Deck 7: The Vitamins

Question 1

​Any disease that produces _____ malabsorption can bring about deficiencies of vitamins A,D,E,and K.

A)calcium
B)protein
C)​carbohydrate
D)​fat
E)​medication

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Water-soluble vitamins:

A)are stored in body tissues to a large extent.
B)often result in toxicities among infants and children.
C)​dissolve in body fluids but not in cooking water.
D)​are easily excreted in the urine.
E)​are not damaged by high temperatures or oxygen exposure.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Infants are born with adequate vitamin K in their intestinal tracts.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins except:​

A)K.
B)C.
C)​A.
D)d.​
E)​e.

Question 5

Healthy people can eat vitamin A-rich foods in large amounts without risking toxicity,with the possible exception of what food?​

A)carrots
B)liver
C)​cheese
D)​fortified breakfast cereals
E)​eggs

Question 6

​By definition,a vitamin is all of the following except:

A)indispensable to body function.
B)required to prevent deficiency diseases.
C)​an energy-yielding nutrient.
D)​an organic compound.
E)​needed in minute amounts.

Question 7

The B vitamins work together with enzymes in the metabolism of energy nutrients and in the making of new cells.​

Question 8

The most familiar function of vitamin A is to sustain normal eyesight.​

Question 9

No convincing evidence indicating benefits from antioxidant supplements in well-nourished people exists.​

Question 10

To obtain an adequate intake of vitamin A,a man needs a daily average of about _____ micrograms of the active form.​

A)1200
B)900
C)​700
D)​1500
E)​9000

Question 11

​The active form of vitamin A stored in the liver is:

A)yellow.
B)retinoic acid.
C)​bright orange.
D)​retinol.
E)​beta-carotene.

Question 12

Vitamin A plays an important role in:​

A)blood clotting.
B)calcium regulation.
C)​promoting keratinization.
D)​fluid and electrolyte balance.
E)​maintenance of body linings and skin.

Question 13

Vitamin D deficiency in children can cause bowed legs,an abnormality seen in the disease rickets.​

Question 14

Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include:​

A)joint pain.
B)frequent urination.
C)​hemorrhaging of small blood vessels.
D)​night blindness.
E)​facial tics.

Question 15

A compound in food that can be converted into an active vitamin inside the body is known as a(n):​

A)coenzyme.
B)predecessor.
C)​antivitamin.
D)​provitamin.
E)​enzyme.

Question 16

All of the following foods contain active vitamin A except:​

A)fortified cereal.
B)milk.
C)​liver.
D)​fish oils.
E)​french fries.

Question 17

Population studies suggest that people whose diets lack foods rich in beta-carotene have a higher incidence of:

A)macular degeneration.
B)rickets.
C)​anemia.
D)​night blindness.
E)​osteomalacia.

Question 18

The claim that supplements are necessary because today's foods lack sufficient nutrients to support health is a marketing trap.

Question 19

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the blood and thus stored more readily in tissues.​

Question 20

The amount of vitamin A a person needs is proportional to:​

A)age.
B)sex.
C)​season of the year.
D)​height.
E)​body weight.

Question 21

A non-food source of vitamin K is:​

A)antibiotics.
B)sunlight.
C)​intestinal bacteria.
D)​dental implants.
E)​tap water.

Question 22

Vitamin E serves as:​

A)a provitamin.
B)an antioxidant.
C)​an antivitamin.
D)​a vitamin antagonist.
E)​a precursor.

Question 23

​As people consume more polyunsaturated oil their need for vitamin _____ rises.

A)D
B)E
C)​A
D)​K
E)​B₆

Question 24

In the U.S. ,scurvy is seldom seen today except in:​

A)people addicted to alcohol.
B)young women.
C)​vegetarians.
D)​breastfed infants.
E)​dieters.

Question 25

What is NOT one of the functions of vitamin C?​

A)to protect and recycle vitamin E to its active form
B)to produce and maintain collagen
C)​to promote the absorption of iron
D)​to maintain the functions of the reproductive organs
E)​to help form scar tissue that heals wounds

Question 26

The vitamin D deficiency disease that develops in adults is known as:​

A)osteomalacia.
B)rickets.
C)​macular degeneration.
D)​pellagra.
E)​scurvy.

Question 27

Research suggests that deficiency of vitamin D may lead to:​

A)kidney stones.
B)low blood pressure.
C)​blood disorders.
D)​cardiovascular disease.
E)​gallbladder disease.

Question 28

Which individuals should avoid vitamin C supplements because of above-normal risk of negative effects?​

A)smokers with low produce intakes
B)people with too much cholesterol in their blood
C)​people with colds
D)​people with kidney disorders
E)​people with burn injuries

Question 29

Which statement regarding vitamin C is true?​

A)A lack of the vitamin results in beriberi.
B)It inhibits iron absorption.
C)​It prevents the common cold.
D)​It helps to produce carnitine.
E)​An excess of the vitamin can result in gallstones.

Question 30

​Which individual is LEAST likely to acquire a vitamin E deficiency?

A)someone who eats a diet high in fat
B)someone with severe liver disease
C)​someone whose pancreas is failing to produce digestive enzymes
D)​someone who is born prematurely
E)someone who consumes a very low-fat diet composed largely of convenience foods

Question 31

The main function of vitamin K is:​

A)to quench free radicals.
B)to help synthesize key bone proteins.
C)​to influence body functions through its regulation of the genes.
D)​to help activate proteins that help clot the blood.
E)​to act as an antioxidant in cell membranes.

Question 32

Important roles of vitamin D include all of the following except:​

A)bone health.
B)cell growth and specialization.
C)​influence over reproductive system cells.
D)​health of the retina in the eye.
E)​influence over hair follicles.

Question 33

The DRI recommendation for vitamin C for women is _____ milligrams per day.​

A)45
B)65
C)​75
D)​90
E)​10

Question 34

The recommended intake for vitamin D is _____ micrograms per day for adults over 70.​

A)10​
B)5
C)​500
D)​20
E)100​

Question 35

All of the following are significant food sources of vitamin D except:​

A)sardines.
B)rolled oats.
C)​salmon.
D)​mushrooms.
E)​fortified milk.

Question 36

What is NOT a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?​

A)They seldom reach toxic levels.
B)They are easily absorbed and excreted.
C)​They dissolve in water.
D)​They are stored extensively in tissues.
E)​Some are destroyed on exposure to light,heat,or oxygen during processing.

Question 37

​Foods rich in beta-carotene include:

A)beets.
B)corn.
C)​red cabbage.
D)​sweet potatoes.
E)​whole grains.

Question 38

Much of the vitamin E people consume comes from​

A)cooked vegetables.
B)meats,fish,poultry,and eggs.
C)​vegetable oils and products made from them.
D)​convenience and fast foods.
E)​fruits and vegetables.

Question 39

Fortified food sources of vitamin D available in the United States include:​

A)salmon.
B)sardines.​
C)​margarine.
D)​eggs.
E)​tuna.

Question 40

What is one symptom of a beta-carotene toxicity?​

A)xerophthalmia
B)night blindness
C)​bright yellow skin
D)​hardening of the macula in the eye
E)​rough,dry skin

Question 41

Vitamin toxicity is more of a concern with which type of vitamins?​

A)fat-soluble vitamins because they are stored more readily in body tissues
B)water-soluble vitamins because they are readily absorbed and circulate in the blood
C)water-soluble vitamins because they are the main type found in vitamin supplements
D)fat-soluble vitamins because they are found in higher amounts in foods
E)​Bvitamins because they are highly abundant in many types of foods

Question 42

The statement,"Eat carrots because they are good for your eyes," is:​

A)correct because protein in carrots is important for the development of keratin,which forms the retina.
B)correct because the vitamin A precursor in carrots becomes activated to form rhodopsin in the eye.
C)​correct because retinol in carrots will be transported to the eyes to prevent blindness.
D)incorrect because beta-carotene is not stored in the eyes to be used for vision.
E)incorrect because carrots provide beta-carotene,which is not the active form of vitamin A.

Question 43

To obtain the maximum amount of vitamin C from vegetables,you would:​

A)cut them into small pieces.
B)cook them for long periods of time.
C)​wash them after cutting and peeling them rather than before.
D)​drain the cooking water before adding them to mixed dishes.
E)​consume them promptly after purchasing.

Question 44

Because this cereal has been made using whole-grain wheat:​

A)it has not been fortified with thiamin,riboflavin,or niacin.
B)100% of its B vitamins will be absorbed into the body.
C)​it will require less fortification than a refined wheat cereal to reach 100% of the DV.
D)​absorption of its B vitamins will be blocked because of the fiber content.
E)it also contains all the fat-soluble vitamins because it includes the germ layer.

Question 45

The thiamin deficiency disease is known as:​

A)pellagra.
B)osteomalacia.
C)​scurvy.
D)​beriberi.
E)​anemia.

Question 46

​The B vitamins act as part of:

A)anticoagulants.
B)antibodies.
C)​coenzymes.
D)​intrinsic factors.
E)​the bone matrix.

Question 47

You advise your grandmother against using mineral oil as a laxative because:​

A)it cannot be absorbed by the body.
B)it may result in loss of the fat-soluble vitamins through excretion.
C)it may lead to toxic levels of the fat-soluble vitamins.
D)​it is not an effective laxative.
E)it interferes with the digestion and absorption of water-soluble vitamins.

Question 48

Which statement about choline is FALSE?​

A)Choline is considered to be a conditionally essential nutrient.
B)Choline is commonly found in foods.
C)​There are no DRI recommendations for choline.
D)​Choline plays important roles in fetal development.
E)​The body cannot make enough choline to meet its needs.

Question 49

The best way to select foods that are vitamin rich is to:​

A)read the food labels on processed foods to see the listed vitamins.
B)memorize the recommended values of the vitamins to be eaten daily.
C)​select a wide variety of whole foods to get a balance of vitamins.
D)​make sure that each food selected is the richest source of a particular vitamin you need.
E)​eat a calorie-dense diet.

Question 50

The amount of ____ people need is roughly proportional to protein intake.​

A)niacin​
B)vitamin B₆
C)​folate
D)​vitamin B₁₂
E)​thiamin

Question 51

You would tell a person who did not meet his recommended intakes for the fat-soluble vitamins on one day to:​

A)increase his consumption of foods rich in fat-soluble vitamins.
B)supplement his diet with a vitamin-mineral supplement.
C)not be concerned as long as his diet as a whole provides average amounts that approximate the recommended intakes.
D)try to consume more fats and oils to get the needed nutrients.
E)get exposure to sunlight to increase endogenous production of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 52

Which B vitamin is especially important for women of childbearing age to prevent neural tube defects?​

A)vitamin B₆
B)biotin
C)​folate
D)​vitamin B₁₂
E)​thiamin

Question 53

The main reason for fortifying enriched grain products with folic acid is to:​

A)reduce the incidence of birth defects called neural tube defects.
B)help lower serum folate concentrations during pregnancy.
C)​make up for the lack of prenatal care.
D)​prevent mental retardation from developing late in the pregnancy.
E)​prevent cardiovascular disease.

Question 54

This cereal product has a claim on the package front that it provides 100% of nine vitamins.What would be a result of eating this cereal every morning?​

A)This would guarantee that you would not have any deficiencies of those vitamins.
B)The cereal would be a good source for those vitamins.
C)​This could lead to a toxicity from excessive intakes of vitamins.
D)​This could result in your body developing an increased need for these vitamins.
E)This could cause excessive excretion of other water-soluble nutrients in addition to the vitamins.

Question 55

Which food is NOT a good food source of vitamin C?​

A)citrus fruits​
B)strawberries
C)​milk
D)​broccoli
E)​green peppers

Question 56

The best natural sources of folate include:​

A)cereals.
B)raw spinach.
C)​cooked strawberries.
D)​milk.
E)​eggs.

Question 57

Which vitamin aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin?​

A)vitamin B₆
B)vitamin C
C)​folate
D)​vitamin B₁₂
E)​thiamin

Question 58

What is true about the absorption and storage of fat-soluble versus water-soluble vitamins in the body?​

A)Water-soluble vitamins can build to toxic levels because they circulate in the bloodstream.
B)Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until the body needs them.
C)The body can survive for weeks without replacing water-soluble vitamins.
D)Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
E)​Fat-soluble vitamins are needed in small but frequent doses.

Question 59

An uninformed strict vegetarian is at special risk for _____ deficiency.​

A)vitamin B₁₂​
B)folate
C)​vitamin B₆
D)​niacin
E)​thiamin

Question 60

Pellagra is a _____ deficiency disease.​

A)vitamin C
B)niacin
C)​thiamin
D)​vitamin B₁₂
E)​folate

Question 61

The product label on this multi-vitamin supplement has the following health statement: "Emerging research suggests that an adequate daily vitamin D3 intake may play a role in supporting colon and immune health." How should this be interpreted?​

A)The vitamin D in this product has been proven to improve one's immune status.
B)Because the manufacturer is not required to provide scientific evidence to the FDA,this statement may not be accurate.
C)​The product includes the amount of vitamin D recommended for daily consumption.
D)​The amount of vitamin D in this product is low enough to allow for additional intake from foods.
E)​This statement means the manufacturer has voluntarily paid an independent laboratory to test the product.

Question 62

Who may need a nutrient supplement and why? List examples of valid reasons for taking supplements.​

Question 63

A woman who has been following a vegan diet and now has become pregnant most likely needs _____ supplements.​

A)vitamin C and vitamin A
B)vitamin D and vitamin B₁₂
C)​vitamin E and vitamin K
D)vitamin D and niacin​
E)​folate and vitamin K

Question 64

Compare the characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins and the fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 65

Differentiate between retinol and beta-carotene and explain what retinol activity equivalents are.​

Question 66

​People whose diets are rich in vegetables and fruits have low rates of:

A)cancer.​
B)lung disease.
C)​rickets.
D)​osteoporosis.
E)​toxicity.

Question 67

What can you determine from the Nutrition Facts label about the vitamin A content of this cereal?​

A)The vitamin A will be poorly absorbed because it is the precursor form.
B)This is an excellent source of vitamin A because of the large amount that is added.
C)​Pregnant women should avoid this cereal because the vitamin A content is too low.
D)​Milk added to the cereal contributes a moderate amount of vitamin A in addition to what is in the cereal.
E)​Vitamin A has been added as an antioxidant preservative.

Question 68

Antioxidant nutrients that actively scavenge and quench free radicals in the body include:​

A)chromium.
B)riboflavin.
C)​vitamin B₁₂.
D)​potassium.
E)​vitamin e.

Question 69

This product is labeled "Gentlemen 50+" and states that the antioxidants and vitamins it contains slow aging in men.What can you state about targeted products such as this one?​

A)Evidence does not support a role for antioxidant supplements against chronic diseases.
B)Most men over the age of 50 have inadequate nutrient intakes and would benefit from this product.
C)​This supplement would be more helpful for smokers than for nonsmokers.
D)​The antioxidants included in this supplement have all been shown to be extremely effective in free radical protection.
E)​This target product is beneficial because men over 50 need a unique proportion of nutrients.

Question 70

What can you determine from the Nutrition Facts label about the vitamin D content of this cereal?​

A)This cereal is an excellent natural source of vitamin D.
B)You should limit the intake of this cereal to avoid vitamin D toxicity.
C)​Combined with milk,this cereal is an excellent source of vitamin D.
D)​Supplemental forms of vitamin D are not readily absorbed into the body.
E)​Vitamin D is not added to cereals because it increases the risk of toxicity.

Question 71

​You recommend that your friend not take "Stress Formula Vitamin C" supplements because:

A)vitamin C is not involved in the release of the stress hormones from the adrenal gland.
B)"Stress Formula" supplements are more expensive than other types of vitamin C supplements.
C)​you cannot be sure if the form of vitamin C in the supplements is effective and safe.
D)​the amount of vitamin C required by the body to recover from stress is easily obtained from whole fruits and vegetables.
E)​vitamin C toxicity is a serious concern,especially from supplements.

Question 72

​An adult who eats an adequate,balanced diet is diagnosed with a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.How might this deficiency have developed,and how will it likely be treated?

Question 73

The vitamin caplets in this product are time-released.What benefit does this provide?​

A)no real benefit because nutrients are incorporated into the cells where they are needed whenever they arrive
B)reduced risk of an overdose or toxicity of individual vitamins
C)​sustained,steady blood concentration of vitamins,which is more effective
D)​better absorption from the stomach
E)​a larger dose of the vitamin over a longer time

Question 74

Why is folate important for women of childbearing age,and what action has the FDA taken to increase the folate content of the diets of this population group? What has been the result of this FDA action?

Question 75

Why are dark-skinned children who live in smoggy northern cities likely to develop rickets?

Question 76

What does the Nutrition Facts label tell you about the vitamin C content of this cereal?​

A)The main source of vitamin C is the whole-grain wheat in the cereal.
B)Vitamin C has been added to the cereal because whole grains are low in vitamin C.
C)​A natural form of vitamin C has been added to the cereal.
D)​The source of vitamin C is the added milk.
E)​The source of vitamin C is ascorbic acid,which was added to improve taste.

Question 77

Identify the problem associated with vitamin K deficiency and who is most at risk for K deficiency and why.How is it prevented?

Question 78

The USP symbol on the label of a vitamin supplement means that:​

A)it has been tested for safety.
B)it has been tested for effectiveness.
C)​it has been scientifically proven to prevent chronic disease.
D)​it provides 100% of the Daily Value for most vitamins and minerals.
E)​it contains the ingredients listed on the label.

Question 79

Research regarding the benefits or risks of taking vitamin supplements to reduce risk of chronic diseases has shown that:​

A)vitamin C supplements are associated with reduced chronic disease risk.
B)people who take vitamin E supplements have lower rates of heart disease.
C)beta-carotene supplement use increases lung cancer risk in smokers.
D)​all supplements sold in this country are safe.
E)​supplements can fix nutrient deficiencies so a diet that lacks many nutrients is not dangerous.

Question 80

A manufacturer's website claims their heart health supplement is an alternative to prescription lipid-lowering drugs.This dietary supplement:​

A)may be contaminated with steroid hormones,toxic plant material,toxic heavy metals,or bacteria.
B)has been proven to be a safe and effective alternative to the medications.
C)​cannot be removed from store shelves even if adverse effects are reported.
D)​has been tested and shown to contain the ingredients in the exact amounts listed on the label.
E)provides an effective low-cost alternative for people with heart disease who lack health insurance.