Deck 11: Self and Personality

Question 1

Who would be most likely to argue that the vast majority of personality is formed between birth and age six?

A)Leo,a psychodynamic theorist
B)Javier,a psychometric theorist
C)Alicia,a social learning theorist
D)Mina,a behavioral theorist

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Nine-month-old Morgan sees a rabbit in the yard.He then looks at his father,Ben,and tries to direct Ben's focus toward the bunny by pointing at it.Morgan's behavior illustrates the process of _____ as an indicator of an emerging self-awareness.

A)joint attention
B)industry
C)temperament
D)behavioral inhibition

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Children who are behaviorally inhibited are

A)high in extraversion and openness to new experience.
B)low in emotionality and extraversion.
C)high in neuroticism and low in extraversion.
D)low in sociability and neuroticism.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following accomplishments is typically the LAST to occur?

A)Recognition of self-image in the mirror
B)Engaging in joint attention with an adult
C)Recognition of self as physically distinct from others
D)The influence of social feedback on the sense of self

Question 5

Which of Tela's statements best exemplifies a narrative identity?

A)"I like who I am."
B)"Whenever I go to a party,I have to remember not to drink too much."
C)"I am introverted."
D)"Given my past failures in school,graduating from college will make my life meaningful."

Question 6

What are the key characteristics of someone with the personality dimension of high agreeableness?

A)open to fantasy and interested in variety
B)hostile and anxious
C)trustworthy and compliant
D)a high achiever and a person with self-discipline

Question 7

While she does not scream when her parents attempt to cuddle with her,Marwa does tend to look away and demonstrate some discomfort with this activity.With regard to temperament,Marwa is best classified as

A)diffused.
B)difficult.
C)slow-to-warm-up.
D)foreclosed.

Question 8

The slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by

A)relative inactivity and mild reactions to change in routine.
B)relative inactivity and intense reactions to change in routine.
C)high levels of activity and mild reactions to change in routine.
D)high levels of activity and intense reactions to change in routine.

Question 9

Which statement best exemplifies the concept of self-esteem?

A)"I am white,52 years old,and live in Wisconsin."
B)"All in all,I am a worthless individual."
C)"Women find me highly physically attractive."
D)"I can recognize my own voice when I hear it on tape."

Question 10

Raven gets invited to all the parties because she seems to love the spotlight and craves excitement.A psychometric theorist would most likely describe Raven as being

A)conscientious.
B)extraverted.
C)agreeable.
D)neurotic.

Question 11

Vicki was reserved as a baby,shy as a child,and shy as an adult.Social learning theorists would say that Vicki

A)was genetically predisposed to be shy.
B)is a product of environments that consistently fostered the same personality trait.
C)was unable to resolve psychosocial crises in positive ways.
D)identified with her shy mother,which influenced her id.

Question 12

When Carmelo is playing basketball,he is very aggressive.When he is playing at his house with his young daughter,he is very passive.These situations best exemplify the concept of

A)same context,different personality.
B)different context,different personality.
C)different context,same personality.
D)same context,same personality.

Question 13

When talking to his grandmother on the phone,Riley says,"I am four years old,I am a boy,and I have red hair." This statement best illustrates the concept of

A)a looking-glass self.
B)self-esteem.
C)diffusion status.
D)categorical self.

Question 14

Three-month-old Dontrell is eating strained peas for the very first time.Despite the fact that this is a new experience,he appears quite happy with his meal.With regard to temperament,Dontrell is best classified as

A)easy.
B)extraverted.
C)surgent.
D)resistant.

Question 15

The social learning perspective assumes that

A)there are universal stages in the development of personality.
B)personality is best described in terms of trait dimensions.
C)personality traits have a strong genetic basis.
D)personality development is highly influenced by environmental experience.

Question 16

At the motocross show,Brian admitted,"Actually,I'm a fairly incompetent motorcycle rider," giving his buddies a good sense of his

A)self-concept.
B)self-esteem.
C)self-recognition.
D)ideal self.

Question 17

Around the holidays,Holly feels motivated to change her ways and become a more generous individual.This goal is best characterized as a

A)narrative identity.
B)self-evaluation.
C)dispositional trait.
D)characteristic adaptation.

Question 18

Which of the following utterances clearly demonstrates that an infant has developed a categorical sense of self?

A)"My car"
B)"I big girl"
C)"Pick me up"
D)"Daddy's book"

Question 19

The most accurate description of a dispositional trait is that it is

A)a unique life event.
B)a situation-specific way of acting.
C)the cultural in which we live.
D)a broad and relatively stable dimension of personality.

Question 20

With regard to personality development,what belief is shared by Albert Bandura and Erik Erikson?

A)There are universal,age-related changes in personality development.
B)Biological factors are critical in the development of personality.
C)Humans are best described in terms of five critical core personality traits.
D)Personality has the potential to change during adulthood.

Question 21

Children who are high in self-esteem tend to have parents who

A)have few rules and generally let children decide for themselves what is best.
B)make decisions for their children so they are not burdened with making choices.
C)have a "warm" and democratic parenting style.
D)do not discipline their children.

Question 22

As a typical three-year-old,when asked about his self-concept,Rashid's answer would most likely be,

A)"I am smart."
B)"I am funny."
C)"I am small."
D)"I am excitable."

Question 23

Rosa is 16 years old and her sister Yasmin is nine.In terms of their self-perceptions,research would suggest that

A)Rosa's self-description is more likely to be based on physical attributes than Yasmin's.
B)Rosa's self-portrait would be less abstract than Yasmin's.
C)Rosa would be more self-aware than Yasmin.
D)Rosa would have a less differentiated self than Yasmin.

Question 24

Who is most likely to experience a decrease in self-esteem in early adolescence?

A)Katy,a white female
B)Manuela,a Latina female
C)Lance,a white male
D)Javier,a Latino male

Question 25

One-year-old Takumi loves interacting with his peers.A developmental theorist would most likely describe Takumi as being high on the _____ dimension of temperament.

A)initiative
B)effortful control
C)diffusion
D)surgency

Question 26

Which question best exemplifies the identity and role confusion conflict?

A)What kind of moral values do I have?
B)Has my life been worthwhile?
C)Am I the fastest runner in my class?
D)Have I produced something that will outlive me?

Question 27

Which statement would indicate that an individual has a high level of surgency?

A)"Paying attention to boring people is hard."
B)"I am always excited,in a good way,to meet people."
C)"Meeting people makes me nervous."
D)"I hate people."

Question 28

Sitting under a tree after school one day,Justin says to himself,"I should be smarter,less afraid of taking chances,and good at biology." These thoughts best represent Justin's

A)ideal self.
B)temperament.
C)self-recognition.
D)joint attention.

Question 29

Which behavior would indicate that Manny has a high level of effortful control?

A)He is very easily frustrated.
B)He can quickly shift his attention from one topic to another.
C)He makes friends very easily.
D)He likes taking on new challenges.

Question 30

While Madison has always thought of herself as the best dancer in the world,she has just begun to notice that some of the other kids in her class are better than her.This realization indicates that Madison has begun to engage in

A)behavioral inhibition.
B)social comparison.
C)disengagement.
D)joint attention.

Question 31

The _____ identity status would best be described as "no conflict,no crisis,and no clue."

A)foreclosure
B)moratorium
C)identity achievement
D)diffusion

Question 32

The period of experimenting with different roles that is so common during adolescence is referred to as the _____ period.

A)foreclosure
B)joint attention
C)moratorium
D)temperament

Question 33

In most settings,an easy temperament is associated with more positive adaptation.However,in times of famine,infants with "difficult" temperaments in the Masai tribe have been known to outlive babies with "easy" temperaments.This finding is used to illustrate the important effect that ____ has on developmental outcomes.

A)goodness-of-fit
B)parenting style
C)self-esteem
D)life review

Question 34

Goodness-of-fit is best defined as

A)the extent to which the child's temperament is compatible with the social world.
B)a child's ability to distinguish himself from his environment.
C)the amount of impact genetic factors has on the development of personality.
D)the extent to which a child develops an attachment to a caregiver.

Question 35

According to James Marcia,adolescent identity can be classified into one of four statuses that are based on the key issues of

A)crisis and commitment.
B)commitment and conscientiousness.
C)conscientiousness and comparison.
D)comparison and crisis.

Question 36

Research on early temperament and later development suggests that

A)temperament and personality are developmentally unrelated concepts.
B)there is a meaningful relationship between early childhood temperament and later adult personality.
C)behavioral inhibitions in early life are related to extraversion in later life.
D)"easy" children may turn out to be maladjusted adults,but "difficult" children are certain to do so.

Question 37

Which statement between temperament and later personality is FALSE?

A)Well-adjusted three-year-olds tend to be well-adjusted adults
B)Highly emotional and difficult to control three-year-olds tend to be impulsive teens
C)Behavioral inhibition in preschool is predictive of low extraversion in middle childhood
D)An infant's high ability to exhibit effortful control predicts a lack of conscientiousness in later life

Question 38

Which best represents "identity diffusion status"?

A)Glenn plans to be a teacher because his parents and siblings are all teachers.
B)Beatriz doesn't really know what she wants to be when she "grows up" and couldn't care less about even exploring the possibilities.
C)Jiang has taken a battery of interest inventories and is exploring different majors at the university,thinking about possibilities for her future career.
D)Hafez has talked with career counselors,his parents,peers,and instructors,and has determined that he is best suited for a career in teaching.He is now doing his student teaching.

Question 39

When asked to describe his sister Maggie,Jake says,"It's like she is afraid all the time." If accurate,this statement indicates that Maggie would likely score high on a measure of

A)foreclosure.
B)conscientiousness.
C)effortful control.
D)negative affectivity.

Question 40

A significant change in self-description that appears at about age eight is a shift from descriptions focusing on

A)physical characteristics to descriptions focusing on social qualities.
B)inner qualities to descriptions focusing on action statements.
C)subjective to objective self-evaluations.
D)action statements to physical characteristics.

Question 41

What is the developmental relationship between ideal self,present self,and future self?

A)The three aspects of self are most similar in the teenage years.
B)The three aspects of self are most similar in the young adult years.
C)The three aspects of self are most similar in the middle-aged years.
D)The three aspects of self are most similar in the elderly adult years.

Question 42

The main development trend concerning vocational identity in late adolescence is that

A)for the first time in life,individuals actively explore vocational possibilities.
B)one's sex comes first into consideration when thinking about career options.
C)choices begin to reflect real-life concerns such as education cost and preferred lifestyle.
D)the match between personality and occupation is seen more and more as irrelevant.

Question 43

Rhonda's mother and father are both professional singers,as are her two older sisters.Rhonda is in college,enrolled in a music curriculum.When asked about her career goals,she states,"I'll be a singer,of course.Everyone in my family is a singer.I've never thought of being anything else." Rhonda's identity status is best described in terms of

A)foreclosure
B)moratorium.
C)identity achievement.
D)diffusion.

Question 44

If you were to assess the domain identity status of 100 typical high school juniors concerning occupational choice,gender-role attitudes,religious beliefs,and political ideologies,you should expect to find

A)the same level of status in all for domains.
B)the highest status on gender roles and the lowest on religious beliefs.
C)the highest status on political ideologies and the lowest on occupational choice.
D)different levels of status in most of the domains.

Question 45

Which is true regarding personality during adulthood?

A)There is little stability of personality traits between young and old adulthood.
B)Broad personality dimensions,such as extroversion and neuroticism,are fairly stable across adulthood.
C)An introverted young adult will most likely become an extraverted older adult.
D)Personality traits cannot be measured in older adults.

Question 46

Which statement concerning self-esteem development is true?

A)Most older adults suffer from a poor sense of self-image.
B)Older individuals may retain a high sense of self-image by reducing the ideal-real self gap.
C)The average level of self-esteem at age 60 is half of that at age 16.
D)Males show higher levels of self-esteem across all developmental age levels.

Question 47

Which statement indicates that Jade adheres to a collectivist culture philosophy?

A)"It is important to be independent and self-reliant."
B)"It's my way or the highway."
C)"It's not about me,it's about my people."
D)"The needs of the one outweigh the needs of the whole."

Question 48

Holding a negative image (stereotype)of aging

A)may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in adulthood.
B)can lead to physically slower behavior in older adulthood.
C)tends to lead to improvements in memory in old age as people know they need to try harder.
D)does not appear to have any measurable impact on adult physical or mental status.

Question 49

The _____ identity status would best be described as "I haven't really thought about it,but my parents think…"

A)foreclosure
B)moratorium
C)identity achievement
D)diffusion

Question 50

Parents living in an individualistic culture tend to socialize children to be

A)self-reliant.
B)modest.
C)interdependent.
D)altruistic.

Question 51

A positive sense of ethnic identity

A)is seldom found in African-American adolescents.
B)can protect an adolescent from damaging effects of racial prejudice.
C)tends to be completed by elementary school.
D)has little to do with parental behavior.

Question 52

According to Erikson,psychologically healthy middle-aged adults are most likely to

A)begin to be concerned about how their abilities compare with their age peers.
B)be strongly focused on the reality of death and dying.
C)be concerned with making a contribution to society for future generations.
D)focus on the establishment of intimate relationships with others.

Question 53

The reliable gender difference concerning identity achievement during adolescence is that

A)males tend to attach more emphasis on aspects of identity involving interpersonal relationships.
B)females tend to attach more emphasis on aspects of identity involving career identity.
C)males tend to attach a greater emphasis on aspects of identity involving sexuality.
D)females tend to attach a greater emphasis on aspects of identity involving family and career goals.

Question 54

Mia has just become concerned with how she compares to her peers.For example,she wants to know if she can kick a soccer ball farther or read better than her friends.Mia is in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Initiative versus guilt
C)Industry versus inferiority
D)Identity versus role confusion

Question 55

Research has indicated that as individuals move from adolescence to middle age,they would be most likely to experience a modest increase in

A)neuroticism.
B)extraversion.
C)openness to new experience.
D)conscientiousness.

Question 56

Which is likely to contribute most to change in personality across the lifespan?

A)Consistent environments
B)Genetic inheritance
C)Long-lasting childhood experiences
D)Poor person-environment fit

Question 57

With regard to personality development during adulthood,which statement is true?

A)There is generally more change in personality between adolescence and middle age than there is between middle age and old age.
B)There are virtually no changes in personality beyond adolescence.
C)The historical context in which people grow up appears to have little influence on personality development.
D)Most people undergo highly significant personality changes as they progress from middle age to old age.

Question 58

Who would likely be rated highest for self-esteem?

A)17-year-old Jenna
B)36-year-old Diane
C)63-year-old Bessie
D)91-year-old Lorena

Question 59

Which statement concerning vocational development in adolescence is true?

A)The fit between one's self-concept,personality,and occupation is unimportant.
B)Chance events seldom impact career decisions.
C)Minority status may lead one to lower or compromise one's career plans.
D)In women,holding traditional gender-role attitudes tends to lead to higher vocational aspirations.

Question 60

Cedric has always considered a career in professional baseball as his best career option.Lately,he's begun to question this choice.In fact,he's been trying other sports to see if they may be more of what he wants in life.James Marcia would say that Cedric is currently experiencing _____ status concerning his career goals.

A)diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 61

Irene has been a secretary for 40 years.Despite her advancing age,her typing skills remain excellent.This is mostly due to the fact that she continues to practice her typing every day.The Baltes' model would suggest that the process of _____ is most responsible for Irene's continued high level of performance.

A)selective
B)optimization
C)compensation
D)stagnation

Question 62

Forty-year-old Zelda is proud of the tutoring she is doing at school with kids who have learning problems and feels that she is doing something positive for future generations.It is most likely that Zelda is in Erikson's stage of

A)integrity versus despair.
B)identity versus role confusion.
C)intimacy versus isolation.
D)generativity versus stagnation.

Question 63

A major shift occurs in a baby's sense of self at around 8 to 12 weeks of age that is grounded in the concept of ________.

A)symbols
B)control
C)categorization
D)reflexes

Question 64

Antonio is a toddler who is able to recognize himself in a mirror.What is he more likely to do now compared to peers who have not reached this milestone? 

A)babble
B)blush
C)kick
D)laugh

Question 65

Frank was nervous about asking his boss for a raise,but he knew he deserved more pay.So he put on his "big boy" hat and walked confidently into the manager's office to make his case.What is Frank demonstrating? 

A)narrative identity
B)characteristic adaptation
C)dispositional trait
D)identity achievement

Question 66

Mallory is writing her profile for an online dating website - and being honest! Which of the following best describes what Mallory described on the site? 

A)ideal self
B)identity
C)personality
D)self-concept

Question 67

A toddler who can recognize herself in a mirror is more likely to be ________in her daycare class.

A)cooperative
B)selfish
C)passive
D)insecure

Question 68

What is the best advice concerning successful aging?

A)Older adults need to keep active and engaged.
B)Older adults need to be allowed to disengage.
C)Older adults should find a good fit for their personality and environment. 
D)Older adults should strive to follow younger role models. 

Question 69

If you were to assign yourself a grade of B+,from a personality perspective you would be focusing on ________.

A)self-recognition
B)self-concept
C)self-consciousness
D)self-esteem

Question 70

Which statement best summarizes the research on the "midlife crisis"?

A)Most males experience a significant midlife crisis,but few females have such an experience.
B)Most females experience a significant midlife crisis,but few males have such an experience.
C)Most people experience a significant midlife crisis.
D)Most people experience some self-questioning at midlife but not a significant crisis.

Question 71

Which of the following would be a key factor in deciding whether a child is ready to enter the more structured environment of first grade? 

A)surgency
B)extraversion
C)self-esteem
D)effortful control

Question 72

Which aspect of personality reflects a past,present,and future perspective? 

A)characteristic adaptation
B)self-esteem
C)narrative identity
D)categorical self

Question 73

About one year after she retired,Verniece suddenly became very unhappy and expressed the opinion that she now had nothing to do in her life.Verniece appears have entered the _____ phase of retirement.

A)honeymoon
B)reorientation
C)midlife
D)disenchantment

Question 74

Yumi has just entered the phase of retirement best described as "realistic and satisfying." This would indicate that she is in the _____ phase of retirement.

A)honeymoon
B)reorientation
C)midlife
D)disenchantment

Question 75

Jackson is about to retire.In preparation,he has begun to take up golf as a way to fill some of the time he would normally have been at work.Jackson's response best fits with the _____ theory concerning successful aging.

A)temperament
B)activity
C)disengagement
D)stagnation

Question 76

Which event is best associated with Erikson's integrity versus despair stage of development?

A)Committing to a long-term relationship
B)Having your first child
C)Comparing yourself to your peers
D)Life review

Question 77

The idea of remaining effective by developing ways to get around the need for other skills than the ones you already possess best fits with the _____ component of the selective optimization with compensation theory.

A)selective
B)optimization
C)compensation
D)integrity

Question 78

Which of the following would be considered a dispositional trait?

A)feeling fear at a bloody horror movie
B)feeling nervous about a final exam
C)feeling anxious starting a new job
D)feeling worried about life in general

Question 79

Tevin feels insecure and has problems dealing with people in authority - despite being 45 years old.His aunt believes this is because Tevin had a difficult temperament as a child and his parents were quite young,impatient with him,and quick to anger.What has impacted Tevin's adult personality?

A)social comparison
B)poor goodness of fit
C)midlife crisis
D)role confusion

Question 80

As she nears her 100th birthday,Ruth,though remaining happy,has begun to become much less involved with her church and other social groups.Ruth's reaction to aging best fits with the _____ theory concerning successful aging.

A)honeymoon
B)activity
C)disengagement
D)generativity