Deck 8: Water and Minerals

Question 1

The body will signal thirst before dehydration occurs to prevent problems with fluid loss.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Soft water contains sodium,which may aggravate hypertension.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The primary role of fluoride is to prevent dental caries throughout life.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Water assists in:​

A)gene expression.
B)immune protection.
C)​acid-base regulation.
D)​temperature regulation.
E)​providing rigidity to bones and teeth.

Question 5

A deficiency of sodium is not harmful.​

Question 6

The bioavailability of calcium in calcium-fortified orange juice is comparable to that of milk.​

Question 7

Whether a person develops osteoporosis seems to depend partly on heredity and partly on the environment,including nutrition.​

Question 8

What is the most accurate statement about the body's water balance?​

A)The reference man and woman both need8 cups of fluid from beverages daily.
B)All water must come from beverages because foods don't contain enough to contribute to intake.
C)​Fluid needs for an individual person are the same every day.
D)​Water intoxication can occur witheven a few too many cups of water.
E)​Metabolic water is generated in the tissues as a product of chemical reactions.

Question 9

The first sign of dehydration is:​

A)headache.
B)confusion.
C)​thirst.
D)​fatigue.
E)​stomachache.

Question 10

Which food has the lowest percentage of water?​

A)Chinese cabbage
B)fresh apple
C)​ready-to-eat cereals
D)​lean steak
E)​margarine

Question 11

The recommended source of fluid for healthy U.S.adults is:​

A)plain drinking water,because it is safe and noncaloric.
B)carbonated beverages,because they have good flavor.
C)​tea or coffee,because caffeine helps maintain fluid in the body.
D)​fruit juice,because it has additional nutrients we need.
E)​soft tap water,because it is fluoridated.

Question 12

Which of the following makes up about 60 percent of the body's weight?​

A)major minerals
B)protein
C)​water
D)​trace minerals
E)​gastrointestinal tract

Question 13

Anyone who eats a meal high in salt can temporarily increase his or her body's water content.​

Question 14

The main source of iodine in the U.S.is plants grown in the middle part of the country.​

Question 15

Hard water has high concentrations of:​

A)sodium and chloride.
B)calcium and fluoride.
C)​magnesium and sodium.
D)​sulfur and potassium.
E)​calcium and magnesium.

Question 16

Some minerals act as buffers to help maintain body fluids at the correct pH to permit life's processes.​

Question 17

Low salt intakes have been linked with lower rates of stomach cancer.​

Question 18

After about 25 years of age,regardless of calcium intake,bones begin to lose density.​

Question 19

Water excretion is regulated by the brain and the:​

A)bloodstream.
B)kidneys.
C)​stomach.
D)​salivary glands.
E)​pituitary gland.

Question 20

Authorities recommend foods as a source of calcium in preference to calcium supplements.​

Question 21

The principal food source of chloride is:

A)salt.
B)animal products.
C)​plants.
D)​grains.
E)​dairy products.

Question 22

Calcium in the body's fluids performs all of the following major roles except:​

A)regulating the transport of ions across cell membranes.
B)helping maintain normal blood glucose.
C)​participating in blood clotting.
D)​facilitating muscle contraction.
E)​activating cellular enzymes.

Question 23

Which food provides the highest amount of zinc?​

A)legumes
B)whole-grain bread
C)​shellfish
D)​spinach
E)​oranges

Question 24

Which element must be available for thyroxine to be synthesized?​

A)iron
B)iodine
C)​zinc
D)​fluoride
E)​chloride

Question 25

The best source of phosphorus is:​

A)animal protein.
B)fruit.
C)​vegetable protein.
D)​grain products.
E)​fats and oils.

Question 26

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?​

A)calcium
B)phosphorus
C)​sodium
D)​iron
E)​potassium

Question 27

What is the principal positively charged ion inside body cells?​

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)​magnesium
D)​potassium
E)​chloride

Question 28

Adults in the United States consume an average of _____ milligrams per day of sodium.​

A)500
B)1200
C)​2400
D)​3400
E)​6000

Question 29

What is the DRI iron intake recommendation for men and women over 51 years old?​

A)8 g/day
B)1 mg/day
C)​2 mg/day
D)​18 mg/day
E)​8 mg/day

Question 30

A person's absorption of calcium varies based on:​

A)vitamin A status.
B)protein intakes.
C)​gender.
D)​age or life stage.
E)​body composition.

Question 31

Which agency is responsible for ensuring that public water systems meet minimum standards for protection of public health?​

A)Food and Drug Administration
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)​Food Safety and Inspection Service
D)​World Health Organization
E)​Water Protection Agency

Question 32

​Which statement is true about groundwater as a drinking water supply?

A)It comes from deep,protected underground aquifers.
B)It is protected from new contaminants.
C)​Contaminants break down very quickly underground.
D)​Fast movement and aeration help keep it clean.
E)​It flows from lakes,rivers,and reservoirs.

Question 33

Which food provides the least amount of available zinc?​

A)meats
B)poultry
C)​legumes
D)​shellfish
E)​milk

Question 34

For women and men in the 19- to 50-year-old range,the calcium DRI is _____ milligrams.​

A)600
B)800
C)​1000
D)​1200
E)​2500

Question 35

Which of the following impairs iron absorption?​

A)heme
B)MFP factor
C)​vitamin C
D)​phytates
E)​sodium

Question 36

Over half of the body's magnesium is stored in the:​

A)teeth.
B)liver.
C)​bones.
D)​blood.
E)​skin cells.

Question 37

The chief ion used to maintain the volume of fluid outside cells is:​

A)potassium.
B)chloride.
C)​sodium.
D)​calcium.
E)​magnesium.

Question 38

Sulfate is adequate in a diet that contains sufficient:

A)fat.
B)protein.
C)​carbohydrate.
D)​vitamins.
E)​calcium.

Question 39

Breast-fed infants absorb about _____ percent of ingested calcium.​

A)10
B)30
C)​40
D)​60
E)​70

Question 40

Which of the following helps prevent changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids?​

A)iron and zinc
B)vitamins
C)​excess hydrogen ions
D)​proteins and some minerals
E)​pH fluctuations

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true?​

A)People develop their peak bone mass during the first four decades of life.
B)The skeleton no longer adds to bone density after 20 years of age.
C)​The bones begin to lose density after 40 years of age regardless of calcium intake.
D)​People do not need calcium throughout life.
E)​Low blood calcium is sensed by the brain and converted to a signal that increases intake of dairy foods.

Question 42

When you eat pizza,the body will respond to the sodium you ingest by:​

A)controlling water movement tightly to prevent any fluctuations in body weight.
B)turning off the thirst signal to reduce additional intake of fluids.
C)​signaling the kidneys to immediately begin removing fluid from the body.
D)​shifting water back into the bloodstream to reduce the sodium concentration.
E)​first signaling immediate thirst to offset the sodium intake.

Question 43

Which individual will likely absorb the least amount of calcium?​

A)a 42-year-old man
B)a 3-year-old girl
C)​a 14-year-old boy
D)​a 21-year-old pregnant women
E)​a breastfed infant

Question 44

What is the best beverage choice?​

A)sports drinks because they replace important minerals missing from the diet
B)hard water because it has a high concentration of calcium and magnesium
C)​soft water because it replaces sodium that is lost from the body
D)​fruit juices because they naturally contain vitamins and minerals
E)​bottled water because it is guaranteed to be safe

Question 45

During physical activity,the body will cool down by:​

A)sweating to carry heat away from the surface of the body.
B)increasing urination to carry heat away through the kidneys.
C)​drawing the blood away from the surface of the skin to let the body core cool it.
D)​using the water from metabolism to cool the body core.
E)​inhaling oxygen and cooling the blood as it flows through the oxygenated lungs.

Question 46

Magnesium is an important mineral that works with calcium in the body to:​

A)increase bone density.
B)maintain acid-base balance in the cells.
C)​control blood glucose levels.
D)​help muscles contract and relax.
E)​transport proteins in the bloodstream.

Question 47

Which is the most accurate statement about beverage consumption practices in the U.S.?​

A)The average calorie intake from beverages among U.S.adults over 20 years old increases with age.
B)Vegetable juices are a concern because their intake adds a significant amount of discretionary calories.
C)​The mild diuretic effect of a moderate intake of caffeinated beverages does not prevent people from meeting fluid needs.
D)​Artificially sweetened carbonated beverages do not crowd more nutritious foods out of the diet.
E)​Sports beverages are beneficial because most exercisers need the extra carbohydrate for fuel.

Question 48

Phosphorus is critical to the acid-base balance in cells because of its role in:​

A)creating buffers to maintain the correct pH.
B)creating phospholipids to carry fats through the blood.
C)​binding with calcium in muscle tissues.
D)​transporting sodium from the cells.
E)​synthesizing amino acids.

Question 49

A zinc toxicity reduces ____.​

A)iron absorption
B)LDL cholesterol
C)​insulin response
D)​bone density
E)​chromium absorption

Question 50

Chromium works closely with:​

A)insulin.
B)collagen.
C)​hemoglobin.
D)​enzymes.
E)​iron.

Question 51

Which characteristic or function of water allows it to act as a lubricant?​

A)ability to dissolve substances
B)incompressibility
C)​heat-holding capacity
D)​chemical reactivity
E)​ability to bond with other substances

Question 52

What statement is true regarding water chlorination?​

A)It has no effect on many harmful microorganisms found in water.
B)It has been documented to cause cancer in people who drink it regularly.
C)​Alternative treatment systems for water are much less expensive and faster to use than chlorination.
D)Deaths from organisms in non-chlorinated water are common in some parts of the world.
E)​It does not easily kill disease-causing organisms in water.

Question 53

When your body gives the thirst signal,it is important to:​

A)consider drinking fluids in the near future to prevent dehydration.
B)ignore the signal because you just had a large glass of water.
C)​drink fluids to relieve the symptoms of dehydration.
D)​drink large volumes of plain water to prevent water intoxication.
E)​drink a sports beverage because thirst is a signal of electrolyte imbalance.

Question 54

A friend informs you that she is planning to purchase a water softener.Which statement is most appropriate for you to make to your friend?​

A)Hard water makes more bubbles with less soap than soft water and is more desirable.
B)Soft water leaves a ring in the tub and a gray residue in the wash,which are undesirable.
C)​Soft water appears to aggravate hypertension,which is undesirable.
D)​Soft water has higher concentrations of calcium and magnesium than hard water,which is desirable.
E)​There is no difference in mineral content of soft and hard waters.

Question 55

If a person has a deficient dietary intake of calcium,what will be the result?​

A)a reduced rate of calcium absorption
B)no change in levels of calcium in the blood because calcium will be pulled from the bones
C)​a gain of body weight
D)​lowered levels of calcium in the blood because of the deficiency
E)​increased calcium excretion in the urine

Question 56

It is critical for body cells to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance by:​

A)increasing intake of sodium when a person becomes dehydrated.
B)allowing minerals to slip freely across the cell membranes.
C)​attracting water into the cell through increased electrolyte concentrations.
D)​keeping the majority of water outside the cells.
E)​allowing minerals to follow the flow of water.

Question 57

When a child has a virus that has caused vomiting and diarrhea over several days' time,it is critical for her to receive medical care because:​

A)her fever will cause her to retain too much extra fluid.
B)she may need help in replacing extreme fluid losses.
C)​in the cells,sodium concentration increases,leading to danger of swelling.
D)​her kidneys will pump extra fluids into the bloodstream.
E)​the illness may have been caused by contaminated drinking water.

Question 58

​Jennifer says she drinks bottled water because it is safer than tap water.You tell her that bottled water:

A)has been withdrawn from an underwater spring and is naturally pure.
B)has been filtered by the manufacturer to remove contaminants.
C)​all tastes exactly the same as tap water.
D)​may be treated tap water.
E)​is a sound environmental decision.

Question 59

The best way to obtain the calcium you need is to:​

A)consume more spinach,rhubarb,and Swiss chard.
B)eat more cottage cheese and frozen yogurt.
C)​consume more milk,cheese,and yogurt.
D)​consume more cream cheese,butter,and cream.
E)​take a calcium supplement.

Question 60

Which element stabilizes bones and makes teeth resistant to decay?​

A)chromium
B)chloride
C)​fluoride
D)​zinc
E)​selenium

Question 61

The DASH diet is more effective in reducing blood pressure than just decreasing sodium alone because it includes which guideline?​

A)Reduce the intake of dairy products.
B)Add moderate amounts of salt to prepared foods.
C)​Greatly increase intakes of fruits and vegetables.
D)​Eliminate grain products from the diet.
E)​Increase intake of high-fat foods.

Question 62

The vitamin D included in this supplement has what effect?​

A)limits the absorption of calcium
B)may increase the risk of fractures
C)​can cause toxicity if combined with other vitamin D sources in the diet
D)​has no effect on the calcium in the supplement

Question 63

The lacy crystals of the ____ bone are tapped to raise blood calcium when the supply from the day's diet runs short.​

A)nerve tissue
B)red blood cells
C)​trabecular bone
D)​cortical bone
E)​kidney tissue

Question 64

When trying to consume adequate dietary iron,it is helpful to:​

A)eat non-heme iron found only in plants because it is absorbed more efficiently.
B)consider adding supplements because they are better absorbed than iron in foods.
C)combine vitamin C-rich foods with non-heme iron sources to increase absorption.
D)avoid combining heme-iron foods with non-heme-iron foods in the same meal.
E)combine vitamin C-rich foods with heme iron sources to increase absorption.

Question 65

What is currently known about fluoride in drinking water supplies?​

A)All bottled water contains fluoride added as part of the bottling process.​
B)Scientific evidence has shown that communities with fluoridated water have higher cancer rates.
C)​Very few communities in the U.S.have fluoridated water.
D)​In communities where fluoride is lacking in the water there is a high dental decay rate.
E)​Where the water supply contains too little fluoride,discoloration of the teeth occurs due to fluorosis.

Question 66

Which statement about selenium levels in the body is accurate?​

A)Men with high blood levels of selenium from taking supplements have decreased cancer risk.
B)Many healthy,well-fed people have a hidden selenium deficiency.
C)​There is no danger of toxicity when taking selenium supplements.
D)​It is difficult to obtain enough selenium from foods in the diet.
E)​Selenium works with a group of enzymes to protect body compounds from oxidative damage.

Question 67

Which ethnic group has the lowest risk for osteoporosis?​

A)Asians
B)Hispanics
C)​Caucasians
D)​Africans
E)​There is no association between osteoporosis risk and ethnicity.

Question 68

Your best friend complains that she is tired all of the time and has a problem concentrating.In addition,she likes to chew ice.Which of the following is your friend likely to have?​

A)potassium deficiency
B)zinc deficiency
C)​magnesium deficiency
D)​iron deficiency
E)​sodium deficiency

Question 69

What would you consume with a food source of iron in order to facilitate iron absorption?​

A)tea and a soy protein hamburger
B)tomato and meat,fish,or poultry
C)​coffee and wheat bran muffins
D)​calcium supplement and whole-wheat bread
E)​high-fiber cereal and milk

Question 70

How much sodium is consumed by a person who eats two grams of salt?​

A)400 mg
B)800 mg
C)​1000 mg
D)​1200 mg
E)​2000 mg

Question 71

Bone strength in later life depends on:​

A)the increased calcium absorption in the elderly.
B)the increased production of estrogen after menopause.
C)​reducing physical activity to protect bones.
D)​the formation of dense bones during youth.
E)​smoking and alcohol consumption.

Question 72

You are working with a child in a health clinic who has growth retardation,impaired immunity,and a poor appetite.This child is most likely experiencing ____ deficiency.​

A)iron
B)chromium
C)​zinc
D)​magnesium
E)​sodium

Question 73

Do high intakes of iron from foods pose a danger to healthy people?​

A)Yes,if they include large amounts of fortified grains and cereals.
B)No,because the body adjusts the amount of iron absorbed.
C)​Yes,because of high intakes of vitamin C supplements among many people.
D)No,because non-heme iron blocks the absorption of heme iron.
E)​Yes,because iron toxicity is a relatively common occurrence.

Question 74

Copper is an essential nutrient because of its role in:​

A)forming hemoglobin and collagen.
B)increasing free radical activity.
C)​regulating zinc absorption.
D)​regulating blood glucose.
E)​regulating absorption of chromium.

Question 75

A person is consuming 1000 mg a day of sodium preservatives in processed foods along with 2000 milligrams of added salt from the salt shaker on his foods.Does this sodium intake fall within the guidelines established by the DRI committee?​

A)No,3000 total milligrams of sodium exceeds the UL.
B)Yes,3000 total milligrams of sodium is within the UL.
C)​No,1800 total milligrams of sodium exceeds the UL.
D)​Yes,1800 total milligrams of sodium is within the UL.
E)​Yes,1800 milligrams of sodium is the recommended intake for adequacy.

Question 76

What effect does zinc deficiency have on the body?​

A)a minor effect because zinc has only a limited role in the body
B)impairs the immune response,leading to increased infections
C)​increases metabolism and increases appetite,leading to weight gain
D)​reduces iron absorption because iron needs zinc for transport
E)​increases hair growth and red blood cell breakdown

Question 77

A young woman wanting to build maximum bone density should do all of the following except:​

A)reduce her intake of protein.
B)reduce her sodium intake.
C)​limit her intake of regular cola drinks.
D)​participate in regular weight-bearing exercise.
E)​get plenty of calcium and vitamin D.

Question 78

The strongest genetic influence on the development of osteoporosis is:​

A)the maximum bone mass that can be attained during growth.
B)its influence over the absorption rate of vitamin A.
C)​its influence over the amount of bone lost in early adulthood.
D)​its effect on estrogen production in young women.
E)​its influence over absorbing and employing vitamin D.

Question 79

Which group of food items will provide the best source of calcium in the diet?​

A)milk,yogurt,and ice milk
B)kefir,butter,and cottage cheese
C)​buttermilk,cream cheese,and almonds
D)​cheese,cream,and broccoli
E)​spinach,grains,and cheese

Question 80

Osteoporosis is most often associated with:​

A)heavier body weights.
B)underweight.
C)​higher body fatness.
D)​exercise.
E)​being male.