conclude that their child will

A)not develop the disorder as long as he or she is raised in a separate environment.
B)definitely develop the disorder regardless of the environment.
C)have a greater than average risk of developing the disorder in response to an environmental trigger.
D)develop the disorder at a much younger age than another child who develops the disorder but has no family history of schizophrenia.

Question 64

A medical research firm developed a new test for bipolar disorder that tries to identify if specific series of genome codes are missing in a person's DNA.What is the focus of the firm's test? 

A)chorionic villus samples
B)copy number variations
C)diathesis-stress markers
D)autosomal mutations

Question 65

Which of the following can cause intellectual deficits that progress as it is passed down through generations? 

A)Huntington's disease
B)Fragile X syndrome
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)Down syndrome

Question 66

Which of the following is true of gene therapy?

A)Gene therapy has proven to be successful with a wide range of diseases and is often the only hope for a cure.
B)Gene therapy is widely viewed as unethical and is illegal in the United States.
C)Because many diseases are the result of multiple genes and their interactions with other genes and the environment,gene therapy is unlikely to produce quick cures.
D)Gene therapy has failed virtually every time it has been tried and has fallen out of favor with clinical researchers.

Question 67

Which statement is true regarding the effects of genes and environment on temperament and personality?

A)Genes contribute little to no individual differences in temperament.
B)Genes account for nearly all of the individual differences in temperament.
C)Nonshared environmental influences contribute nothing to individual differences in temperament.
D)The shared environment of the home does not appear to make siblings more similar in temperament or personality.

Question 68

Research from behavioral geneticists has found that as we get older,genetic influences on intelligence are _____ in importance,shared influences are ______ in importance,and nonshared environmental influences are _____ in importance.

A)decreasing;decreasing;increasing
B)decreasing;increasing;decreasing
C)increasing;increasing;decreasing
D)increasing;decreasing;increasing

Question 69

Why would men's reproductive cells be more vulnerable to environmental influences than women's reproductive cells?

A)Men use all available cells for meiosis. 
B)Men have both X and Y chromosomes.
C)Men create sperm throughout their life.
D)Men have more repressed gene expression.

Question 70

Biological evolution is grounded in genetic adaptation,whereas cultural evolution is grounded in ________ adaptation.

A)political
B)physical
C)social
D)emotional

Question 71

Baby Paolo smiles and coos so often and is so delightful that his parents feel compelled to smile and chatter right back at him.Which sort of genetic environmental does this best illustrate?

A)Active genotype-environment
B)Evocative genotype-environment
C)Passive genotype-environment
D)Negative genotype-environment

Question 72

Which statement concerning heritability is true?

A)Heritability explains more of the variation in IQ among children from poor families.
B)Heritability is a fixed quality.
C)Heritability differs by socioeconomic status but not by age.
D)Heritability estimates differ by environment.

Question 73

The fact that parents provide their children with both their genes and an environment that is impacted by their own genetic make-up defines the gene-environment correlation of

A)active genotype-environment.
B)evocative genotype-environment.
C)passive genotype-environment.
D)crossed genotype-environment.

Question 74

The belief that genotype expression depends on environmental experience and how we respond to the environment depends on the genes we possess defines the concept of

A)single gene-pair inheritance.
B)shared environmental influence.
C)gene-environment interaction.
D)polygenetic inheritance.

Question 75

If the standard code for a particular segment of DNA is TCA-GAG-GTG-AAA,what is evidenced by the code TCA-GAG-TCA-AAA in that segment of someone's DNA? 

A)copy number variation
B)genetic crossing over
C)genetic mutation
D)gene-pair inheritance

Question 76

Imagine that at the beginning of time on Earth,frogs were all different colors of the rainbow.Over generations almost all frogs became green because the color camouflaged them in their leafy environments.This is an example of 

A)systemic adaptation.
B)species heredity.
C)natural selection.
D)cultural evolution.

Question 77

Some traits are more influenced by genetic factors than other traits,as reflected in the correlations between the traits of identical twins raised apart.Which one of the following series of traits is arranged from most to least heritable?

A)Height,brain activity,IQ scores,creativity
B)Brain activity,height,creativity,IQ scores
C)Brain activity,IQ scores,height,creativity
D)Height,creativity,IQ scores,brain activity

Question 78

Epigenetic effects alter the

A)expression of genes
B)occurrence of genes
C)structure of genes
D)makeup of genes

Question 79

Which of the following would NOT trigger the process of cultural evolution?

A)the invention of the telegraph
B)a mandate for communal housing
C)the emergence of a new virus
D)the elimination of grocery stores

Question 80

Laurie is a shy child who avoids social gatherings and seeks out solitary activities such as stamp collecting and reading a good book.Laurie's development will be influenced by this pattern of behavior.In terms of genetic-environmental,this example best illustrates a(n)

A)active genotype-environment.
B)evocative genotype-environment.
C)passive genotype-environment.
D)negative genotype-environment.