Deck 3: The Remarkable Body

Question 1

The pancreas releases glucagon to remove glucose from blood and store it in muscles.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which types of cells do not reproduce,and if damaged by injury or disease,are lost forever?​

A)skin cells
B)red blood cells
C)​muscle cells
D)​liver cells
E)​brain cells

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Among the cells' most basic needs are _____ and the oxygen with which to burn it.​

A)water
B)essential nutrients
C)​building blocks
D)​hydrogen
E)​energy

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Some vitamins are stored in the body without limit,even if they reach toxic levels.​

Question 5

The body's circulating fluids include:​

A)intracellular fluid and blood.
B)intracellular fluid and plasma.
C)​lymph and intracellular fluid.
D)​blood and intracellular fluid.
E)​blood and lymph.

Question 6

The first principle of diet planning is that the foods we choose must provide energy and the essential nutrients,including:​

A)water.
B)fuel.
C)​oxygen.
D)​carbon dioxide.
E)​hydrogen.

Question 7

Inflammation is the immune system's normal,healthy response to cell injury.​

Question 8

Waste materials dissolved in water are collected by the kidneys and become concentrated as urine.​

Question 9

Cells lining the digestive tract replace themselves every:​

A)3 days.
B)7 days.
C)​2 weeks.
D)​4 months.
E)​12 months.

Question 10

Which types of cells normally replace themselves once every few years?​

A)muscle cells
B)skin cells
C)​digestive tract cells
D)​red blood cells
E)​brain cells

Question 11

Some nutrients are stored in the body in much smaller quantities than others are.​

Question 12

Timing of meals is important because the digestive tract is unable to digest food at certain times.

Question 13

Cells are organized into tissues that perform specialized tasks and tissues,in turn,are grouped together to form whole organs.​

Question 14

The blood exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the:​

A)heart.
B)liver.
C)​digestive system.
D)​lungs.
E)​mouth.

Question 15

The hypothalamus in the brain monitors many body conditions,including the availability of nutrients and water.​

Question 16

Body fluids supply the tissues continuously with energy,oxygen,and nutrients,including water.​

Question 17

Chewing food for an extended time after it has been mashed and moistened provides additional advantages to digestion.​

Question 18

​Which of the following determines the nature of the cell's work?

A)organs
B)mutations
C)​red blood cells
D)​gene activity
E)​organelles

Question 19

Frequent use of laxatives is an effective way to prevent constipation.​

Question 20

Cells can best be described as:​

A)the basis of the body's design.
B)the vital components of foods.
C)​self-contained living entities.
D)​building blocks of the body.
E)​the source of essential nutrients.

Question 21

The purpose of the villi and microvilli in the intestinal tract is to:​

A)move food components through the intestinal tract to be removed from the body.
B)reduce the absorbing surface of the intestines.​
C)​trap the nutrient particles and absorb them into the cells.
D)​prevent nutrients from being absorbed.
E)​secrete digesting enzymes.

Question 22

The stomach's main function is the digestion of what nutrient?​

A)protein
B)carbohydrate
C)​fat
D)​fiber
E)​alcohol

Question 23

The bones provide reserves of:​

A)vitamins only.
B)calcium only.
C)​glycogen only.
D)​both vitamins and minerals.
E)both glycogen and fat.​

Question 24

The nervous system's role in hunger regulation is coordinated by the:​

A)pancreas.
B)brain.
C)​digestive tract.
D)​spinal cord.
E)​stomach.

Question 25

In cases of severe undernutrition,the small intestine will react by:​

A)shrinking to a much smaller surface.
B)expanding to a much larger surface.
C)​increasing intestinal muscle activity.
D)​increasing the amount of nutrients absorbed.
E)​increasing the speed of digestion.

Question 26

The inflammation that tissues undergo when they become injured or irritated:​

A)is an abnormal,unhealthy response to cell injury.
B)results in decreased white cells.
C)​may involve loss of function of the affected body part.
D)​is difficult to detect because it has no obvious symptoms.
E)​is not associated with long-term chronic disease risk.

Question 27

Which organ has the special task of chemically altering absorbed materials to make them better suited for use by other tissues?​

A)liver
B)pancreas
C)​stomach
D)​small intestine
E)​lungs

Question 28

Which of the following does not occur as part of the stress response?​

A)The muscles tense up.
B)The liver pours forth glucose from its stores.
C)​The digestive system speeds up.
D)​The fat cells release fat.
E)​The heart rate increases.

Question 29

The liver converts excess energy-containing nutrients into _____ for storage.​

A)starch and glycogen
B)adipose tissue
C)​protein and fat
D)​glycogen and protein
E)​glycogen and fat

Question 30

The digestive tract needs _____,which provides the bulk against which the muscles of the colon can work.​

A)energy
B)fiber
C)​nutrients
D)​water
E)​fat

Question 31

Which of the following is characteristic of liver glycogen?​

A)It is stored for the body's ongoing amino acid needs.
B)It is reserved for the liver's exclusive use.
C)​It represents a three-day supply of glucose.
D)​It can be released into the blood as glucose.
E)​It is stored in special liver cells called adipose cells.

Question 32

Most people have aversions to _____ tastes.​

A)sweet
B)salty
C)​fatty
D)​bitter
E)​umami

Question 33

Hormones are secreted and released into the blood by _____.​

A)antigens
B)enzymes
C)​glands
D)​antibodies
E)​the brain

Question 34

Which of the following is a storage site that stores nutrients for release to meet the cells' needs between meals?​

A)liver
B)kidney
C)​stomach
D)​pancreas
E)​small intestine

Question 35

Which of the following are the first to defend the body tissues against microbes that have penetrated the outermost barrier?​

A)phagocytes
B)antigens
C)​T-cells
D)​B-cells
E)​skin cells

Question 36

The major function of the kidneys is to:​

A)dilute wastes in water so they can recirculate in the body.
B)capture nutrients and return them to the blood.
C)​excrete wastes from the body in urine.
D)​remove fluid from the bladder.
E)​absorb excess nutrients from the blood.

Question 37

Without food to replenish it,the liver's glycogen supply can be depleted within:​

A)as few as 1-3 hours.​
B)as few as 3-6 hours.
C)​4-8 hours at most.
D)​1 day with extreme exertion.
E)​only 3 days.

Question 38

When the pancreas detects a high concentration of the blood's sugar,glucose,it releases:​

A)lymph.
B)insulin.
C)​antibodies.
D)​glucagon.
E)​adrenaline.

Question 39

The primary organ of digestion and absorption is the:​

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)​small intestine.
D)​large intestine.
E)​colon.

Question 40

What alert(s)your conscious mind to the sensation of hunger?​

A)hypothalamus only
B)stomach muscles only
C)​taste buds only
D)​hypothalamus and stomach muscles
E)​taste buds and fat cells

Question 41

What advice would you give to a friend suffering from constipation?​

A)Get plenty of rest.
B)Drink moderate amounts of alcohol.
C)​Take a laxative.
D)​Consume foods with adequate fiber.
E)​Self-medicate with peppermint oil.

Question 42

You have just consumed a meal very high in fat.As a result,hormonal messages will tell an organ to send _____ in amounts matched to the amount of fat present.​

A)bile
B)bicarbonate
C)​hydrochloric acid
D)​mucus
E)​chyme

Question 43

Glycogen is stored in the body for future use.If it is drawn upon,it will:​

A)be readily available because it is stored in unlimited amounts in the muscles.
B)be depleted from the liver after several days.
C)provide energy for cell activities during extended between-meal intervals.
D)​be replaced easily by carbohydrate eaten once a day.
E)​provide fat for oxidation when glucose is unavailable.

Question 44

Digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on:​

A)carbohydrates,fats,and proteins by various enzymes.
B)proteins by proteases.
C)​fats by carbohydrases.
D)​fats by proteases.
E)​starches by carbohydrases.

Question 45

The main function of the kidneys is to:​

A)retrieve vital nutrients from urine and send them back to the liver for processing.
B)remove carbon dioxide from the blood and excrete it in urine.
C)​remove everyday wastes and water from the body.
D)​store extra glycogen for use in emergencies by the body.
E)​remove toxins from urine.

Question 46

During the fight-or-flight reaction to stress the nervous system reacts by:​

A)temporarily shutting down metabolism.
B)slowing down breathing to conserve oxygen.
C)​releasing stored glucose from the liver.
D)​speeding up the work of the digestive system.
E)​slowing the heart rate to conserve blood.

Question 47

Digestion of foods includes the mechanical actions of:​

A)chewing to allow some nutrients to be absorbed into the body through the tongue.
B)peristalsis waves to move the foods down through the digestive tract.
C)​the stomach to gently release foods into the small intestine.
D)​the small intestine to absorb water and create the paste that forms feces.
E)​the large intestine,which releases gas that facilitates fecal transport.

Question 48

Which strategy should be used by someone experiencing heartburn?​

A)Drink plenty of liquids during meals.
B)Wear tight clothing.
C)​Lie down after meals.
D)​Eat smaller meals.
E)​Avoid milk and milk products.

Question 49

If you are taking medications to treat the discomfort caused by heartburn,it is important to know that:​

A)antacids will only temporarily relieve pain by neutralizing stomach acid for a while.
B)acid reducers are effective for neutralizing acid already present in the stomach.
C)​antacids are a good treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
D)​heartburn medicine works best if taken with a large glass of liquid during a meal.
E)​fiber-rich foods should be avoided when taking antacids.

Question 50

A person in an emergency situation is unable to eat for several weeks.Which of the following would provide most of the energy that this person would need to survive?​

A)fat
B)liver glycogen
C)​bones
D)​muscle glycogen
E)​blood glucose

Question 51

The importance of the lungs in the circulatory system is that they are responsible for:​

A)adding oxygen to the blood.
B)removing glucose from the blood.
C)​adding nutrients to the blood.
D)​removing extra water from the blood.
E)​removing carbon monoxide from the blood.

Question 52

Nutrients delivered from the intestines into the circulatory system are:​

A)transported to other organs where they are broken down further.
B)transported to the heart,which then delivers them to the individual cells in the body.
C)​transported to the kidneys,which send them to the cells in the body.
D)​transported through the lymph system to the heart for distribution.
E)​transported through the blood to the liver for chemical alterations to make them better suited for use by the tissues.

Question 53

A person can eat when hunger is absent because:​

A)the hypothalamus monitors the availability of nutrients.
B)the conscious mind of the cortex can override body signals.
C)the digestive tract sends messages to the hypothalamus.
D)the stomach intensifies its contractions and creates hunger pangs.​
E)​the hypothalamus signals availability of food in the environment.

Question 54

As food moves through the digestive tract it spends the most time in the:​

A)esophagus because of the slow movement of peristalsis on chewed food.
B)stomach because of the extensive breakdown of carbohydrates and fats.
C)​small intestine because of the time it takes to absorb through the villi.
D)​large intestine because of the need to partially digest fiber and absorb water.
E)​large intestine because of the extra villi on colon cells.

Question 55

What are the major roles of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?​

A)The microvilli absorb nutrients into the lymphatic system.
B)The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them.
C)​The villi block toxins from absorption into the blood.
D)​The villi complete the breakdown of foods into nutrients.
E)​The microvilli facilitate digestion of a greater percentage of deficient nutrients.

Question 56

Which statement is true regarding the timing of meals?​

A)Timing of meals is important because the digestive tract is unable to digest foods at certain times.
B)A meal should be consumed immediately before exercise to enhance physical work.
C)​Eating a meal late at night is desirable because it facilitates sleep.
D)​Timing of meals is important to feeling well.
E)​Timing of meals impacts the efficacy of energy storage.

Question 57

The digestive juices in the digestive tract include:​

A)gastric juice in the stomach,which has the role of digesting fats.
B)pancreatic juice,which neutralizes stomach acids reaching the small intestine.
C)​saliva,which begins the digestion of protein.
D)​bile released by the gallbladder to break down carbohydrates in the stomach.
E)​bacterial enzymes that digest lipids.

Question 58

The vast majority of fat digestion takes place in the:​

A)mouth with lipases secreted in the saliva.
B)stomach with lipases mixed with gastric juices.
C)​small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas.
D)​large intestine with lipases mixed with water.
E)​large intestine with microbial lipases.

Question 59

What is the role of white blood cells in protecting the body from invading organisms?​

A)Phagocytes release antibodies against the invaders into the bloodstream.
B)T-cells release a chemical trail for identification of invaders.
C)​B-cells engulf and digest the foreign particles.
D)Killer T-cells seek out and destroy all foreign particles with the same identity.
E)​Skin cells are a type of white blood cell that provide a physical,protective barrier.

Question 60

A gene variation in the cells can occasionally cause an inborn error of metabolism.If this is discovered by a healthcare provider,the advice would be to:​

A)not worry because this is a temporary condition.
B)eat a special diet that will minimize potential harm to the body.
C)​obtain a tissue transplant that will introduce new genes to the cells.
D)​avoid all processed foods.
E)​seek a second opinion.

Question 61

This margarita mix is the "classic lime" flavor;however,the label states that it "contains 0% juice." What would be the best statement about the vitamin C contribution of this drink?​

A)If the mix has a lime flavor,it will provide a good a good source of vitamin C.
B)Because there is no juice contained in the mix,it will not provide any vitamin C.
C)​You need to refer to the Nutrition Facts panel for the Daily Value of vitamin c.
D)​When alcohol is added to the drink,it will destroy any vitamin C present in the mix.
E)​We cannot know how much vitamin C is in the drink because it is not required on the label.

Question 62

Although the recommendation is to drink in moderation if consuming alcohol,which issue may still need to be considered?​

A)Moderation is difficult to define because of differences in tolerance among people.
B)Moderate consumption may cause a person to lose weight when not desired.
C)​Moderate drinkers may become loud,angry,or violent.
D)​The brain swells with exposure to alcohol.
E)​Even in moderation,alcohol is toxic and can have severe health consequences.

Question 63

Which of the following restores sobriety in someone who has been drinking alcohol?​

A)time
B)walking
C)​drinking coffee
D)​eating food
E)​dietary supplements

Question 64

A woman who is pregnant wants to drink a margarita made from the mix and tequila to relax herself after a long work week.What would be the best recommendation for her?​

A)If she limits her intake to one drink a day,she will be fine.
B)She should avoid the alcohol and make a non-alcoholic version with only the mix.
C)​She should have the drink with a meal to slow the absorption of the alcohol.
D)​One or two drinks will be a good way to relax herself and reduce tension.
E)​She should use rum instead of tequila to reduce the risk to her child.

Question 65

Describe and differentiate the mechanical and chemical aspects of digestion.​

Question 66

Briefly describe the actions of the body's phagocytes and lymphocytes (hint: include 3 cell types).​

Question 67

A margarita made from 4 fl.oz.of the mix plus 1.5 fl.oz.of tequila (containing 15 g alcohol)will create a drink that provides how many calories?​

A)117
B)120.5
C)​110
D)​215
E)​315

Question 68

You are concerned about a classmate who is binge drinking on a regular basis and want to let him know about long-term complications that may result from that practice.What would you tell him to try to convince him to cut back on drinking?​

A)It is better to drink beer and wine because they are milder than mixed drinks.
B)Alcohol slows down fat metabolism so you need to eat more fat in your diet.
C)​Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deterioration of skeletal and heart muscle.
D)​It is better to drink on an empty stomach so the body can metabolize it quickly.
E)​Cutting back to 3 drinks at one sitting would be a safe,moderate amount.

Question 69

Which of the following deliver(s)about one-half ounce of ethanol?​

A)8 ounces of wine
B)2 ounces hard liquor
C)​12 ounces wine cooler
D)​3 packets of powdered alcohol
E)​12 ounces beer

Question 70

Describe what happens to the small intestine in cases of severe undernutrition.​

Question 71

For an individual with high blood pressure,drinking several margaritas made using the mix and tequila in a single evening would be:​

A)inadvisable because alcohol in large amounts raises blood pressure.
B)fine because the Nutrition Facts label shows that the mix is low in sodium.
C)​allowable as long as salt is not added to the rim of the glass.
D)​not recommended unless no alcoholic beverages have been consumed earlier in the week.
E)​safe if the person has a high alcohol tolerance.

Question 72

Compare the consequences of the stress response for people living in the modern world versus ancient times.​

Question 73

If you do not eat on a regular basis throughout the day,the effect on the body will be:​

A)extremely disruptive because you need to provide calories from food on a regular basis to the cells.
B)minimal because you have unlimited stores of glycogen in your muscles to provide energy for the whole body.
C)​a coordinated effort that draws stored energy from various parts of the body.
D)​a shortage of all vitamins because the cells cannot store them adequately.
E)​diminished brain function because the brain relies solely on immediately available glucose.

Question 74

Explain why thiamin and folate deficiencies are an inevitable consequence of alcohol abuse and how they occur.​

Question 75

Which organ makes almost all of the body's alcohol-processing machinery?​

A)stomach
B)pancreas
C)​liver
D)​spleen
E)​kidney

Question 76

Explain the hormonal homeostasis of normal blood glucose.​

Question 77

Describe the hormonal and nervous systems' response to stress or physical danger.​

Question 78

List at least three ways in which hormones affect nutrition.​

Question 79

Alcohol's effect on nutrition is important because:​

A)the more you drink,the more nutrients you will consume.
B)liver cells more effectively activate vitamin D and process vitamin A.
C)​the kidneys will reduce the excretion of magnesium,calcium,potassium,and zinc.
D)​alcohol causes the liver to expel folate into the blood for excretion by the kidneys.
E)​alcohol decreases urine output and can lead to kidney infection.

Question 80

A person can become intoxicated almost immediately when drinking,especially if:​

A)the stomach is empty.
B)drinks are consumed slowly.
C)​carbohydrate snacks are consumed at the same time.
D)​the drink is diluted with water.
E)​the drink is consumed using a straw.